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The employment of lithium (Li) metal is crucial to sustainable Li metal batteries (LMBs) with realistically high energy density. The management and usage of Li in reality, however, remain high challenge due to the desirable of obtaining an undamaged Li structure arising from the indispensable in extenuating strongly environmental dependence of Li during stored procedure and minimizing the Li depletion and pulverization on long-term cycles. Herein, we impair the molecular hydrogen bonding cooperation between lithium and water molecules on the surface of Li to demonstrate an achievement of environmental independent and durable Li via integrating a reinforced molecular hydrophobic interface on the surface of Li. As a result, the molecular hydrophobic interface modified Li metal can exhibit dendrite-free Li deposition and achieve stable operation for 200 cycles in Li-S full cell at a current of 1 C.

A formal [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction of Baylis–Hillman adducts with sulfur ylides has been developed for the first time.

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Aza-ortho-quinone methides are important reactive intermediates that have found broad applications in synthetic chemistry. Recently, 1,4-elimination of ortho-chloromethyl aniline derivatives has emerged as a novel, powerful and convenient method for aza-ortho-quinone methide generation. This review will highlight the recent applications of aza-ortho-quinone methide precursors in annulation reactions to access various biologically important nitrogen-containing heterocycles. The general mechanisms are briefly discussed as well.1 Introduction2 [4+n] Annulation Reactions Using ortho-Chloromethyl Anilines as Aza-ortho-Quinone Methide Precursors2.1 [4+2] Annulation Reactions2.2 [4+1] Annulation Reactions2.3 [4+3] Annulation Reactions3 Conclusion and Perspective

BACKGROUND Patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) have an increased risk of pancreatic and extrapancreatic malignancies. Lymphomas are rare extrapancreatic malignancies, and in situ collisions of early gastric cancer and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are even rarer. Here, we report the first case of pancreatic cancer comorbid with in situ collision of extrapancreatic malignancies (early gastric cancer and DLBCL) in a follow-up IPMN patient. Furthermore, we have made innovations in the treatment of such cases. CASE SUMMARY An 81-year-old Japanese female diagnosed with IPMN developed elevated carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 levels during follow-up. Because her CA19-9 levels continued to rise, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was performed and revealed a suspicious lesion at the pancreatic tail. However, lesions in the pancreas were not found by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. To make an exact patho-logical diagnosis, EUS-guided fine needle aspiration was performed. To our supprise, early gastric cancer was found in preoperative gastroscopy. The gastric cancer was completely resected through endoscopic submucosal dissection before postoperative pathology identified early adenocarcinoma collided with DLBCL. Subsequent EUS-guided fine needle aspiration provided pathological support for the pancreatic cancer diagnosis, and then laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy were performed. CA19-9 levels returned to normal postoperatively. CONCLUSION Endoscopic submucosal dissection is appropriate for submucosal lymphomas in patients intoleratant of chemotherapy. EUS can detect small IPMN-related pancreatic tumors.

MiR-664b-3p has been reported to play a crucial role in cancer progression. This research explores the biological effect and molecular mechanisms of miR-664b-3p in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of colon cancer. The expression level of miR-664b-3p and Budding uninhibited by benzimidazole 3 (Bub3) in colon cancer cell lines and tissues were detected and analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and bioinformatics method. The Western blot measured the expression level of proliferation-related, migration-related, and apoptosis-related proteins. CCK-8 assessed cell viability, and the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were detected by the Edu assay, wound-healing assay, and transwell assay, respectively. Annexin/propidium iodide (PI) assays detected apoptosis of cells. The target of miR-664b-3p was predicted by bioinformatics methods and then validated by gene engineering technology. MiR-664b-3p was downregulated in colon cancer tissues and cells. The cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells were inhibited after transfecting by miR-664b-3p mimics, whereas apoptosis was promoted. Over-expression of miR-664b-3p could reduce the expression of proliferation-promoted proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (Ki-67), migration-promoted Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Matrix Metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2), and Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and apoptosis-inhibited protein (Bcl-2) while increasing the expression of apoptosis-promoted BCL2-Associated X Protein (Bax), caspase-3, and caspase-9 proteins. The study indicated that miR-664b-3p plays a significant role in colon cancer and could regulate the progression of colon cancer tumor growth by suppressing the expression of BUB3 protein. These findings provide a novel strategy to screen and treat colon cancer.

