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The objective of this study was to examine whether a higher number of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics are beneficial for lowering the risk of proteinuria. This is a retrospective cohort study with an average follow-up of 5 years. Participants between 21 and 75 years old and without a history of cardiovascular disease and proteinuria were enrolled. CVH metrics, including smoking, diet, physical activity, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, and fasting glucose, were assessed by questionnaires, physical examination, and blood analysis. Proteinuria was assessed by dipstick measurement. During the follow-up period, 169,366 participants were enrolled, and 1481 subjects developed proteinuria. A higher number of ideal CVH metrics was related to a lower risk of proteinuria after adjustment. Among the components of CVH metrics, ideal blood pressure (HR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.25–0.43), fasting glucose (HR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.12–0.22), and BMI (HR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.15–0.27) had beneficial effects on proteinuria. Despite no significant benefit of diet score, the corresponding lower sodium intake showed a lower risk of proteinuria (HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.43–0.79). Incident proteinuria was inversely related to the number of ideal CVH metrics. CVH metrics may be a predictor of proteinuria, and achieving a higher number of ideal scores should be recommended as a proteinuria prevention strategy.

Context Panax japonicus is the dried rhizome of Panax japonicus C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae). Saponins from Panax japonicus (SPJ) exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. Objective To explore the neuroprotective effect of SPJ on natural ageing of rat. Materials and methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats 18-month-old were divided into ageing control, ageing treated with SPJ 10 or 30 mg/kg (n = 8). Five-month-old rats were taken as the adult control (n = 8). Rats were fed regular feed or feed containing SPJ for 4 months. Cognitive level was evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) test. The mechanisms of SPJ's neuroprotection were evaluated by transmission electron microscope, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence in vivo and in vitro. Results SPJ attenuated ageing-induced cognitive impairment as indicated by elevated number of times crossing the target platform (from 1.63 to 3.5) and longer time spent in the target platform quadrant (from 1.33 to 1.98). Meanwhile, SPJ improved the morphology of microglia and synapse, and activated M2 microglia polarisation including increased hippocampus levels of CD206 (from 0.98 to 1.47) and YM-1 (from 0.67 to 1.1), and enhanced autophagy-related proteins LC3B (from 0.48 to 0.82), Beclin1 (from 0.32 to 0.51), Atg5 (from 0.22 to 0.89) whereas decreased p62 level (from 0.71 to 0.45) of ageing rats. In vitro study also showed that SPJ regulated the microglial polarisation and autophagy. Discussion and conclusions SPJ improved cognitive deficits of ageing rats through attenuating microglial inflammation and enhancing microglial autophagy, which could be used to treat neurodegenerative disorders.

The present study investigated the effects of chikusetsu saponin Ⅳa(CHS Ⅳa) on isoproterenol(ISO)-induced myocardial hypertrophy in rats and explored the underlying molecular mechanism. ISO was applied to establish a rat model of myocardial hypertrophy, and CHS Ⅳa(5 and 15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)) was used for intervention. The tail artery blood pressure was measured. Cardiac ultrasound examination was performed. The ratio of heart weight to body weight(HW/BW) was calculated. Morphological changes in the myocardial tissue were observed by HE staining. Collagen deposition in the myocardial tissue was observed by Masson staining. The mRNA expression of myocardial hypertrophy indicators(ANP and BNP), autophagy-related genes(Atg5, P62 and beclin1), and miR199 a-5 p was detected by qRT-PCR. Atg5 protein expression was detected by Western blot. The results showed that the model group exhibited increased tail artery blood pressure and HW/BW ratio, thickened left ventricular myocardium, enlarged myocardial cells, disordered myocardial fibers with widened interstitium, and a large amount of collagen aggregating around the extracellular matrix and blood vessels. ANP and BNP were largely expressed. Moreover, P62 expression was up-regulated, while beclin1 expression was down-regulated. After intervention by CHS Ⅳa at different doses, myocardial hypertrophy was ameliorated and autophagy activity in the myocardial tissue was enhanced. Meanwhile, miR199 a-5 p expression declined and Atg5 expression increased. As predicted by bioinformatics, Atg5 was a target gene of miR199 a-5 p. CHS Ⅳa was capable of preventing myocardial hypertrophy by regulating autophagy of myocardial cells through the miR-199 a-5 p/Atg5 signaling pathway.

