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Aim. Optimization of root canal filling.Materials and methods. The determination of apical hermeticity was performed on extracted single root teeth and obturation was performed using three techniques: cold lateral compaction, hot vertical compaction and hybrid technique.Results. The optimal obturation technique is the hybrid technique, which has a stable and minimal gap between the obturation material and the root canal wall.Conclusions. Obturation techniques such as lateral compaction and vertical compaction are the quality standard, but the most optimal technique is the hybrid technique, which has taken only the positive qualities of both previously presented techniques.

Pathological resorption is diagnosed quite often in the treatment of periodontitis and is considered a prognostic adverse symptom. Increasing the effectiveness of the therapeutic treatment of destructive periodontitis is associated with the development of methods of instrumental and drug effects on root canals and depends on the correct selection of endo-sealant to achieve the predicted result. The combined pathology of root resorption is no exception in the case of a correctly chosen treatment strategy. The article reports on the successful therapeutic treatment of a tooth with destructive periodontitis and combined root resorption. Radiographically proven that there is a complete recovery of periapical tissues. Long-term results indicate the effectiveness of the treatment.

Aim. To study morphology of external resorption of apical root area of teeth with destructive forms of apical periodontitis in the acute stage.Materials and methods. Microrelief of 10 previously untreated teeth with destructive forms of apical periodontitis in the acute stage was investigated. The material was taken at the moment of dental manipulation of tooth extraction after injecting anesthesia with 2% lidocaine solution or Septanest if indicated with the information consent of the patient.Results. Damaged cement of heterogeneous structure with areas of resorption alternating with areas of undamaged cement in the area of the root tips was found. The resorbed cement looks like large lacunae with clearly outlined ribs, filled with rounded cell clusters – cementocytes.Conclusions. Resorbed tooth root cement of heterogeneous structure with different area and degree of destruction depth was found in the places of periodontal absence. In some cases the resorption of the root cement partially affected the inner area of the apical orifice.

Aim. To assess systematically the available scientific evidence about clinical response of using polyhexanide as an antiseptic agent in medicine and dentistry. The properties of polyhexanide – excellent antimicrobial activity, chemical stability and low toxicity – have been studied.

Aim. To determine the relevance of the application of the chlorhexidine adhesive Protocol in devital teeth.Materials and methods. A systematic review of the literature in the electronic databases Google Scholar and Pubmed was conducted. Articles related to research on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases in vital and devital teeth, as well as research on the effectiveness of the chlorhexidine Protocol, are considered and included.Results. 60 articles were reviewed during the review. After making the selection based on the exclusion criteria, the number of included studies was 36.Conclusions. According to the studied publications, it was found that MMP 2 and MMP 9 are contained not only in vital, but also in devital teeth. The use of a chlorhexidine adhesive Protocol is relevant in both clinical cases but depending on the type of MMP and the state of the pulp, the concentration of chlorhexidine is selected.

Aim. To analyze current data on the bactericidal efficacy of endodontic irrigants, in particular, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine in different concentrations relative to the elimination of resistant microorganisms (E. Faecalis, C. Albicans). Irrigation is an important stage in the treatment of root canals, it prevents the further contamination of the canals with microorganisms. However, irrigants do not always cope with this function, which leads to the occurrence of a secondary infection.Materials and methods. The study of publications was produced in the electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect in the course of a systematic review of the literature. Included articles contain information about various types of irrigants and their antimicrobial effect.Results. 73 articles were viewed during the review. After analyzing the literature for inclusion criteria, the total number of publications has become 41.Conclusions. According to literature data, irrigation solutions in widely used by clinicians concentrations (sodium hypochlorite 3%, chlorhexidine 2%) are not able to completely eliminate E. faecalis and C. albicans from the root canal system.

Aim. To analyze in detail the impact of periodontitis on the risk of maxillary sinusitis.Materials and methods. During a systematic review of the literature, publications in the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar were studied. Articles that deal with the topic of odontogenic sinusitis, the relationship of periodontal pathology with sinusitis were included.Results. 99 articles were reviewed during the review. After analyzing the literature for inclusion criteria, the total number of publications has become 43. Conclusions about the correlation of periodontitis and maxillary sinusitis are formulated based on the analyzed data.Conclusions. According to the literature, it can be assumed that the values of the Schneider membrane thickness directly correlate with the presence of periodontal pathologies. As the pathological marginal loss of bone tissue progresses, this dependence becomes more and more significant. A combination of clinical dental examination and x-ray examination (CT, CBCT) is necessary for the differential diagnosis of odontogenic sinusitis.

