Search

Indium–zinc-oxide (IZO) electric-double-layer transistors are fabricated on proton conducting chitosan-based biopolymer electrolyte. Due to the extremely strong proton gating originated from proton migration within the chitosan films, good electrical performances are obtained. Characteristic time for the proton gating is estimated to be on the order of several milliseconds. Furthermore, a resistor loaded inverter is built, showing a high-voltage gain of $\sim 9$ at a low supply voltage of 1.2 V. The proton-gated IZO transistors may find potential applications in portable electronics and synaptic electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Radial corrective osteotomy is an established but challenging treatment for distal radial malunion. There is an ongoing discussion about whether an opening or closing-wedge osteotomy between should employed. The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively compare the clinical and radio graphic results between conventional opening-wedge osteotomy and closing-wedge technique., Methods: From January 2004 and December 2012,42 patients with extra-articular distal radial malunion were managed with corrective osteotomy and were followed for a minimum of one year. Twenty-two patients (5 males and 17 females, ranging in age from 25 to 75 years old) were managed with radial opening-wedge osteotomy and implanting of interpositional bone graft or bone-graft substitute, and twenty patients (4 males and 16 females, ranging in age from 19 to 79 years) were managed with simultaneous radial closing-wedge and ulnar shortening osteotomy without bone graft. The selection of the surgical procedure was determined by the surgeon. Each patient was evaluated on the basis of objective radio graphic measurements, and functional outcomes were determined on the basis of clinical examinations, including range of wrist motion, grip strength, pain-rating score, Mayo wrist score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score., Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 36 months (ranged, 12 to 101 months) for the opening-wedge cohort and 28 months (ranged, 12 to 87 months) for the closing-wedge cohort. The two techniques were comparable in terms of complications. Post-operative volar tilt and ulnar variance were improved significantly in each cohort. The ulnar variance was more frequently restored to within defined criteria (22.5 to 0.5 mm) in the closing-wedge cohort than that in the opening-wedge cohort. The post-operative mean extension-flexion are of the wrist and Mayo wrist score were significantly better in the closing-wedge cohort. Differences in the pronation-supination arc, grip strength, pain-rating score, and DASH scores between these two cohorts were not significant., Conclusion: The closing wedge osteotomy technique is an effective reconstructive procedure for the treatment of extra-articular distal radial malunion. It is significantly better than the opening-wedge osteotomy technique in terms of the restoration of ulnar variance, the extension-flexion arc of wrist motion, and the Mayo wrist score.

SBR reactor was performed to incubate polyphosphate accumulating organism (PAO), and it was checked out of the system by fluorescence in situ hybridization. As PAO is a kind of ordinary heterotrophic bacteria, it was excluded the ability of phosphate release and uptake and it was considered only the capacity of denitrification of the target biomass. The results indicated that acetate and PHB can be the electron donors of PAO to denitrify. When fed with acetate, the denitrifying rate and PHB producing rate were independent of initial nitrate concentration. However, served as more nitrate in the reactor, it would be less PHB produced and fewer nitrate reducing when using same amount of acetate. In view of PHB stored as an internal carbon and energy source, it presented as a reaction of zero-order to the substrate by PAO to denitrify, such as nitrate, besides, the specific denitrifying rate was 0.9733 mg/(g x h) and the specific PHB consuming rate was 2.4626 mg/(g x h).

A SBR was used in this study for investigating the influence of carbon source on EBPR metabolism and microorganism communities when feeding with acetate and propionate. The SBR was operated with a cycle time of 8 h and each cycle consisted of 4 min feeding, 2 h anaerobic period, 5 h aerobic period, 35 min setting, 15 min decanting and 6 min waiting. The COD of influent was kept at 300 mg/L during the experiment. Acetate and propionate were used as the sole carbon source for operation of 60 days, respectively. The phosphorus release/ COD consumption in the end of anaerobic phase were 0.35 and 0.27 when acetate and propionate were used as the carbon source, respectively. The PHA composition was different when different carbon source was dosed. PHB accounted for 92.6% in the end of anaerobic phase but the value for PHV was only 7.4% when acetate was selected as the carbon source. No PH2MV was detected during this process. The compositions of PHA were PHB (10.2%), PHV (35.8%) and PH2MV (54.0%) in the end of anaerobic cycle when propionate was used as the sole carbon source. There was variation of microorganism communities during this process for the results of DGGE combined with SEM micrographs and PHA staining. Coccus morphotype PAOs were accumulated in acetate-fed phase and rod morphotype PAOs were accumulated in propionate-fed stage. Different PAOs were accumulated and the metabolic pathways were different when different carbon sources were used, but good EBPR could be achieved during all these conditions.

This research focused on the enrichment of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO) and the formation of granular sludge simultaneously. After fed with flocculent sludge the SBR was run for two months for the cultivation of PAO. Then the granular sludge enriched by PAO was found. After that acetate was used instead of propionate to inhibit the glycogen accumulating organisms(GAO). The experiment testified that acetate was beneficial to the growth of the PAO granules. The system could release and take up more phosphorus when it was fed by acetate. Moreover, when the size of the granules became bigger, the performance indexes of the granules, for example the settling velocity, OUR, density, aquiferous rate and integral rate were also improved. On the other hand, the amount of PAO was found to become more and more in this process by the system performance evaluation and FISH analysis. As a result, the ratio of PAO could reach 70% of the total bacteria. The aerobic granular sludge enriched by PAO showed very good capability of COD and phosphorus removal. The COD removal efficiency could reach about 95% and phosphorus removal efficiency could reach almost 100%.

Using domestic sewage, the cultivation of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and start-up of A2N two-sludge system were investigated in a laboratory. The A2N system started up fast by using the method that first bringing up DPB and nitrification biofilm separately then connecting them in the A2N system. The enrichment of DPB used activated sludge from the sedimentation tank of a wastewater treatment plant that working about phosphorus removal. In a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), the sludge mixture was operated under anaerobic-aerobic (A/O) condition firstly. Then, the activated sludge was conducted under anaerobic-anoxic (A/A) condition. During the experiment period of 32 d, DPB was successfully enriched. At the same time, utilizing the activated sludge that enriched of nitrifying bacteria, nitrification biofilm was grown up in another SBR. After 30 d, the average ammonia removal efficiency steadily stayed above 99%. Later, using the nitrification biofilm and the activated sludge that enriched of DPB, the A2 N system was connected for dealing with domestic sewage. After 11 d, the treatment effect of A2 N system attained steady. The total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of effluent are 0, the nitrate concentration is 10.26 mg/L, and COD is 19.56 mg/L. The removal efficiency of COD, ammonia, total nitrogen and phosphorus are 91%, 100%, 77% and 100%, respectively. Each result shows that the A2N system is started up successfully.