Our previous studies found that the ethanol extract of Gynura procumbens (EEGS) reduced hepatic steatosis in alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD).To explore the active ingredients from EEGS and their relevant mechanism of action in alleviating alcoholic liver injuries.To explore the active ingredients from EEGS and their intestinal absorption characteristics as an approach for understanding mechanism of action in alleviating alcoholic liver injuries.Monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), chemical constituents from the prepared EEGS were isolated by means of solvent extraction, repeated column chromatography, preparative HPLC and other methods, and their structures were identified based on spectroscopic methods. The in vivo intestinal absorption rate of chlorogenic acid (CA), the active component of the EEGS, both in a single form and in the EEGS were monitored by the single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) method in rats. The protective effect of EEGS and its active components on alcoholic liver injuries was evaluated in the alcoholic liver injury model of C57BL/6J male mice induced by Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid feed.Three noncaffeoyl quinic acid components were isolated and identified from the EEGS, namely, 3-trans-p-coumaroyl quinic acid (0.9%), 3-cis-p-coumaroyl quinic acid (2.7%), and trans-p-coumaric acid (0.6%). In vivo intestinal absorption of CA decreased with the increase of pH value of perfusion solution in the range of 5.5-7.8. The maximum absorption percentage of CA alone was 6.7 ± 2.4%, while the maximum absorption percentage of CA in the EEGS was 16.0 ± 2.2%, which was 2.4 times higher than that of CA alone. The results of animal experiments showed that the degree of fatty liver of mice treated with EEGS was significantly lower than that of the CA, trans-p-coumaric acid, and the combination group of CA and trans-p-coumaric acid alone.The above results indicated that trans-p-coumaric acid isolated from the dried stems of Gynura procumbens assisted CA being absorbed into the body and worked together with CA to improve the function of liver lipid metabolism, reduce hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of AFLD and effectively counteract alcohol-induced fatty liver disease.

BackgroundVegetarians have been shown to have better metabolic profiles than non-vegetarians, and vegetarianism has potential beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. However, there is a lack of studies on vegetarians that examine both metabolic profiles and lifestyle habits, such as physical activity, smoking habits, and dietary patterns, which are equally important in the context of cardiovascular disease. We explored whether a vegetarian diet is associated with both metabolic traits and lifestyle habits by assessing cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in a Taiwanese population. Data collected between 2000 and 2016 were extracted from the MJ Health database. Participants aged 40 years and older without cardiovascular disease were included. CVH metrics included smoking habits, blood pressure, total cholesterol, serum glucose, body mass index, physical activity, and healthy diet score. Vegetarian participants were full-time vegetarians who did not consume meat or fish. All the data were assessed from self-report questionnaires, physical examinations, and blood analyses following standard protocol. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between vegetarianism and CVH metrics.ResultsOf 46,287 eligible participants, 1,896 (4.1%) were vegetarian. Overall, vegetarians had better CVH metrics (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.84–2.37) but lower healthy diet scores (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.33–0.51) after adjustment. No difference in physical activity (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.73–1.02) was identified between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Additionally, vegetarians had higher whole grain intake (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 2.28–3.35) and lower sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.18–1.58).ConclusionsOur results suggested that vegetarians had better overall ideal CVH metrics but lower ideal healthy diet scores than non-vegetarians, which was likely due to the lack of fish consumption in this population group. When assessing CVH metrics and healthy diet scores for vegetarians, metrics and scores chosen should be suitable for use with vegetarian populations.

Context Panax japonicus is the dried rhizome of Panax japonicus C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae). Saponins from Panax japonicus (SPJ) exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. Objective To explore the neuroprotective effect of SPJ on natural ageing of rat. Materials and methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats 18-month-old were divided into ageing control, ageing treated with SPJ 10 or 30 mg/kg (n = 8). Five-month-old rats were taken as the adult control (n = 8). Rats were fed regular feed or feed containing SPJ for 4 months. Cognitive level was evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) test. The mechanisms of SPJ’s neuroprotection were evaluated by transmission electron microscope, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence in vivo and in vitro. Results SPJ attenuated ageing-induced cognitive impairment as indicated by elevated number of times crossing the target platform (from 1.63 to 3.5) and longer time spent in the target platform quadrant (from 1.33 to 1.98). Meanwhile, SPJ improved the morphology of microglia and synapse, and activated M2 microglia polarisation including increased hippocampus levels of CD206 (from 0.98 to 1.47) and YM-1 (from 0.67 to 1.1), and enhanced autophagy-related proteins LC3B (from 0.48 to 0.82), Beclin1 (from 0.32 to 0.51), Atg5 (from 0.22 to 0.89) whereas decreased p62 level (from 0.71 to 0.45) of ageing rats. In vitro study also showed that SPJ regulated the microglial polarisation and autophagy. Discussion and conclusions SPJ improved cognitive deficits of ageing rats through attenuating microglial inflammation and enhancing microglial autophagy, which could be used to treat neurodegenerative disorders.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) was induced by high-sugar and high-fat diet in mice to investigate the intervention effect of total saponins from Panax japonicus(TSPJ) and explore its possible mechanism. Mice were fed with high-sugar and high-fat diet to establish NASH model, and intervened with different doses of TSPJ(15, 45 mg·kg~(-1)). The animals were fed for 26 weeks. The histomorphology and pathological changes of liver tissues were observed by HE staining. The transcriptional expression levels of miR-199 a-5 p, autophagy related gene 5(ATG5) and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) in mouse liver were measured by quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). Western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins ATG5, P62/SQSTM1(P62), and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3)-I/Ⅱ proteins in mouse liver. The expression of P62 protein was detected by immunofluorescence staining. In order to verify the targeting regulation relationship between miR-199 a-5 p and ATG5, miR mimic/inhibitor NC and miR-199 a-5 p mimic/inhibitor were transfected into Hepa 1-6 cells, and the expression of ATG5 mRNA and protein was detected. pMIR-reportor ATG5-3'UTR luciferase reporter gene plasmid was constructed and co-transfected with miR mimic/inhibitor NC and miR-199 a-5 p mimic/inhibitor into Hepa 1-6 cells to detect luciferase activity. In vivo, HE staining in the model group showed typical fatty degeneration and inflammatory infiltration, with increased expression of miR-199 a-5 p and decreased expression of ATG5 mRNA and protein. The expression of autophagy-associated protein P62 increased significantly, the ratio of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ decreased, and the transcriptional expression of inflammatory factors increased significantly. After the intervention by TSPJ, the pathological performance of liver tissue was significantly improved, the expression of miR-199 a-5 p decreased and the expression of ATG5 mRNA and protein increased, the expression of autophagy-associated protein P62 decreased significantly, the ratio of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ increased, and the transcriptional expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α decreased significantly. In vitro, it was found that the expression of ATG5 mRNA and protein and luciferase activity decreased significantly in miR-199 a-5 p overexpression cells, while after inhibition of miR-199 a-5 p expression, the expression level of ATG5 mRNA and protein and luciferase activity increased. The results showed that TSPJ can improve NASH in mice fed with high-sugar and high-fat diet, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of miR-199 a-5 p/ATG5 signal pathway, the regulation of autophagy activity and the improvement of inflammatory response of NASH.