Aim. Article is to detail the positive and negative aspects associated with the creation of a glide path with various types of endodontic instruments.Materials and methods. During a systematic review of the literature, Russian – and English-language publications were studied in the electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar. Articles, the content of which concerns the methods of creating a glide path, as well as possible complications were included in analysis.Results. 60 articles were reviewed during the review. After analyzing the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the total number of publications has become 32.Conclusions. According to the studied literature, it can be said that the glide path provides a predictable behavior of rotary tools and it is a recommended condition for achieving the success of endodontic treatment at the stage of canal mechanical treatment and preventing iatrogenic complications.

Resorption of the alveolar bone after tooth extraction is an irreversible process due to biological bone remodeling. It will greatly complicate the further treatment of patients for dental implantation, since for the latter a prerequisite is a sufficient volume of bone tissue. It leads to a protracted treatment process: the volume and timing of interventions increases. The literature review has shown possible methods of preservation of the alveolar ridge after tooth extraction and the results of their application.

Aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a nanomatrix with Miramistin based on M-Chip (Double White, Russia), which is used subgingivally as an addition to SRP (scaling and root planing) as a combination therapy in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis.Materials and methods. T he s tudy i ncluded 4 5 p atients w ith c hronic g eneralized p eriodontitis (20 f emales a nd 25 males; age span is 35–60 years; mean age 57.87 ± 8.2 years). Patients with a probing depth ≥5 mm were included. Selected patients did not receive antibiotic therapy during the last 6 months of follow-up.Results. The mean clinical parameter values between the M-Chip + SRP treatment group and the SRP control group showed a statistically significant improvement in clinical parameters at 6 months compared to baseline values for the following indicators: plaque index (API), gingival pocket depth at probing, Mühlemann Bleeding Index (BI), the level of clinical attachment.Conclusions. SRP has been shown to be effective in reducing pocket depth, increasing periodontal attachment, and reducing inflammation. However, when SRP was used with the M-Chip, possible additional clinical benefits have been shown.

Aim. To consider the problem of polymerization stress. Polymerization stress Is one of the main causes of loss of marginal Ш and subsequent postoperative manifestations, such as hypersensitivity, marginal staining, secondary carles, deformation of underlying tooth tissues.Materials and methods. A systematic review of the literature In the electronic databases Google Scholar and Pubmed was conducted. Articles related to the problem of polymerization stresses formation In dental composite materials, as well as factors that directly affect this process, are considered and Included.Resuits. 68 articles were analyzed during the review. After making the selection based on the exclusion criteria, the numberofincluded studies was 31.Conciusion. According to the studied publications, the development of shrinkage stresses Is In^uenced by four main groups of factors, the manifestations of which can be minimized as a result of modifying the structure of the composite material and methods of working with It.

Aim. To determine the effectiveness of the Carriere Motion 3D orthodontic device in the treatment of malocclusions II and III classes. The action of the device is based on distalization of the lateral segment of the dentition from the canine to the tirst molar as a whole with the preservation of isolated micro-movement of the key teeth.Materials and methods. During a systematic review of the literature, the analysis of publications in the electronic databases Google Scholar and PubMed was carried out. Included publications the main part of which included a description of working methods with Carriere Motion 3D, dinicai cases using the presented distalizer, and consideration of the target and undesirable effects of the device.Results. 43 articles were viewed during the review. After analyzing the literature for inclusion criteria, the total numberofpublications has become 33.Conclusions. Carriere Motion 3D is quite effective for correcting incorrect molar relationships in the presence of malocclusion of the second and third class, but it cannot be called the only correct way to resolve malocclusions.

Introduction. The effectiveness of diflunisal in the treatment of cardiac amyloidosis has been clinically proven. Currently, only tablet forms of diflunisal are registered in the world, however, long-term use of NSAIDs leads to characteristic side effects. Therefore, delivery systems for diflunisal (including a form for external use) are now being actively developed to reduce side effects and improve its bioavailability.Aim. Research of the dynamics of release of the active substance diflunisal from the polymer matrix of hyaluronic acid.Materials and methods. The objects of the study are diflunisal gels in hyaluronic acid with a concentration of the main substance of 0.093, 0.14, 0.19 and 0.25 %. Quantitative determination was carried out by reverse-phase HPLC using a Prontosil C18, 120-5, 75 × 2 mm chromatographic column, thermostatically controlled at 40 °C. Eluent: phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with pH 3.0 and acetonitrile (30 : 70), flow rate 0.1 ml/min. Eluates were detected at wavelengths of 230, 270, 310 nm.Results and discussion. During the work, a method (HPLC) was selected and a method for determining diflunisal in a HA matrix was developed. The delivery system under study significantly increases the solubility of diflunisal in an aqueous solution compared to the dissolution of the substance. The release of the active substance from the matrices was carried out in a phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.6. The release rate for all samples exceeded 90 % after 3 hours after the start of the experiment, with most of the active substance released within an hour.Conclusion. The data obtained suggest that the release profile is characteristic of biodegradable matrices and diffusion-controlled delivery systems. Complete extraction of diflunisal from HA was achieved using PBS with pH 7.6 as a dissolution medium.