To study the effects of astragaloside-IV (As-IV) on the expression of inflammatory factor and proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) induced by angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ).TheCompared with model group, the proliferation of GMCs was inhibited in As-IV group. As-IV decreased the level of intercellular ROS, down-regulated the secretion of MCP-1 and the expression of TGF-β1 proteins.As-IV could inhibit cell proliferation and inflammatory factors expression on GMCs induced by AngⅡ.

The genetic algorithm is used to investigate the Chinese postman problem with the constraints of working time span and load capacity for postman on mixed networks. In course of chromosome encoding, the priority-based encoding for serving edges set is used, and the priority and the strategy of “serve while going” in the shortest path is integrated to use in course of decoding. A genetic scheme is designed to solve the capacitated Chinese postman problem without translating arc routing problem into node routing problem. The simulation experiments show that the methods is feasible and efficient, it can easily solve the capacitated Chinese postman problems on all kinds of complex networks.

The power lithium-ion battery with its high specific energy, high theoretical capacity and good cycle-life is a prime candidate as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Sacurity is especially important for large-scale lithium-ion batteries, especially the thermal analysis is essential for their development and design. Mathematical model and thermal model for Li-ion battery were built to analyze the effects of discharge rate on the peak temperature and on the homogeneity of temperature field, and to compare the calculated and the simulated results.

A new type of anti-wind device was put forward. 1/4 scale model about it had been tested and analyzed by FEM. Comparison of FEM, design calculation results with test results also had been done.Test and FEM results show the intermediate section will be the most weakness part, no matter that it is on the condition of in-plane load or out-plane load. During the stage of anti-wind design, it is safe for the FEM, design calculation results in which the standard strength of material is used, but at the stage of seismic design, the ultimate strength of anti-wind device should be considered in order to assure the anti-wind device to damage while earthquake happens.

In this paper, some factors effect on the maximum stress of inner rubber of some elastomer isolators with big diameter of 1500mm are analyzed by FEA. These factors include size of hole, ratio of , shear modulus of inner rubber , the first shape factor , thickness of cover rubber. The isolators include those used in building or bridge, loading condition is single compress . Research results show that size of hole, ratio of and have a little effect on the maximum stress of inner rubber, but shear modulus of inner rubber, and thickness of cover rubber hardly effect.

LNR and LRB in which the value of shear modulus of inner rubber is 0.392MPa have been widely used in the practical isolation projects, although there are some test researches about dependency of shear property of them, but there is little complete study under high design compressive stress, such as 15MPa, and equations of dependency of shear property of them have seldom been found. In this paper, completely experiments about dependency of shear property of them have been done, and the fitted equations about various dependencies for LNR and LRB are given. Effect of size of rubber bearing on various dependencies is also studied. Formulas of determination of parameters in bilinear model of LRB are proposed, and have been testified well with FEA program.

Earthquake damage prediction of base-isolated structure includes many fuzzy factors, for example damage grade, intensity and so on, so by use of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to predict the earthquake damage probability of the base-isolated structure should be feasible and effective. The isolated building usually consist of the isolated layer and the upper structure, so the damage grade of the base-isolated structure is divided by the performances of the isolated layer and the supper-structure. And then, the basic frame system of earthquake damage prediction based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is established: the damage influence factors of the earthquake damage prediction for the isolated structure are analyzed, the corresponding hierarchy evaluations system is presented. Grade standard of damage influence factors and the determining method of membership degree for the base-isolated frame structure are given, and then the weight coefficients of the damage influence factors are studied by use of the judgment matrix analysis method, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of earthquake damage prediction is given. Lastly, a numeral example is analyzed, the rationality of the method is proved.

