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Objective Unidentified mechanisms largely restrict the viability of effective therapies in pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Our previous study revealed that hyperactivity of the subiculum is crucial for the genesis of pharmacoresistance in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. Methods Here, we examined the role of subicular caspase-1, a key neural pro-inflammatory enzyme, in pharmacoresistant TLE. Results We found that the expression of activated caspase-1 in the subiculum, but not the CA1, was upregulated in pharmacoresistant amygdaloid-kindled rats. Early overexpression of caspase-1 in the subiculum was sufficient to induce pharmacoresistant TLE in rats, whereas genetic ablation of caspase-1 interfered with the genesis of pharmacoresistant TLE in both kindled rats and kainic acid-treated mice. The pro-pharmacoresistance effect of subicular caspase-1 was mediated by its downstream inflammasome-dependent interleukin-1β. Further electrophysiological results showed that inhibiting caspase-1 decreased the excitability of subicular pyramidal neurons through influencing the excitation/inhibition balance of presynaptic input. Importantly, a small molecular caspase-1 inhibitor CZL80 attenuated seizures in pharmacoresistant TLE models, and decreased the neuronal excitability in the brain slices obtained from patients with pharmacoresistant TLE. Interpretation These results support the subicular caspase-1-interleukin-1β inflammatory pathway as a novel alternative mechanism hypothesis for pharmacoresistant TLE, and present caspase-1 as a potential target. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:377-390.

Aims Noninvasive music adjuvant therapy shows great potential in improving seizure control when combined with routine antiepileptic drugs. However, the diversity of previous music protocols has resulted in disparate outcomes. The optimized protocol and features for music adjuvant therapy are still not fully understood which limits its feasibility. Methods By applying different regimens of music therapy in various temporal lobe epilepsy models, we evaluated the effect of music in combination with sub‐dose drugs on epileptic seizures to determine the optimized protocol. Results A subgroup of kindled mice that were responsive to music adjuvant therapy was screened. In those mice, sub‐dose drugs which were noneffective on kindled seizures, alleviated seizure severity after 12 h/day Mozart K.448 for 14 days. Shorter durations of music therapy (2 and 6 h/day) were ineffective. Furthermore, only full‐length Mozart K.448, not its episodes or other music varieties, was capable of enhancing the efficacy of sub‐dose drugs. This music therapeutic effect was not due to increasing cerebral drug concentration, but instead was related with the modulation of seizure electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral powers in the hippocampus. Conclusion These results indicate that long‐term full‐length Mozart K.448 could enhance the anti‐seizure efficacy of sub‐dose drugs and may be a promising noninvasive adjuvant therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy., Music adjuvant therapy promotes the efficacy of sub‐dose antiepileptic drugs in both hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled temporal lobe epileptic mice. Listening to full‐length Mozart K.448 for 12 h/day is the optimal protocol for music adjuvant therapy.

In this paper, we study the higher-order generalized Ginzburg–Landau model which contributes to describing the propagation of optical solitons in fibers. By means of the Hirota bilinear method, the analytical solutions are obtained and the effect of relevant parameters is analyzed. Modulated by the near parity-time-symmetric potentials, the nonlinear modes with 5% initial random noise are numerically simulated to possess stable evolution. Furthermore, the evolution of nonlinear modes is displayed through the adiabatical change of some parameters. The investigation of the present work is intended as a contribution to the work for the higher-order generalized Ginzburg–Landau model.

A ( 1 + 1 ) -dimensional nonlinear evolution equation with Lax integrability is investigated in this paper with the aid of differential forms and exterior differentials. Equivalent definition of the Lax integrability is given. Relation between the Lax integrability and complete integrability is discussed. Geometric interpretation of the Lax equation is presented. Gauge transformation and Darboux transformation are restated in terms of the differential forms and exterior differentials. If λ I − S is a Darboux transformation between two Lax equations, the system that the matrix S should satisfy is given, where λ is the spectral parameter and I is the identity matrix. The completely integrable condition of that system is obtained according to the Frobenius theorem, and it is shown that S = H Λ H − 1 satisfies that completely integrable condition with H and Λ as two matrices.

Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)-typed equations are seen in fluid dynamics, plasma physics and other fields. By means of the Bell-polynomial procedure, we take two higher-order members of the KdV hierarchy, the seventh- and ninth-order Lax's KdV equations in fluid dynamics, as the examples for studying the integrable properties of the higher-order equations. Different from lower-order equations, two new partial differential operators in the Bell-polynomial procedure are introduced to construct the "multi-dimensional" bilinear forms of such equations with several auxiliary independent variables. Through the procedure simplified via the algebraic operation of the polynomials, the Backlund transformations, Lax pairs and infinite conservation laws of such equations are deduced.

Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)-type equations are used as approximate models governing weakly nonlinear long waves in fluids, where the first-order nonlinear and dispersive terms are retained and in balance. The retained second-order terms can result in the extended fifth-order KdV equation. Through the Darboux transformation (DT), multi-soliton solutions for the extended fifth-order KdV equation with coefficient constraints are constructed. Soliton propagation properties and interactions are studied: except for the velocity, the amplitude and width of the soliton are not influenced by the coefficient of the original equation; the amplitude, velocity, and wave shape of each soltion remain unchanged after the interaction. By virtue of the generalised DT and Taylor expansion of the solutions for the corresponding Lax pair, the first- and second-order rational solutions of the equation are obtained.

In this article, a fifth-order dispersive nonlinear Schrödinger equation is investigated, which describes the propagation of ultrashort optical pulses, up to the attosecond duration, in an optical fibre. Rogue wave solutions are derived by virtue of the generalised Darboux transformation. Rogue wave structures and interaction are discussed through (i) the analyses on the higher-order rogue waves, the cubic, quartic, quintic, group-velocity, and phase-parameter effects; (ii) a higher-order rogue wave consisting of the first-order rogue waves via the interaction; (iii) characteristics of the rogue waves which are summarised, including the maximum/minimum values of the rogue waves and the number of the first-order rogue waves for composing the higher-order rogue wave; and (iv) spatial-temporal patterns which are illustrated and compared with those of the ‘self-focusing’ nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We find that the quintic terms increase the time of appearance for the first-order rogue waves which form the higher-order rogue wave, and that the quintic terms affect the interaction among the first-order rogue waves, which elongates the distance of appearance for the higher-order rogue wave.

Under investigation in this paper are the Belov–Chaltikian (BC), Leznov and Blaszak–Marciniak (BM) lattice equations, which are associated with the conformal field theory, UToda $$(m_1,m_2)$$ system and r-matrix, respectively. With symbolic computation, the Bell-polynomial approach is developed to directly bilinearize those three sets of differential–difference nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs). This Bell-polynomial approach does not rely on any dependent variable transformation, which constitutes the key step and main difficulty of the Hirota bilinear method, and thus has the advantage in the bilinearization of the differential–difference NLEEs. Based on the bilinear forms obtained, the N-soliton solutions are constructed in terms of the $$N \times N$$ Wronskian determinant. Graphic illustrations demonstrate that those solutions, more general than the existing results, permit some new properties, such as the solitonic propagation and interactions for the BC lattice equations, and the nonnegative dark solitons for the BM lattice equations.

A variable-coefficient forced Korteweg-de Vries equation with spacial inhomogeneity is investigated in this paper. Under constraints, this equation is transformed into its bilinear form, and multi-soliton solutions are derived. Effects of spacial inhomogeneity for soliton velocity, width and background are discussed. Nonlinear tunneling for this equation is presented, where the soliton amplitude can be amplified or compressed. Our results might be useful for the relevant problems in fluids and plasmas., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures

Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)-type equations can describe the nonlinear waves in fluids, plasmas, etc. In this paper, two generalized KdV equations are under investigation. Bilinear forms of which are constructed with the Bell polynomials and an auxiliary variable. $$N$$ -soliton solutions are given through the Hirota direct method. Via the asymptotic analysis, the soliton interactions of the first generalized KdV equation are analyzed, which turn out to be elastic. Singular breather solutions have been derived from the two-soliton solutions. The collision between soliton and singular breather appears to be elastic, and the bound states of soliton and singular breather are exhibited. Unlike the first one, the other generalized KdV equation can only support the bound states of solitons, for the regular and singular solitons alike.

Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)-type equations describe certain nonlinear phenomena in fluids and plasmas. In this paper, three-coupled KdV equations corresponding to the Neumann system of the fourth-order eigenvalue problem is investigated. Through the dependent variable transformations, bilinear forms of such equations are obtained, from which the multi-soliton solutions are derived. Soliton propagation and interaction are analyzed: (1) Bell- and anti-bell-shaped solitons are found; (2) Among the soliton images, one depends on the sign of wave numbers k i ’s (i=1,2,3), while the others are independent of such a sign; (3) Interaction between two solitons and among three solitons are elastic, i.e., the amplitude and velocity of each soliton remain unvaried after the interaction except for the phase shift.

In this paper, a two-component (2 + 1) -dimensional long-wave-short-wave (LWSW) system with nonlinearity coefficients, which describes the nonlinear resonance interaction between two short waves and a long wave, is studied. Via the Hirota's bilinear method and Pfaffian, N -order rogue waves for the LWSW system are constructed. Furthermore, correction of the N -order rogue waves is proved directly via the Pfaffian, which is cumbersome or inaccessible in other methods. Results of the first- and second-order rogue waves are presented: 1) For the first-order rogue waves, the two short-wave components are bright, while the long-wave component is dark. The position of maximum amplitude of the rogue wave is analyzed. Evolution process for the first-order rogue wave is also presented and discussed. 2) Choosing different forms of the elements defined in the Pfaffian, we obtain some kinds of the second-order rogue waves with new spatial distributions: when the elements defined in Pfaffian are the same as the first-order rogue waves, we find that the second-order rogue waves for the two short-wave components are split into two first-order rogue waves and the two bumps coexist and interact with each other; when we change the combination of the elements in Pfaffian, we find that the second-order rogue waves for the two short-wave components are split into three and four first-order rogue waves. 3) N -order rogue waves for a general M -component LWSW system are constructed.

Nonlinear Schrodinger-type equations can model the nonlinear waves in fluids, plasmas, nonlinear optics and atmosphere. In this paper, integrable coupled nonlinear Schrodinger-type equations are investigated. With the aid of symbolic computation, the equations are transformed into their bilinear forms, by virtue of which the multi-soliton solutions are derived. Soliton interactions are analyzed, the elastic interactions are seen, while the dark, anti-dark, M- and W-shape solitons are exhibited with some parameters selected. The propagating solitons can preserve their properties after the interaction, and the profiles of them depend on the corresponding dispersion relations. The amplitudes, velocities of the solitons are found to be influenced by the coefficient of the original equations, which is detailed in the paper.

This paper is to investigate the extended (2+1)-dimensional Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky equations, which can be applied to describing some phenomena in the stratified shear flow, the internal and shallow-water waves and plasmas. Bilinear-form equations are transformed from the original equations and N -soliton solutions are derived via symbolic computation. Bilinear-form Backlund transformation and single-soliton solution are obtained and illustrated. Wronskian solutions are constructed from the Backlund transformation and single-soliton solution.

To investigate nonautonomous matter waves with time-dependent modulation in a one-dimensional trapped spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate, we hereby work on the generalized three-coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations by means of the Hirota bilinear method. By modulating the external trap potential, atom gain or loss, and coupling coefficients, we can obtain several nonautonomous matter-wave solitons and rogue waves including ``bright'' and ``dark'' shapes and arrive at the following conclusions: (i) the external trap potential and atom gain or loss can influence the propagation of matter-wave solitons and the duration and frequency of bound solitonic interaction, but they have little effect on the head-on solitonic interaction; (ii) through numerical simulation, stable evolution of the matter-wave solitons is realized with a perturbation of $5%$ initial random noise, and the spin-exchange interaction of atoms can be affected by the time-dependent modulation; (iii) under the influence of a periodically modulated trap potential and periodic atom gain or loss, rogue waves can emerge in the superposition of localized character and periodic oscillating properties.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a main constituent of green tea polyphenols, plays important roles in antioxidative, anti-senescence, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation and bacterail action. In this study, effects of EGCG on the expression of IL-1beta gene and the IL-1beta level at wound sites during cutaneous wound healing were investigated with histological stain, ELISA and RT-PCR technique. The results show that EGCG (50 mg/L) inhibited the expression of IL-1beta gene and reduced the IL-beta level at wound sites at 72 h after cutaneous wound, but not change the expression of IL-1beta gene and the IL-1beta level at early stage (or =24 h).