Introduction. For tablets “Malоben, 60 mg” and “Etmaben, 300 mg”, permission was received to conduct phase I clinical trials, so they required a full cycle of research and standardization.Aim. Development of a unified analytical procedure for the determination of related impurities in samples (RS, API, FPP) of Malоben and Ethmaben.Materials and methods. RSs were obtained at the Department of Organic Chemistry of the St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University; the synthesis of APIs and the production of FPP were carried out on an industrial scale in pharmaceutical production. The studies were carried out on a Flexar liquid chromatograph (PerkinElmer, USA), equipped with a pump (formation of a gradient on the low-pressure side), an autosampler, a column thermostat, a UV detector and a chromatographic column Intersil® ODS-3V, 5 µm, 100 Å, 250 × 4, 6 (Phenomenex, Japan).Results and discussion. In the research, uniform optimal chromatographic conditions were selected using the HPLC method to determine the RP in RS, API and FPP of Maloben and Ethmaben. Column C18 250×4.6 mm, mobile phase 0.1% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (gradient elution), flow rate 1 ml/min, sample volume 10 µl, UV detector (270 nm). They were validated in terms of specificity, linearity, detection limit, precision, robustness, and solution stability. Analytical concentration levels were selected for the formation of draft regulatory documents. Using the developed analytical technique, samples of RS, API and tablets of malоben and ethmaben were analyzed.Conclusion. A full cycle of research was carried out, an analytical methodology was developed and related impurities were identified in RS, API and FPP of Maloben and Ethmaben.

Introduction. Ebastine is a second-generation antihistamine drug available in the form of orally disintegrating tablets and film-coated tablets. Ebastine substance exhibits high bioavailability, but low solubility in water and gastrointestinal tract media. The technology of solid dispersions based on polymer carriers by hot melt extrusion is proposed to solve the problem of ebastine low solubility.Aim. Composition development of extrudate and its production technology to create an amorphous solid dispersion of ebastine in oder to increase the recovery rate and bioavailability.Materials and methods. Ebastin micronized (JSC "Active Component", Russia); ebastin crystalline (Arevipharma GmbH, Germany); VIVAPHARM® PVP/VA 64 (JRS Pharma GMbH & Co. KG, Germany). Extrudates were obtained on a HAAKE™ miniCTW co-rotating twin-screw laboratory extruder (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany). Extrudates were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, synchronous thermal analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and FTIR-spectroscopy. The quantitative content of the active ingredient was determined by spectrophotometry. The content of related impurities in the amorphous solid dispersion of ebastine was determined by HPLC.Results and discussion. The technology of amorphous solid dispersion of ebastine by hot melt extrusion was developed. The pharmacokinetic properties of ebastine were significantly improved. The process of obtaining solid dispersion with 20 % of ebastine was optimized in order to reduce the content of impurities in the extrudate.Conclusion. The maximum concentration of ebastine for proper quality amorphous solid dispersion based on PVP/VA64 amounted to 20 %. Obtaining a solid dispersion by hot melt extrusion with ebastine content in PVP/VA64 higher than 30 % is impossible because the melt does not possess the glass transition property.