Mid-story isolation structure is developing from base isolation structures. As a complex structural system, the work mechanism of base isolation structure is not entirely appropriate for mid-story isolation structure, and the prolonging of structural natural period may not be able to decrease the seismic response of substructure and superstructure simultaneously. In this paper, for a four-story steel frame model, whose prototype first natural period is about 1s without seismic isolation design, the seismic responses and isolation effectiveness of mid-story isolation system with lead rubber bearing are studied experimentally by changing the location of isolation layer. Respectively, the locations of isolation layer are set at bottom of the first story, top of the first story, top of the second story and top of the third story. The results show that mid-story isolation can reduce seismic response in general, and substructure acceleration may be amplified.

For the displacement-constraint device with hysteric-friction isolation system, the judgment condition of soft-collision between the isolation layer and displacement-constraint device is put forward, the motion equation of the isolation system in consideration of friction and soft-collision is established, the nonlinear analysis program is worked out, and several kinds of inflection points in the program are given and the corresponding processing method of the inflection points is introduced. The nonlinear response analysis of the isolation system results indicate the displacement-restraint device can ensure the upper structure safety; also can decrease the displacement of the isolated layer.

One LNR-D1100 isolator at the stage of large horizontal deformation was analysed by FEM program in this paper, which was applied by press-shear load. The maximum S.Mises stress about inner steels of isolator have been researched. The maximum S.Mises stress will occur in the core upload area, with horizontal shear strain increasing. The core upload area will be diminution with horizontal shear deformation increasing, but the maximum S. Mises stress will be larger and larger. When large horizontal deformation of isolator occurs, there is some out-plane deformation at parts of inner steels near the upmost and downbottom of isolator. Vertical pressure will lend inner steels themself to yield when horizontal shear strain of isolator being loaded.When there is 0 MPa vertical pressure on the isolator, no vertical displacement between the top and the bottom of isolator may be helpful for the maximum S.Mises stress value of inner steels of isolator to decrease.

This paper presents a simple Self-resetting sliding isolation system, which is composed of graphite sliding device and simple rubber bearing. Theoretical analysis is carried out. Shaking table test for a typical brick masonry structure in village of China is performed on a 1:4 scale. Results show that the proposed new isolation system can achieve a favorable level of performance.

At present, seismic strengthening design reference period of the existing building is usually equal to 50 years in China, sometime this is uneconomic and unreasonable. In this paper, determining principle of seismic strengthening design reference period for the existing building with different importance is presented. The seismic strengthening design level of the existing building is put forward. After the shape factor of intensity probability distribution function is used to represent the seismic hazard characteristic of different areas, the seismic hazard curve formula of design acceleration Amax and earthquake influence coefficient αmax are deduced according to the seismic hazard curve of intensity. The seismic strengthening design ground motion parameter for the existing building with different importance is researched in detail by use of hazard curve formula of seismic ground motion parameter based on seismic hazard characteristic zone. At last, the method and the calculation step are explained by a calculation example. The result shows that for the existing building with different design reference period, using same design parameter is unreasonable in different seismic hazard characteristic zone, and the method is more scientific than the code method.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were functionalized by the covalent attachment of 2-propanol-2-yl radicals to their surface. These radicals were generated by photolysis of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone under ultraviolet (UV) light. Pristine SWCNTs were dispersed in a tetrahydrofuran solution, and then free radicals were attached to their surface when the solution was subjected to UV irradiation. The functionalization of SWCNTs was evidenced by UV/visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis-mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). UV/visible results indicated a loss of Van Hove singularities because of the covalent functionalization. The modification was further proved by FTIR. Raman spectra showed that the intensity ratio of the G band and D band (IG/ID) decreased for the functionalized SWCNTs. TGA-MS also showed a signal corresponding to m/z 59 at 400 °C, indicating the presence of 2-propanol-2-yl groups. HRTEM and solubility data proved that the sidewall functionalization dissociated the bundle structure, improved the solubility in common organic solvents and retained the original electronic structure of the SWCNTs without severe modification that damages the nanotubes.