Obesity is characterized by a condition of low-grade chronic inflammation that facilitates development of numerous comorbidities and dysregulation of brain homeostasis. It is reported that obesity can lead to behavioral alterations such as cognitive decline and depression-like behaviors both in humans and rodents. Saponins from panax japonicus (SPJ) have been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory action in mouse model of diet-induced obesity. We evaluated the neuroprotection of SPJ on high fat diet (HFD) induced impaired behaviors such as memory deficit and depressive-like behaviors, and explored the underlying mechanisms. 6-week male Balb/c mice were divided into normal control group (NC, 17% total calories from fat), HFD group (60% total calories from fat), and HFD treated with SPJ groups (orally gavaged with dosages of 15 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg), respectively. After treatment for 16 weeks, behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the cognition and depression-like behaviors of the mice. The underling mechanisms of SPJ on HFD-induced impaired behaviors were investigated through histopathological observation, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Our results showed that HFD-fed mice caused behavioral disorders, neuronal degeneration as well as elevated neuroinflammation, which was partly involved in NLRP3 inflammasome that finally resulted in decreased protein levels of AMPA receptors and down-regulated phosphorylated levels of CaMKII and CREB in cortex and hippocampus. All the above changes in cortex and hippocampus induced by HFD were mitigated by SPJ treatment. SPJ treatment alleviated HFD-induced recognitive impairment and depression-like behaviors of mice, which could be partly due to the capacity of SPJ to mitigate neuroinflammation through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and upregulation of AMPA receptors signaling pathway.

Ganoderma lucidum has salutary effects on tumor treatment, including pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Ganoderma lucidum therapy is obscure. In this study, the Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mouse model was utilized to explore the therapeutic efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE), documenting that it could effectively inhibit tumor growth. The microRNA (miRNA) profiles of GLE-treated and untreated mice were detected, and 25 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were determined, including 24 up-expressed and one down-expressed miRNAs. Using the ClusterOne algorithm, 8 hub miRNAs were isolated from the established miRNA-target network. The qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that these 8 miRNAs were up-expressed in the GLE treated tumor mice. Furthermore, the mRNA profiles showed that there are 76 DE mRNAs between GLE treated and model groups. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network shows that Cntn1, Irs1, Nfkbia, Rybp and Ywhaz playing important roles, and qRT-PCR further revealed they were down-expressed in GLE treated Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice. The rebuilt miRNA-target network was shown that these 5 mRNAs were regulated by mmu-mir-23a-5p, -3102-3p, -337-3p, and -467a-3p, respectively. This study suggested that these 4 interesting miRNAs were potential biomarkers for evaluation of GLE efficacy, which may down-regulate the expression of Cntn1, Irs1, Nfkbia, Rybp and Ywhaz, and mediate many signaling pathways occurring in tumor treatment.

