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Introduction. Pediatric bronchopneumonia is one of the common respiratory diseases in pediatrics. Chinese herbal injections (CHIs) are widely used to treat pediatric bronchopneumonia. In this study, we examined the efficacy of CHIs in the treatment of pediatric bronchopneumonia using a network meta-analysis (NMA). Methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CHIs combined western medicine (WM) versus WM were searched from electronic databases. WinBUGS 1.4.3 and Stata 13.0 were adopted to compute calculations and prepare graphs, respectively. Results. 168 RCTs with 21917 patients were included. The results revealed that Xixinnao injection (XXN) + WM had the most probability to be the best intervention in the four aspects of rate of clinical efficacy, antipyretic time, cough disappearance time, and lung shadow disappearance time. While as to lung shadow disappearance time, asthma disappearance time, and hospitalization time, Yanhuning injection (YHN) + WM could be the best intervention. The safety of CHIs needs to be further assessed. Conclusions. Based on this NMA, XXN + WM and YHN + WM were potential optimal therapies in pediatric bronchopneumonia, and their safety should be strictly monitored.

Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions,a series of group standards,were proposed by Professor ZHANG Bing from Research Center for Pharmacovigilance and Rational Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and underwent centralized management by Chinese Association of Chinese Medicine. They were officially released on July 23 and implemented on July 31,2021. The series of group standards consist of six sections,including general principles,adverse drug events,contraindications,precautions,application for special populations,and warnings. The section of general principles is comprised of holistic and programmatic expressions,which explain the general technical requirements for revising the marketed Chinese patent medicine instructions. The other five sections focus on information collection,screening,transformation,and illustration of specific items,forming a standardized revision technical process. This series of standards is the result of multiple rounds of research and the suggestions of more than 200 experts in different professional fields ofquot; medicine-pharmacy-management-law-enterprisequot; have been gathered therein to reach a consensus. With the purposes of establishing standardized technical specifications for the revision of safety information in the marketed Chinese patent medicine instructions,guiding marketing authorization holders in revising the instructions,filling the gaps in the research of Chinese patent medicine instructions,promoting the deve-lopment of pharmaceutical care and academic research,and encouraging the rational and safe medication of Chinese patent medicine,the series of group standards is of great significance.

Drug instructions,the statutory and technical documents recording effectiveness and safety information,are an important basis for guiding doctors,pharmacists,and patients to use drugs rationally,and their scientificity,standardization,and accuracy directly affect the medication safety of the public. The sections of adverse drug events,contraindications,precautions,warnings,and application for specific populations in drug instructions directly express safety information and measures for rational use of drugs. In the drug life cycle,marketing authorization holders( MAHs) need to update safety information in the instructions promptly to ensure the safety and effectiveness of clinical drug medication. At present,revising instructions is an important measure to control drug risks. In the drug life cycle,in order to standardize the revision of safety information in the instructions by MAHs and eliminate inexact terms such asquot; unclearquot;,the Technical Specifications for Revision of Safety Information in Marketed Chinese Patent Medicine Instructions,a series of group standards,have been established under the guidance of Standardization Department,China Association of Chinese Medicine. Therefore,on the basis of the existing rules and regulations,the standardized technical procedures for revising instructions came into being to help clinical safe and rational medication of drugs,and implement the strategy ofquot; Healthy Chinaquot;.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the diagnostic value of deep learning-based image reconstruction (DLR) and hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR) for calcification-related obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) evaluation by using coronary CT angiography (CCTA) images and subtraction CCTA images.Methods: Forty-two consecutive patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease who underwent coronary CTA on a 320-row CT scanner and subsequent invasive coronary angiography (ICA), which was used as the reference standard, were enrolled. The DLR and HIR images were reconstructed as CTADLR and CTAHIR, and, based on which, the corresponding subtraction CCTA images were established as CTAsDLR and CTAsHIR, respectively. Qualitative images quality comparison was performed by using a Likert 4 stage score, and quantitative images quality parameters, including image noise, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio were calculated. Diagnostic performance on the lesion level was assessed and compared among the four CCTA approaches (CTADLR, CTAHIR, CTAsDLR, and CTAsHIR).Results: There were 166 lesions of 86 vessels in 42 patients (32 men and 10 women; 62.9 ± 9.3 years) finally enrolled for analysis. The qualitative and quantitative image qualities of CTAsDLR and CTADLR were superior to those of CTAsHIR and CTAHIR, respectively. The diagnostic accuracies of CTAsDLR, CTADLR, CTAsHIR, and CTAHIR to identify calcification-related obstructive diameter stenosis were 83.73%, 69.28%, 75.30%, and 65.66%, respectively. The false-positive rates of CTAsDLR, CTADLR, CTAsHIR, and CTAHIR for luminal diameter stenosis ≥50% were 15%, 31%, 24%, and 34%, respectively. The sensitivity and the specificity to identify ≥50% luminal diameter stenosis was 90.91% and 83.23% for CTAsDLR.Conclusion: Our study showed that deep learning–based image reconstruction could improve the image quality of CCTA images and diagnostic performance for calcification-related obstructive CAD, especially when combined with subtraction technique.