A bis(N,N-dipentylcarbamothioylthio)cadmium additive was synthesized. A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the tribological performance of the additive in mineral oil, and compared with same types of metal additives. The results show that it exhibits better anti-wear and load-carrying capacities. The surface analytical tools such as X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), Auger electron spectrometer (AES), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were used to investigate the topography, the compositions contents and the depth profile of some typical elements on the rubbing surface of worn scar. Smooth topography of worn scar further confirms that the additive showed good anti-wear capacities, the results of XPS, AES and energy dispersive X-ray analyses indicated that tribochemical mixed protective films consists of cadmium atoms, sulfides and sulphates were formed on the rubbing surface, which contribute to improve the tribological properties of lubricants. Particularly, large amounts of sulfur and cadmium atoms play an important role in improving anti-wear properties of oils.

The antioxidation properties of methylene bis(di-n-butyldithiocarbamate) (V 7723)- and tolutriazole derivative (V 887)-containing poly-α-olefin (PAO)-derived lubricants were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and modified penn state micro-oxidation test (PMOT). The DSC test measured the onset temperature (OT) and induction time (IT) of the lubricant at high temperatures, and oxidation stability of oil by weight loss was measured by the PMOT. The DSC test showed that the OT and IT of V 7723-containing PAO were improved significantly by the addition of V 887. The PMOT indicated that when combined with V 7723 antioxidants, V 887 could also effectively reduce the increase in the weight loss of PAO. These results suggested that the V 887 showed a good oxidative synergism with the V 7723 antioxidant. In addition, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) results from the PMOT confirmed that the addition of V 887 could significantly enhance the oxidation IT of oils and inhibit the formation of oxidation products containing carbonyl bonds or hydroxyl group. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Earthquake disaster is still the number one among all natural disasters, particularly, in terms of destructive power in causing deaths. Can earthquake engineers control seismic casualties through the seismic design of buildings? For this purpose, a conception of casualty control based seismic design is presented and a “two-step decision-making” method is proposed for determining the optimum seismic design intensity (or ground-motion) for controlling both seismic death and economic losses. The key problems in establishing the model are to determine the appropriate socially acceptable level of earthquake mortality and establish the corresponding objective function and /or constraint conditions in determining the optimum seismic design intensity. Ten different grades of socially acceptable mortality are suggested and the final socially acceptable mortality level was proposed for seismic design based on a questionnaire that was distributed nationwide in China. Finally, the method was applied to eight cities with different seismic hazard in China and the effects of various grades of acceptable earthquake mortality on seismic design intensity are analyzed.

The seismic design criterion adopted in the existing seismic design codes is reviewed. It is pointed out that the presently used seismic design criterion is not satisfied with the requirements of nowadays social and economic development. A new performance-based seismic design criterion that is composed of three components is presented in this paper. It can not only effectively control the economic losses and casualty, but also ensure the building’s function in proper operation during earthquakes. The three components are: classification of seismic design for buildings, determination of seismic design intensity and/or seismic design ground motion for controlling seismic economic losses and casualties, and determination of the importance factors in terms of service periods of buildings. For controlling the seismic human losses, the idea of socially acceptable casualty level is presented and the ‘Optimal Economic Decision Model’ and ‘Optimal Safe Decision Model’ are established. Finally, a new method is recommended for calculating the importance factors of structures by adjusting structures service period on the base of more important structure with longer service period than the conventional ones. Therefore, the more important structure with longer service periods will be designed for higher seismic loads, in case the exceedance probability of seismic hazard in different service period is same.

In order to explore the effect of extracelluar polymeric substances (EPS) on resistance and removal of heavy metals, the production of EPS, secreted by cadmium-resistant strain (SCSE425-7) and cadmium-removal strain (SCSE709-6) was investigated combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the high resistance to cadmium of strain SCSE425-7 was related to the high production of soluble EPS, whereas SCSE709-6 secreted more insoluble EPS resulting in better cadmium removal performance. It was indicated that soluble extracellular carbohydrates may help the bacteria to enhance resistance to Cd2+, and insoluble EPS could contribute to Cd2+ removal effectively. The FTIR spectra showed that the peaks of amide and carboxyl were main functional groups for Cd2+ adsorption.