The aim of this paper was to observe the combination therapy with total triterpenoids of Chaenomeles speciosa and omeprazole on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats, and explore its possible mechanism. Rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, omeprazole monotherapy(3.6 mg·kg~(-1)) group, total triterpenoids of C. speciosa monotherapy(100 mg·kg~(-1)) group, total triterpenoids of C. speciosa and omeprazole combination therapy(100 mg·kg~(-1)+3.6 mg·kg~(-1)) group. Except for the normal group, the other groups were given indomethacin(20 mg·kg~(-1)) by oral once a day for 7 consecutive days. Then the treated groups were given corresponding drugs by gavage, once a day for 14 consecutive days. The next day after the last administration, half of the rats in each group were measured the gastric mucosal blood flow, gastric juice volume and serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10. After the remaining rats in each group were underwent pyloric ligation 4 hours after the last administration, the gastric endocrine volume, pH value and total acidity of gastric secretion were measured, then histological analysis was performed, MPO activity, cAMP content and histomorphological analysis were conducted. Real-time PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expressions of gastric tissue TNF-α,IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, VEGFA, A_(2A)R; the protein expressions of VEGFA, A_(2A)R, PKA, p-PKA, CREB, p-CREB, EGF, EGFR, p-EGFR, MUC6, TFF2 in gastric tissue were detected by Western blot. The results indicated that total triterpenoids of C. speciosa and omeprazole combination therapy might significantly increase gastric mucosal blood flow, gastric mucus volume, reduce gastric endocrine volume, secretion acidity and mucosal damage, decrease the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6, increase the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in blood and gastric tissue, inhibit the activity of MPO, increase the content of cAMP in gastric tissue, up-regulate the mRNA expressions of VEGFA, A_(2A)R and protein expressions of VEGFA, A_(2A)R, PKA, p-PKA, CREB, p-CREB, EGF, EGFR, p-EGFR, MUC6, TFF2 in gastric tissue, elevate p-PKA/PKA, p-CREB/CREB and p-EFGR/EFGR. Moreover, the combination therapy with total triterpenoids of C. speciosa and omeprazole was more obvious than those of two monotherapies. These aforementioned findings suggested that the combination therapy with total triterpenoids of C. speciosa and omeprazole on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer have significant therapeutic effect on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in rats, its mechanism might be related to regulating A_(2A)R/AKT/CREB, A_(2A)R/VEGFA, EGF/EGFR and MUC6/TFF2 signaling pathways, inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors, increasing gastric mucosal blood flow, up-regulating mucosal cell proliferation factors and promoting mucosal protective factors.

Panax japonicus( PJ) is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the genus Panax of Araliaceae,the recumbent rhizome of which is widely used in clinic therapy,healthcare products and as cosmetic additives with functions of dissipating stasis,reducing swelling,stanching bleeding,and reinforcing deficiency,etc. PJ contains abundant levels of oleanane-and dammarane-type triterpene saponins,which are considered as the material basis for exerting pharmacodynamic action. Based on the previous researches,more than110 triterpene saponins have been reported from PJ. These triterpene saponins were summarized in this review,and could be classified into dammarenediol Ⅱ,protopanaxadiol,protopanaxatiol,ocotillol,oleanolic acid,ursolic acid and miscellaneous subtypes,according to their molecular skeletons in biosynthesis processes. Further more,the structural features of these triterpene saponins in the seven different subtypes,together with their~(13)C-NMR spectroscopic characteristics were described,hoping to provide available information for chemical diversity research of PJ.

To observe the effect of total triterpenoids of Chaenomeles speciosa on PPARγ/SIRT1/NF-κBp65 signaling pathway and intestinal mucosal barrier of ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, total triterpenoids of C. speciosa (50, 100 mg·kg⁻¹) groups and sulfasalazine (250 mg·kg⁻¹) group. The ulcerative colitis (UC) model was induced by orally administering 2.5% DSS to the experimental mice, and the corresponding drugs were given to each group 3 days before the administration with 2.5% DSS. The normal group and the model group were given the equal volume of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution by gavage continuously for 10 days, q.d. The general conditions of the mice were observed on a daily basis, and the disease activity index (DAI) score was recorded. On the 10th day after the treatment, mice were put to death, the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in the blood were detected, colon length was measured, colon mucosa damage index (CMDI) score was calculated, and MPO activity detection and histomorphology analysis were conducted. Real-time PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expressions of E-cadherin, occluding,MUC2 and TFF3; the protein expressions of SIRT1, IKKβ, p-IKKβ, IκBα, p-IκBα and cytosol and nucleus PPARγ, NF-κBp65 in intestinal tissue were detected by western blot. The results indicated that total triterpenoids of C. speciosa (50, 100 mg·kg⁻¹) could significantly improve the general conditions of UC mice, reduce the DAI, CMDI and histopathological scores, increase the colon length, reduce the colonic mucosa ulcers, erosion and inflammatory infiltration, restore the normal intestinal mucosal barrier function, reduce the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, increase the contents of IL-4 and IL-10 in the blood, inhibit MPO activity in colon tissue, up-regulate the mRNA expressions of E-cadherin, occludin, MUC2 and TFF3 in colon tissue, down-regulate the protein expressions of cytosol PPARγ, tissue p-IKKβ, p-IκBα and nucleus NF-κBp65 in the colon tissue, decrease the p-IKKβ/IKKβ and p-IκBα/IκBα ratios, up-regulate the protein expressions of nucleus PPARγ, tissue SIRT1 and cytosol NF-κBp65 (

With the rapid development of Internet technology, integrated portals become one of the most important ways for users to obtain information from Internet. However, the qualities of various integrated portals are not similar. Therefore, it is very important to develop evaluation systems for evaluating integrated portal websites. This paper applies analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to develop an evaluation information system for evaluating integrated portal websites. The developed system is a web-based network information system. C# information system development language and SQL Server database management system are applied to the implementation of the system.