A bacteria strain XSP-1 capable of utilizing phoxim as sole carbon source was isolated from sludge collected from a pesticide manufacturer. It was preliminarily identified as Delftia sp. according to its physiological-biochemical analysis and the similarity analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence (GenBank Accession No. EF061135). Strain XSP-1 could degrade 100 mg/L phoxim within 7 h completely. The optimal pH and temperature for degradation were 7.0 and 35 degrees C respectively. The degrading rate showed a positive correlation to the initial inoculum size. Strain XSP-1 also showed good degrading performance against methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion. PCR detection with degenerated primers designed according to the conserved sequences of reported mpd gene did not find target band, but it needs further study to verify whether strain XSP-1 harbors a new mpd gene.

JQL4-5 (Sphingomonas sp.), a fenpropathrin-degrading strain isolated from soils exposed to repeated pesticides contamination, was used in this work to study factors affecting its degrading capacity of fenpropathrin in soil microcosms. In sterilized soil, the degradation rates of fenpropathrin by JQL4-5 were faster than those in unsterilized soil. Various factors, including soil pH, temperature, initial fenitrothion concentration, and inoculum size influenced its degradation efficiency. The addition of 10(6) CFU x g(-1) was able to degrade varying concentrations (10-200 mg x kg(-1) soil) of fenpropathrin over a temperature range of 20-40 degrees C and pH range (6.5 - 7.5). The results indicated that strain JQL4-5 has potential use in bioremediation of fenpropathrin-contaminated soil.

Investigated in this paper is a variable-coefficient higher-order nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which can describe the propagation of subpicosecond or femtosecond optical pulse in an inhomogeneous optical fiber. With a set of the Painleve-integrable coefficient constraints, the equation is transformed into its bilinear forms. Single- and two- anti-dark soliton solutions are constructed via the Hirota method. Based on the solutions, we graphically discuss the features of the anti-dark solitons, as well as their interaction, in the inhomogeneous optical fibers. As shown in our results, the backgrounds of the anti-dark solitons are related to the gain/loss coefficients, while the third-order dispersion coefficients directly influence the propagation trajectories of the anti-dark solitons, which provide a possible way to manage these solitons in the inhomogeneous fiber. On the other hand, overtaking interaction between the two anti-dark solitons is obtained, and seen to be elastic. The frequency shift parameter has almost no effect on the solitons.

In fluids, Korteweg–de Vries-type equations are used to describe certain nonlinear phenomena. Studied in this paper is a variable-coefficient (2 + 1)-dimensional generalized breaking soliton equation, which models the interactions of Riemann waves with long waves. By virtue of the Bell-polynomial approach, bilinear forms of such an equation are obtained. N-soliton solutions are constructed in terms of the exponential functions and Wronskian determinant, respectively. Solitonic propagation and interaction are discussed with the following conclusions: (i) the appearance of characteristic lines such as the periodic and parabolic shapes depends on the form of the variable coefficients; and (ii) interactions of two solitons and three solitons are shown to be elastic.

With symbolic computation, the generalized variable-coefficient Drinfeld–Sokolov–Satsuma–Hirota (gvcDSSH) system in fluids and plasmas is investigated. Under the constraint conditions on variable coefficients obtained via the Painleve test, the binary Bell polynomials are applied to the gvcDSSH system for its bilinear forms and multi-soliton solutions. With the different damping, dispersive and dissipative coefficients given, the multi-soliton solutions of the gvcDSSH system are illustrated and discussed. (i) The interactions between/among the solitons are elastic; (ii) the damping coefficient can only affect the amplitude of one field, while it has no effect on the other; (iii) the velocity and characteristic line for each soliton can be affected by the dispersive and dissipative coefficients.

In this paper, a variable-coefficient non-isospectral Korteweg–de Vries–modified Korteweg–de Vries equation arising in fluids and plasmas is investigated. The integrability of such an equation is studied with Painleve analysis. Under the integrable condition obtained, the Lax pair is also established through the Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur procedure. The equation is transformed into its bilinear form by virtue of which the multi-soliton/breather solutions and Backlund transformation are derived. Soliton propagation, multi-soliton, soliton–breather and breather–breather interactions are studied: different types of solitary waves can be seen with the change of variable coefficients, the existence of compression or broadening depends on the sign of the non-uniformity coefficient, and during the soliton–breather interaction, the propagating direction of the breather is not influenced by the elevation (positive amplitude) or depression (negative amplitude) soliton.