Objective: To study the effect and mechanism of Shuanghua aerosol (SHA) in treating infantile upper respiratory tract infection.Methods: In the clinical study, 276 patients were randomly divided into two groups. The treated group was treated with SHA and the control group was treated with Shuanghuanglian aerosol (SHLA, ). In the experimental study, the effects of SHA on anti-inflammation and antivirus were observed.Results: The clinical total effective rate of SHA was 99.03% and its cure rate 65.38%, while those of the SHLA were 94.11% and 44.12% respectively, significant difference was shown between the two groups (P

The title complex, [Co(C2N3)2(C7H6N4)2(H2O)2] or [Co(dca)2(pytrz)2(H2O)2], where pytrz is 4-(2-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole and dca is the dicyanamide monoanion, was prepared using pytrz, Na(dca) and CoCl2·6H2O. The CoII atom lies on a center of inversion and is coordinated in a slightly distorted octahderal geometry by two pytrz ligands, two dca ligands and two trans-oriented water molecules. In the crystal structure, complex molecules are linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network and further into a three-dimensional network via weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds.

To observe the protective effect of Wufu Jingfang (WJ, containing Aconitum carmichaeli Debx, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparatae, Rhizoma Pinelliae, and snakegourd fruit) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) of rats, thus exploring the feasibility of recipes containing eighteen incompatible pairs for specific pathological conditions.Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, i.e., the sham-operative control group (the SH group), the I/R group, the low dose WJ I/R group (the I/R +JFL group), the middle dose WJ I/R group (the I/R +JFM group), the high dose WJ I/R group (the I/R +JFH group), 10 in each group. Rats in the latter three groups were administered with WJ at 0.75 mL/100 g, 1.50 mL/100 g, and 3.00 mL/100 g body weight for 14 consecutive days by gastrogavage. All groups except the SH group received ligation of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30-min ischemia followed by 120-min reperfusion. The micro-structural changes of myocardial mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscope. The ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected in each group using one-step terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL). The mRNA expressions of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated x protein (Bax) were detected by RT-PCR. The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were detected using ELISA. The myocardial infarct size was detected.Compared with the I/R group, WJ pretreatment significantly suppressed the release of LDH and CK (Besides, the release of LDH and CK reduced along with increased dose.), reduced the myocardial infarct size, and lowered myocardial apoptosis index (P0.05). WJ pretreatment also modulated Bcl-2/Bax ratio by up-regulating Bcl-2 expression level while decreasing Bax expression level.WJ pretreatment might protect the heart from I/R injury via decreasing myocardial cell apoptosis. The results suggested that eighteen incompatible pairs is not absolute, but relative. Chinese medical preparation containing opposite Chinese herbs could be used in specific pathological states such as ischemic cardiomyopathy.

To clone human interleukin-32(hIL-32) gene and express it in E.coli efficiently.The gene of hIL-32 was amplified by RT-PCR from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which stimulated with Con A for 60 h. The PCR product was inserted into the pMD18-T vector. The hIL-32 cDNA confirmed by sequencing was inserted into expression vector pET-30a(+) and expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3) strain. The hIL-32 protein expression was induced by IPTG and assayed by SDS-PAGE and coomassie blue stain. The recombination protein was identified by Western blot and its biological activity was analyzed.DNA sequencing confirmed that the cloned cDNA was identical to the published sequence of hIL-32 that the nucleotide sequence of this gene was 567 bp. The recombinant plasmid pET30a-hIL32 was transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) strain for expression. An expected 28 kDa protein of hIL-32 was found mainly in the induced host strains by SDS-PAGE and coomassie blue stain. The 28 kDa protein was recognized by anti-IL-32 antibody in western blot. The purified recombination protein could induce the producing of IL-6 in the human PBMC.We have successfully cloned the gene and expressed the protein of hIL-32 and the expressed protein has specific bioactivity.