The literature reading course is to carry out teaching activities around the main line of scientific and technical literature retrieval, reading and discussion. In the aspect of cultivating students' innovation ability, it has the advantage that can not be replaced by other courses. In this paper, the cultivation of students' innovation ability as the core of teaching thought, and the literature reading teaching mode are discussed in the systematization of the knowledge of the literature retrieval and literature reading, the class discussing mode of cultivating students' innovative thinking, the teaching evaluation method of literature reading course. The research results provide a reference for the cultivation of students' innovative ability.

To investigate the effects of saponins extracted from Panax japonicus(SPJ) on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in natural aging rats and explore its underlying mechanisms. SD male rats were randomly divided into four groups: young control group, natural aging group, SPJ low dose group and SPJ high dose group, with 10 rats in each group. The rats in natural aging group, SPJ low and high dose groups were respectively treated with normal saline, SPJ 10 and 60 mg•kg-1•d-1 from the beginning of 18 month-old, 6 days per week for 6 months till 24 month-old. Then the animals were sacrificed. Their myocardial morphology changes were observed by using haematoxylin-eoin(HE) staining; cardiomyocyte apoptosis was tested by using Tunel assays; and the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, IL-1β, TNF-α, AMPK, p-AMPK, Sirt1, and Ac-NF-κB p65 in myocardial tissues of rats were detected by Western blot. The results showed that SPJ could effectively improve the arrangement disorder of myocardial fibers, reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis in natural aging rats. At the same time, SPJ could significantly inhibit the protein expression of Bax, IL-1β, TNF-α and Ac-NF-κB p65, and increase the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-2/Bax, p-AMPK/AMPK and Sirt1 in the heart tissues of natural aging rats. SPJ can effectively inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis in natural aging rats, and its mechanisms may be related with the regulation of inflammatory reaction by AMPK/Sirt1/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Abstact Ethnopharmacological relevance Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is an oriental medical fungus, which was used to prevent and treat many diseases. Previously, the effective compounds of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) were extracted from two kinds of GL, [ Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Karst.] and [ Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang], which have been used for adjuvant anti-cancer clinical therapy for more than 20 years. However, its concrete active compounds and its regulation mechanisms on tumor are unclear. Aim of the study In this study, we aimed to identify the main active compounds from GLE and to investigate its anti-cancer mechanisms via drug-target biological network construction and prediction. Materials and methods The main active compounds of GLE were identified by HPLC, EI-MS and NMR, and the compounds related targets were predicted using docking program. To investigate the functions of GL holistically, the active compounds of GL and related targets were predicted based on four public databases. Subsequently, the Identified-Compound-Target network and Predicted-Compound-Target network were constructed respectively, and they were overlapped to detect the hub potential targets in both networks. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR and western-blot assays were used to validate the expression levels of target genes in GLE treated Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice. Results In our work, 12 active compounds of GLE were identified, including Ganoderic acid A, Ganoderenic acid A, Ganoderic acid B, Ganoderic acid H, Ganoderic acid C2, Ganoderenic acid D, Ganoderic acid D, Ganoderenic acid G, Ganoderic acid Y, Kaemferol, Genistein and Ergosterol. Using the docking program, 20 targets were mapped to 12 compounds of GLE. Furthermore, 122 effective active compounds of GL and 116 targets were holistically predicted using public databases. Compare with the Identified-Compound-Target network and Predicted-Compound-Target network, 6 hub targets were screened, including AR, CHRM2, ESR1, NR3C1, NR3C2 and PGR, which was considered as potential markers and might play important roles in the process of GLE treatment. GLE effectively inhibited tumor growth in Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice. Finally, consistent with the results of qRT-PCR data, the results of western-blot assay demonstrated the expression levels of PGR and ESR1 were up-regulated, as well as the expression levels of NR3C2 and AR were down-regulated, while the change of NR3C1 and CHRM2 had no statistical significance. Conclusions The results indicated that these 4 hub target genes, including NR3C2, AR, ESR1 and PGR, might act as potential markers to evaluate the curative effect of GLE treatment in tumor. And, the combined data provide preliminary study of the pharmacological mechanisms of GLE, which may be a promising potential therapeutic and chemopreventative candidate for anti-cancer.