Introduction. In modern practice, suppositories are prepared by hand rolling method or fusion. 3D printing can overcome the disadvantages of traditional suppository manufacturing methods and solve the problems of personalization. 3D printing makes it possible to manufacture drug-loaded suppositories without the use of molds or other physical support. The current studies have a number of limitations, and the printing of one suppository requires a long time. This report proposes a method of 3D modeling and 3D printing to produce personalized suppositories by fusion.Aim. Various sizes and shapes suppositories silicone molds development by molding method from hydrophilic, lipophilic and amphiphilic bases.Materials and methods. Suppository bases: cocoa butter (Luker, Colombia), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 (Merck KGaA, Germany), PEG-400 (Merck KGaA, Germany), Witepsol H-15 (Chimmed Group, Russia); pharmaceutical substance: paracetamol (Hebei Jiheng (Group) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, China); filaments for 3D printing: polyethylene terephthalate (PET-G natural, LLC "PrintProdakt", Russia); silicone two-component platinum, hardness Shore 30A (China); solvents: Acetonitrile Grade HPLC (Merck KGaA, Germany). The design of the both casting and master molds of suppositories was carried out using the KOMPAS-3D version 17.1. Master molds were printed by Picaso PRO 250 and Picaso X Pro 3D printers. Mold segments were obtained by filling master molds with a mixture of two-component silicone. Suppositories were obtained by molding method. Their average weight and standard deviation were determined. Paracetamol concentration in suppositories was carried out by UV spectrophotometry on a UV-1240 mini spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Япония). Silicone molds were soaked and washed in hot water with surfactants. Washouts from the molds were taken by soaking the mold.Results and discussion. The torpedo-shaped form was chosen as the model form of suppositories. For the chosen form, three volumes of suppositories were designed: 3.32 ml; 1.5 ml and 0.25 ml. Silicone molds were designed and manufactured for all volumes. The cast suppositories were examined for compliance with the regulatory documentation for the dosage form, the average weight and mass uniformity were evaluated. Suppositories with paracetamol were made. A procedure for cleaning the obtained silicone molds has been developed.Conclusion. The resulting silicone molds make it possible to obtain suppositories in accordance with the regulatory documentation for the suppositories. Silicone molds have significant advantages compared to analogues of metal or polymeric molds.

Introduction. Orthilia secunda (L.) House, Sedum quadrifidum Pall., Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook. f. & Thomson) Boriss. are actively used in folk medicine for the treatment of gynecological pathologies, however, the raw materials of these species are registered as dietary supplements, since there are no data from complex phytochemical analysis and standardization criteria. Since macro- and microelements are of great importance for the therapy and prevention of gynecological diseases, the determination of the elemental composition of medicinal plant raw materials is an important stage in a comprehensive phytochemical research of these plants with the purpose of introducing them into official medicine.Aim. Analysis of the macro- and microelement composition of the rhizomes and roots of Sedum quadrifidum, Rhodiola heterodonta in comparison with Sedum roseum and analysis of the mineral composition of the herb Orthilia secunda from three harvesting sites.Materials and methods. For research purposes, the grass of Orthilia secunda (L.) House was harvested in three phytocenotic zones – the southern part of Kazakhstan (July 2018), the Tyumen region (harvesting July-August 2019) and the Perm region (July 2019). Rhizomes and roots of Sedum rosea were harvested in the SPCPU in the village Lembolovo, Leningrad region (2019). Medicinal plant raw material of Sedum quadrifidum was purchased in a pharmacy chain in St. Petersburg, the place and time of procurement according to the information on the package is Altai, March 2019. Rhodiola heterodonta was harvested in Tajikistan (March 2018). The analysis was carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (AES) on an Optima 8000 spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, USA) with preliminary sample preparation by the wet mineralization method in accordance with the recommendations of the State Foundation of the Russian Federation XIV OFS1.2.1.1.0004.15 and OFS 1.5. 3.0009.15 on the basis of the Center for Collective Use "Analytical Center". Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Microsoft Excel program according to GM.1.1.0013.15.Results and discussion. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that Sedum quadrifidum contains a greater amount of sodium, iron, aluminum, and manganese in comparison with other types of Rhodiols, and the content of manganese is 3 times higher than in the Sedum rosea, and 4.9 times more than in the Rhodiola heterodonta. Rhodiola heterodonta is distinguished by a high content of calcium, potassium, and magnesium. The results of studying the elemental composition of Orthilia herb showed that the harvesting region does not significantly affect the mineral profile of the plant. However, in Orthilia secunda (L.) House harvested in Kazakhstan, a high content of barium is noted, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc also slightly prevail, which may be associated with technogenic soil pollution in this region. A significant content of manganese was noted in the herb of orthilia (1801.50 mg/kg), which is higher than in the raw material of rhodiola, which belongs to manganophiles. This makes it possible to classify ortilia as a plant that selectively accumulates manganese, and to position it as an indicator of soils rich in salts of this element. The results of statistical processing made it possible to establish the confidence interval of the mean value, which characterizes the uncertainty of the analysis results and the RSD, which characterizes the precision of the results obtained.Conclusion. Sedum quadrifidum accumulates the maximum numberof elements in comparison with Sedum roseum. Barium and strontium are the major microelements of the Rhodiola. Sedum quadrifidum is marketed as a manganophil. In the herb of Orthilia, manganese is significantly prevalent, which makes it possible to classify Orthilia as a manganophilous species. The total content of copper, iron, zinc and calcium in the raw material of Rhodiola heterodonta and Orthilia secunda herb confirms the prospects for the development of phytopreparations based on these species of raw materials for the treatment and prevention of gynecological pathologies.