Based on field survey and laboratory analysis, this paper studied the storage of surface soil (0-20 cm) organic C (SOC) and total N (TSN) in farmland, orchard, woodland and grassland in the Yangou watershed of loess hilly-gully region. The results showed that in the test area, the mean contents of SOC and TSN were 7.56 and 0.71 g . kg(-1), respectively. On an average, farmland had 4.67 g . kg(-1) of SOC and 0.48 g . kg(-1) of TSN, and terrace farmland had lower storage of SOC and TSN than other types of farmland. Compared with farmland, the contents of SOC and TSN in orchard had a slight decrease, being 4. 33 g . kg(-1) and 0.46 g . kg(-1), respectively, while those in grassland were higher. The average contents of SOC and TSN in woodland were 117.7% and 89.4% higher than those in farmland. In this area, the variation coefficients of SOC and TSN contents were 69.7% and 58.4%, respectively, being the highest (62.8% and 54.5%) in woodland, the second in grassland and farmland, and the smallest (18.0% and 22.9%) in orchard. Soil C/N ratio was increased in the order of orchard, farmland, grassland, woodl and. Under these four landuse types, there was a significant positive correlation between SOC and TSN (r = 0.9791). The construction of farmland and orchard didn' t increase the contents of SOC and TSN significantly, while the conversion of farmland into woodland or grassland and the hill-closure forestry promoted the accumulation of SOC and TSN distinctly.

The complex stability constants (K(S)) and thermodynamic parameters (DeltaH degrees and TDeltaS degrees) for 1:1 intermolecular complexation of three water-soluble calixarenes, that is, p-sulfonato calix[4]arene (C4AS), p-sulfonato thiacalix[4]arene (TCAS), and p-sulfonato calix[5]arene (C5AS), with dipyridines (4-DPD and 2-DPD) and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) have been determined by means of titration microcalorimetry in an acidic buffer solution (pH = 2.0) at 298.15 K, and their binding modes have been investigated by (1)H NMR and 2D ROESY NMR spectroscopy. The results obtained indicate that 4-DPD, 2-DPD, and Phen are included in the cavity of C5AS with the different patterns, this is, accumbent for 4-DPD, acclivitous for 2-DPD and Phen, while Phen is included upright in the cavity of C4AS. The K(S) values decrease with increasing cavity size of host molecules but enhance with extending conjugation degree of guest molecules, and thus C4AS exhibits an exceptionally high Phen/4-DPD selectivity of 22.5. Thermodynamically, the complexation of DPDs/Phen with the water-soluble calixarenes is obviously enthalpy-driven, but the molecular selectivity is mainly governed by the entropy term.

The ecological genetic research on Glycine tabacina populations was based on RAPD technique, which revealed 100% polymorphisms, with minimum value of 0.41 in population MM, and maximum value of 0.82 in population PT. Cluster analysis showed that the populations' genetic variation was correlation to the environment gradient when the geographic distance among populations was big. In small geographic range,however, no correlation exists between genetic structure and ecological factors because of random genetic drift.

In the title compound, [Na4Zn(C6H5O7)2]n, the ZnIIion lies on an inversion center and is coordinated by six O atoms from two citrate ligands, forming a distorted octahedral geometry. There are two crystallographically independent Na+cations in the asymmetric unit. One Na+cation exhibits a distorted square-pyramidal geometry defined by five O atoms from four citrate ligands. The other Na+cation is surrounded by six O atoms from five citrate ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry. The Na+cations are bridged by citrate carboxylate groups, forming a layer parallel to (100). The layers are further assembled into a three-dimensional network with the [Zn(citrate)2]4−building units as `pillars'; O—H...O hydrogen bonds also stabilize the structure.

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the tribological behaviors of nitrogen-containing borate (BNO) combined with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and tin dialkyldithiocarbamates (SnDDC) in liquid paraffin or mineral oil, even respectively. The surface analytical tools such as X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were used to investigate the chemical states of some typical elements and composition on the rubbing surface of the wear scar. The tribological results show that BNO exhibits better antiwear properties in base oils, and can exhibit good antiwear synergism when it was combined with additives ZDDP and SnDDC, respectively, while the antiwear properties of oil-containing additive packages are optimal under certain concentration ranges. The results of XPS and XRD analyses indicated that BNO can form tribochemical mixed protective films consisting of BN or B2O3 compounds on the rubbing surface, and the combination of BNO with SnDDC may form tin, oxides, sulfide, and N-containing compounds on the rubbing surfaces, which contribute to improving the tribological properties of lubricants. A considerable amount of ZDDP can be partially replaced by BNO in synergistic mixtures, or replaced completely by the combination of BNO with SnDDC, which is especially important for ZDDP used in ecologically sensitive applications.