Background: The study aimed to analyze major underlying factors of the subhealth condition evaluation and find the optimization model. Methods: Selected 524 cases of health state and 453 cases of subhealth state from the research objects. A genetic algorithm was applied to discover the optimization model. The decision tree algorithm was used to find the main performance in the areas of physical, psychological, and social adaptation in the two populations which were the health state and the subhealth state. Conclusions: To establish the optimization model, the author would set up a curve-fitting equation between reduction of health self-assessment score (S-G1) and white blood cell (WBC) value in routine blood, so as to establish the relationship between S-G1 and WBC and found the approximate minimum solution of each equation. Besides, the author would analyze the differences between two populations in WBC examination to seize the difference. Revealed the differences of two populations in the areas of physical, psychological, and social adaptation by data mining and got the result that WBC of “the health state population” was higher than that of “the sub-health state population” in the index changes of WBC. The problem in social adaptation area of the subhealth state population was more serious in degree than the health state population; the reason was complex. If WBC of the health state population was near or below 5.5079, the object may be in the state of subhealth. However, if WBC was near or below 4.35, it is possible to enter the “morbid state.”

Fine-sized powders of BaSi3Al3O4N5:Eu2+ phosphors with high stability and improved photoluminescence properties were successfully synthesized by the traditional solid-state reaction method under a reductive atmosphere using BaF2-fluxing additives in the raw powder mixture. The produced phosphors had strong blue emission under excitation in ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light, due to the 4f 5d-4f7 transition of Eu2+ ions. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, XANES, and the photoluminescence (PL) spectra under UV and VUV were used to characterize the as-received samples. The experimental results showed that the addition of BaF2 flux improved the crystalline regime and the PL properties of the produced phosphors. Most significantly, it allowed control of the particle size and particle size distribution in the final powders but did not jeopardize the high thermal and chemical stability of the phosphors produced. With the modification of the BaF2 flux, the blue-emitting BaSi3Al3O4N5:Eu2+ phosphors will show excellent packing and coating properties and could be a good candidate for the light-emitting diodes and plasma display panels.

In this paper, a new kind of finite element method (FEM) is proposed, which use the two-dimensional Hermite interpolation scaling function constructed by tensor product as the basis interpolation function of field function, and then combine with the energy functional with related mechanics and variational principle, the wavelet finite element equations for solving elastic thin plate unit that constructed in this paper are derived. Then the bending problem of thin plate is solved very quickly and availably through the matlab program. The numerical example in this paper indicates the correctness and validity of this method, and has high calculation precision and convergence speed. Moreover, it also provides a reliable method to solve the free vibration problem of thin plate and the pipe crack problems.

This paper has presented a method to get pure ultraviolet rays using Abbe prism, and this principle is used to develop a pure ultraviolet irradiator with a low pressure mercury lamp. We used some thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) Al2O3:C crystals to inspect the irradiating effort of the pure ultraviolet irradiator. This irradiator can be used in environmental radiation dose detector with some TLDs such as Al2O3:C and quartz.

The automatic ball balancer is equipment used to balance the rotor system online and control its forced vibration. Although the rotor system is a nonlinear system actually, especially the occurrence of the nonlinear elastic restoring force in the support of rolling elements bearings, many researches still focus on the linear rotor systems at present. The Jeffcott rotor acted by unsymmetrical nonlinear restoring force is studied in this paper. Through the resolving theoretically and simulating numerically, the principal resonance respond of the rotor system controlled by the balancer with two balls and its stability are studied, while the vibration characteristics and movement laws of the rotor and balls in every rotary speed region are analyzed. The results showed that the balancer can suppress the principal vibration of the nonlinear rotor system in high speed region very well.

Based on multiresolution analysis and lifting scheme, and an adaptive finite element method（FEM） is developed. The coarse solution can be obtained in the approximation element. The coarse solution can be refined via adding details hierarchically and locally, then sharp transitions may be captured. The numerical example has verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Pipe can be regard as a dynamic system which is composed of quality, damping and stiffness matrix. The natural frequencies of the system will change when a crack occurs on the pipe. This paper studies the influence of a crack with various depths and directions on the natural frequencies of the system. Results of this paper give an experimental foundation for crack prediction.

In order to study the common nonlinear characteristics of the vibration isolator, a single degree of freedom system with cubic restoring force is introduced to describe the nonlinear vibration isolation system in the paper and the harmonic balance method was applied to investigate the primary resonance near the natural frequency of the system. Based on Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion, it was clarified theoretically that the region surrounded by the curve of the vertical tangential points in the curve cluster of the primary resonance amplitude frequency characteristics was instable. In addition, the equations of the jump frequency and force transmissibility were derived. The calculated results showed that the jump, hysteresis, stable and instable phenomena would take place for the force transmissibility of the isolator system and the effect of high frequency components of the transmitting force was limited; the damping, coefficient of nonlinear restoring force and the excitation amplitude had an influence on the force transmissibility whose frequencies were in the region of the resonance frequencies but not on those whose frequencies were lower than the resonance frequencies, and only the damping would affect the force transmissibility whose frequencies were higher than the resonance frequencies. Finally, the equation of the start frequency, on the condition that the force transmissibility was less than 1, was presented.