In order to solve the problems of confusion in clinical medication and imperfect instructions in Chinese patent medicines(CPMs), the Standardization Department of the China Association of Chinese Medicine and Center for Pharmacovigilance and Rational use of Chinese Medicine in Beijing University of Chinese Medicine jointly compiled the Instructions for Clinical Application of Chinese Patent Medicines(CPMs). As the interpretation and supplement of drug instruction information, it aims to guide clinical safety and rational use of CPMs. In addition, the technical specification for clinical application description of CPMs has been formulated, which covers the seven processes ofquot;carding instructions, clinical investigation, data retrieval, data screening, evidence classification, path transformation and writing formatquot;. It will enable readers of Instructions for Clinical Application of Chinese Patent Medicines to understand the work behind the compilation.

To explore the impact of deep learning reconstruction (DLR) on image quality and machine learning-based coronary CT angiography (CTA)-derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFRThirty-three consecutive patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease who underwent coronary CTA and subsequent invasive coronary angiography were enrolled. DLR was compared with filtered back projection (FBP), statistical-based iterative reconstruction (SBIR), model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) Cardiac, and MBIR Cardiac sharp for objective image qualities of coronary CTA. Invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) and quantitative flow ratio (QFR) were used as the reference standards. The diagnostic performances of different reconstruction approach-based CT-FFRA total of 182 lesions in 33 patients were enrolled for analysis. The image quality of DLR was superior to the others. There were no significant differences in the CT-FFROur study showed that the DLR algorithm improved image quality, but there were no significant differences in the CT-FFR• Deep learning-based image reconstruction (DLR) improves the image quality of coronary CTA. • CT-FFR

The formulation of expert consensus on clinical application of Chinese patent medicines, in means of exploring the effective combination of experience and evidence to form a research method in line with the characteristics of Chinese patent medicines, is an important transitional stage for clinical researches on Chinese patent medicines. Pre-searching is a new step in the formulation of expert consensus on clinical application of Chinese patent medicines. Before steps of interview and investigation on clinical application, pre-searching is conducted to collect publications and literature on certain variety and similar Chinese patent medicines; the publications on related medical classics and formulas of this variety; the recommendation condition of this variety in clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus; and the medication regimens recommended in disease-specific guidelines. Pre-searching is designed to know about the advantages of certain variety of Chinese patent medicine as well as its potential problems recorded in the literature, which is helpful to find out the clinical positioning of Chinese patent medicines, develop reasonable clinical questions and provide ideas for formal literature searching. However, it is not the direct basis for developing clinical questions. Moreover, interviews and investigations are still needed to further clarify the clinical positioning of Chinese patent medicines and develop reasonable questions. This paper took expert consensus on clinical application of Yanshen Jianwei Capsules as an example to introduce the pre-searching process and methods used during formulation of expert consensus on clinical application of Chinese patent medicines, and to further discuss the role of pre-searching to facilitate the formulation of clinical questions on selection of participants, interventions, controls and outcomes.