Introduction. Substances of plant origin exhibit a variety of pharmacological activity in combination with a relatively low toxicity and frequency of side effects. In this regard, a promising direction is the standardization of substances of plant origin in the development of new herbal medicinal products.Aim. Qualitative and quantitative determination of individual coumarin in a dry extract of Melilotus оfficinalis L.Materials and methods. A dry extract of the Melilotus officinalis L. was used as an object of research. Determination of individual coumarin was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results and discussion. As a result of the research, coumarin was identified by high performance liquid chromatography based on comparison of retention times of the sample with retention times of a standard sample of coumarin in the sample of dry extract under research. The coumarin contents in the dry extract was 0.642 ± 0.007 %.Conclusion. The data obtained on the qualitative and quantitative content of coumarin in the dry extract of Melilotus оfficinalis L. were used in the development of the draft version specification of quality indicators.

Introduction. Traumatic brain injury is a damage to the brain from an external mechanical force, possibly leading to permanent or temporary impairment of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functions. It is a leading cause of death and disability among children and young adults. In connection with the above, the objective of developing new, more effective nootropic and antiasthenic drugs in the framework of restorative neurology is considered as one of the priority tasks of medical science in Russia.Aim. Development the composition and technology of tablets containing a hygroscopic substance using solid dispersions.Materials and methods. The pharmaceutical substance of a diethylaminoethanol derivative having antihypoxic, neuroprotective, adaptogenic and antioxidant effects is a hygroscopic powder. PEG 6000 was chosen as a matrix for solid dispersion production. Solid dispersions were obtained by high shear mixing and hot-melt extrusion. The technological properties of granulate and the quality indicators of the tablets were determined according to the methods described in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (14th edition).Results and discussion. The lactose mixed with the DEAE-PEG composition alloy improve the technological properties of granulate.Conclusion. A decrease water-absorbing ability of DEAE was achieved using PEG 6000 as a matrix carrier. The increase PEG content did not lead to a significant change in the kinetics of the release of DEAE from tablets.

Introduction. The object of analysis was a newly synthesized organic substance, a derivative of 4-aminobenzoic acid and malonic ester – 4,4’-(propandiamido) sodium dibenzoate, which has an antisteatotic effect. For the quantitative determination of pharmaceutical substances, it is preferable to use titrimetric methods of analysis, since they are absolute and allow us to estimate the content of the active compound in the substance without using standard samples.Aim. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a quantitative determination method for 4.4’-(propandiamido) sodium dibenzoate.Materials and methods. The analyzed compound is a salt of a weak dibasic acid, which exhibits basic properties in an aqueous solution; therefore, for its quantitative determination, a direct acid-base titration method (acidimetry) was proposed. The method of quantitative determination of the active compound in the substance 4,4’-(propandiamido) sodium dibenzoate will be used in future studies for routine analysis, therefore a visual (indicator) method for determining the end point of the titration has been chosen. To prove the suitability of the developed method and the possibility of obtaining reliable results of the quantitative content of the active compound in the newly synthesized pharmaceutical substance the used analytical method was validated.Results and discussion. The study of the acid-base properties of the newly synthesized substance was carried out using the method of potentiometric titration, on the basis of which the values of the dissociation constants were calculated. Using spreadsheets, the pKa1 and pKa2 values were calculated using a titration model of a multi-basic acid, the pKa values of which are 7.2 and 5.0. The titration curve that was constructed from the experimental data and the curve constructed from the calculated values of the dissociation constants almost completely overlapped with each other. Based on the data obtained, a 0.1% water-alcohol solution of bromocresol green (blue) with pT=4.6 was selected for titration, the color transition interval of which falls into the titration jump of the analyte. The developed methodology was validated according to the requirements of the XIV edition State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation by the following indicators: specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision (convergence and internal reproducibility), robustness, analytical domain.Conclusion. As a result of the performed studies, the values of acid dissociation constants of the newly synthesized pharmaceutical substance 4,4’-(propandiamido) sodium dibenzoate were determined, and a method for quantitative determination was developed and validated using acid-base titration.

The results of comparative study of the mineral composition by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry method of catnip herb (Nepeta cataria L.) which growing on the territory of the Leningrad Region and the Belgorod Region are presented. 16 and 18 elements were found in the herb from the Leningrad and Belgorod regions, respectively, with the maximum content of Ca, Mg, K, Fe and Al, which can be considered as the main mineral elements of this plant. The accumulation and distribution of Cu, Mg, Na is defined as an additional chemical marker for herb catnip. The results obtained allow us to consider the catnip herb as a potential source of mineral elements.