For the production of high reliability, wide use range, low cost of the bending deflection of pipe test bed, the design of test program was optimized, the structural design. Design of experiment platform to meet the requirement of experiment, and has practical application value.

A new morphology analysis method had been proposed to effectively extract the impulse components in the vibration signals of defective rolling element bearings. In the method, the morphology operator had been constructed by average of the closing and opening operator. For the construction of structure element (SE), the flat and zero was adopted as the shape and the height of SE, respectively, and the element numbers of the SE was optimized by a new proposed criterion (called SNR criterion). Vibration signals of two defective rolling bearings with an outer and an inner fault respectively are employed to validate the proposed method and the results are compared with ones calculated by envelopment analysis method. It shows that the proposed method is effective and robust to extract morphological features, and can be used to the on-line diagnostics of rolling element bearings in rotating machines conveniently.

The second generation wavelet transform has shown the property of high flexibility in multiresolution analysis. Based on this powerful tool, a new finite element multiresolution method is proposed. By using this method, the equation can be resolved in the low-resolution space, and then the coarse solution can be refined by adding the detail solutions in the detail spaces gradually till the solution in a high-resolution space satisfies the expected accuracy. This method is easy to achieve self-adapting algorithm and is suited for solving the singular problems. Numerical tests demonstrate the validity of this method.

Pipe crack identification method based on vibration has been researched by many people in recent years. The natural frequency plays an important role in the method. The natural frequency will change due to the appearance of the crack, so the crack may be identified according to the change law of the natural frequency with the size and location of crack. The dynamic model of cracked pipe is established by dispersing the pipe into a series of nested thin-walled pipes in this paper, and then the change law of the first three natural frequencies of the pipe is discussed.

The vibration of the horizontally vibrating conveyor (HVC) is excited by a vibration generator with four shafts which have eccentric quality. HVC makes the lump material to go forward by friction between the materiel and conveying trough. In this paper, a method based on the discreteness of time is adopted, and the influences factors of the transportation speed of HVC are discussed.

Second generation wavelet (SGW) provides diversity and agility for constructing wavelet besides the multiresolution property. By introducing SGW into finite element method, a series sequence of finite element approximation spaces which are nested and hierarchically expanded can be constructed. The method has high calculation speed and precision and is suited for constructing adaptive algorithm. In this paper, the beam element based SEW is constructed, which set up a basis for the adaptive finite element method based on multiresolution analysis.

The horizontally vibrating conveyor (HVC) is excited by a exciting implement with four shafts which have eccentric quality, and the materiel is transported by the friction between the materiel and conveying trough. The friction force varies continuously in the process of material transportion. To solve the problem, a dynamical model of HVC is set up, and an adaptive method based on the discreteness of time is presented. Then the transportation theory is discussed.

Objective To apply data mining methods to research on the state of sub-mental health among residents in eight provinces and cities in China and to mine latent knowledge about many conditions through data mining and analysis of data on 3970 sub-mentallyhealthyindividualsselectedfrom13385 relevant questionnaires. Methods The strategic tree algorithm was used to identify the main manifestations of the state of sub-mental health. The backpropogation artificial neural network was used to analyze the main manifestations of sub-healthy mental states of three different degrees. A sub-mental health evaluation model was then established to achieve predictive evaluation results. Results Using classifications from the Scale of Chinese Sub-healthy State, the main manifestations of sub-mental health selected using the strategic tree were F1101 (Do you lack peace of mind?), F1102 (Are you easily nervous when something comes up?), and F1002 (Do you often sigh?). The relative intensity of manifestations of sub-mental health was highest for F1101, followed by F1102, and then F1002. Through study of the neural network, better differentiation could be made between moderate and severe and between mild and severe states of sub-mental health. The differentiation between mild and moderate sub-mental health states was less apparent. Additionally, the sub-mental health state evaluation model, which could be used to predict states of sub-mental health of different individuals, was established using F1101, F1102, F1002, and the mental self-assessment total score. Conclusions The main manifestations of the state of sub-mental health can be discovered using data mining methods to research and analyze the latent laws and knowledge hidden in research evidence on the state of sub-mental health. The state of sub-mental health of different individuals can be rapidly predicted using the model established here. This can provide a basis for assessment and intervention for sub-mental health. It can also replace the relatively outdated approaches to research on sub-health in the technical era of information and digitization by combining the study of states of sub-mental health with information techniques and by further quantifying the relevant information.

To investigate the cardioprotective effects of total saponin from Panax japonicus pretreating on acute myocardial ischemia injury induced by ligating coronary artery left anterior descending branch (LAD) in rats.Rats were divided into sham group, model group and total saponin group. The treatment group was given total saponin of Panax japonicus. After pretreating for 7 days, the rats' acute myocardial ischemia model was induced by LAD. The electrocardiogram, hemodynamics, infarct size and histomorphology were assessed 12 h after LAD, the serum levels of phosphokinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also measured.Compared with the model group, total saponin from Panax japonicus significantly improved heart function, heart histomorphology, opposed ECG T wave decreased and decreased infarct size; Remarkably decreased the contents of LDH, CK and MDA, increased the activity of SOD, CAT.Total saponin from Panax japonicus has cardioprotective effects on acute myocardial ischemic injury and the mechanism may be related to antioxidation.

Title compounds (I) are isolated from the methanolic extract of the traditional Mexican remedy propolis.

Two new phenylallylflavanones, (2R,3R)-6-[1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]pinobanksin (1) and (2R,3R)-6-[1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]pinobanksin 3-acetate (2) were isolated from a methanolic extract of Mexican propolis. Their structures were elucidated with spectroscopic analysis. Both compounds (1, 2) exhibited preferential cytotoxic activity against PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells in a nutrient-deprived medium with the concentration at which 50% cells died preferentially in NDM (PC₅₀) values of 17.9 μM and 9.1 μM, respectively.

To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from Panax japonicus on immunosuppressed mice.Immunosuppressed murine model were established in Kuming mice induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) and splenic indexes were evaluated. The proliferation activities of splenic lymphocyte were assayed by MTT and levels of serum hemolysin were confirmed by spectrophotometry. The antibody-secreting capabilities of splenocytes were assayed by quan-titative haemolysis of SRBC (QHS). The percentage of NK cells were analysed by flow cytometry (FCM).Polysaccharides of Panax japonicus significantly increased the splenic indexes, promoted the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, enhanced QHS reaction, elevated the production of serum hemolysin and percentages of peripheral blood NK cells in Cy-induced immunosuppressed mice.Panax japonicus polysaccharides can recover immune function in the Cy-induced immunosuppressed mice.

The relationship between sub-health and " pro-disease" in Chinese medicine was clarified through analyzing the background of sub-health coming forth and its connotation, as well as the multiple meaning of "pro-disease" in Chinese medicine. The authors offered, thereupon, their clews and methods for treatment of "pro-disease" and intervention on sub-health.

To explore the optimum extraction and purification condition of the total saponins in the root of Panax japonicus (RPJ), and establish its quality control methods.Designed L16 (4(5)) orthogonal test with the extraction rate of total saponins as index, to determine the rational extraction process, and the techniques of water-saturated n-butanol extraction and acetone precipitation were applied to purify the alcohol extract of RPJ. Total saponins were detected by spectrophotometry and its triterpenoidal sapogenin oleanolic acid detected by HPLC.The optimum conditions of total saponins from RPJ was as follows: the material was pulverized, dipped in 60% ethanol aqueous solution as extract solvent at 10 times of volume, and refluxed 3 times for 3 h each time. Extractant of water-saturated n-butanol with extraction times of 3 and precipitant of acetone with precipitation amount of 4-5 times were included in the purification process, which would obtain the quality products. The content of total saponins could reach to 83.48%, and oleanolic acid to 38.30%.The optimized preparative technology is stable, convenient and practical. The extract rate of RPJ was high and steady with this technology, which provided new evidence for industrializing production of the plant and developing new drug.

To observe the effect of effective fractions (Conjunct anthraquinone, free anthraquinone and total flavonoids) and its compatibilities and proportions of Xie-Xin decoction on NO production in peritonea macrophaes from rat.Growth activity of macrophages cultured with different levels of active components were detected by MTT. NO concentrations in peritoneal macrophages induced by LPS were detected by Griess method.The NO production from macrophages induced by LPS was inhibited obviously by active components at the levels of 0.01-0.1 mg/ml. The best time of administration was 1 h induced by LPS. The inhibition of best proportions of compatibilities of Conjunct anthraquinone and total flavonoids, free anthraquinone and total flavonoids were stronger than effective fractions solo.The NO production is inhibited obviously by these effective fractions, especially by conjunct anthraquinone. Effective fractions can inhibit the function of activated macrophages.

From a MeOH extract of powdered roots of Wikstroemia indica, we isolated a new guaian-type sesquiterpene (1) and two known guaian-type sesquiterpenes [oleodaphnal (2), 1α,7α,10α H-guaia-4,11-dien-3-one (3)], together with twelve known compounds: (+)-arctigenin, (+)-matairesinol, (+)-trachelogenin, (+)-nortrachelogenin, (+)-hinokinin, (+)-kusunokinin, 7-methoxycoumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferone), daphnogitin, daphnoretin, salicifoliol, and (-)-pinoresinol. The structure of compound 1 was determined to be 4,10,11-guaiatrien-3-one-14-oic acid, by the analyses of spectral data.