Background: Identification of the Aortic dissection (AD) at baseline plays a crucial role in clinical practice. Non-contrast CT scans are widely available, convenient, and easy to perform. However, the detection of AD on non-contrast CT scans by radiologists is lack of sensitivity and suboptimal at present. Methods: A total of 452 patients underwent aortic CT angiography (CTA) were enrolled retrospectively from two medical centers in China to form an internal cohort (341 patients, 139 AD, 202 non-AD) and an external testing cohort (111 patients, 46 AD, 65 non-AD). The internal cohort was divided into the training cohort (n=238), validation cohort (n=35) and internal testing cohort (n=68). The morphologic characteristics were extracted from the aortic segmentation. A Gaussian Naive Bayes model integrating the deep-learning model score and the morphologic characteristics were built to differentiate AD from non-AD. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate the model performance. The proposed model was also compared with the subjective assessment of radiologists. Findings: After the combination of all morphologic characteristics, our proposed model significantly outperformed the deep-learning model (AUC: 0. 948 vs. 0.803 on the internal testing cohort, 0.969 vs. 0.814 on the external testing cohort, both p 0.05). Interpretation: The proposed model presented good performance on the AD detection on non-contrast CT scans, thus early diagnosis as well as prompt treatment would be available. Funding Information: CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS); the Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China; the National Natural Science Foundation of China; the National Key Research and Development Program of China; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation. Declaration of Interests: All the other authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was reviewed and approved by the local clinical institutional ethics committees of the two centers involved, and informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of this study.

Standardization is the technical support for the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), and the guidelines have become the main component of the core standards of TCM technology. With the rise and development of evidence-based medicine in China, more than 500 guidelines have been issued in China, and the number is still increasing, but the quality of guidelines still lags far behind the international level. Similarly, the formulation of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for TCM has gradually attracted the attention of the industry, but the quality is not so good, and most guidelines are not really evidence-based guidelines. Only reliable guidelines can fully and effectively play the role of clinical guidance. In order to comprehensively improve the scientificity and credibility of the guidelines, guideline evaluation can be used as a means to improve the quality of the guidelines. For the development of traditional Chinese medicine, it has become an urgent task to establish a complete evaluation standard system of guidelines, especially the evaluation standard system that conforms to the technical characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, the advantages and limitations of a series of domestic and foreign guideline evaluation tools were systematically analyzed, and the thinking and difficulties to establish the evaluation system of TCM guidelines were put forward, with a purpose to further improve the quality of TCM clinical practice guidelines, so that they can be better applied in clinical practice to enhance the clinical efficacy of TCM and ensure the quality of medical services.

Based on the idea of establishing a complete guideline evaluation system applicable to the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), the author believes that a complete guideline evaluation system of traditional Chinese medicine clinical practice should be divided into three parts: quality evaluation, clinical applicability evaluation and clinical application investigation. According to the different purposes, different evaluators, different evaluation methods and different evaluation time points in the guideline evaluation, the quality evaluation recommendation list, the clinical applicability evaluation recommendation list and the clinical application questionnaire were formed. Among them, the purpose of quality evaluation is to evaluate the methodological quality in the guideline development process, in order to measure whether the entire guideline development process is scientifically rigorous. The evaluators must be the methodologists with an evidence-based medicine background. Therefore, a logical, detailed and comprehensive guideline quality evaluation list will provide good evaluation tools for the TCM guideline formulation team and play an important role in promoting the quality and application of the guidelines. By referring to the internationally recognized development process and methods of evaluation tools, as well as the proof by authoritative TCM clinical experts and methodologists, the author worked out the quality evaluation list of clinical practice guidelines applicable to the field of TCM by considering the characteristics of TCM field. In this paper, the author introduces the whole list of quality evaluation recommendations, and interprets each item in details, hoping to provide reference for the standardization of TCM clinical practice guidelines in the future.

The development of the guidelines should not only meet the rigorous methodological requirements, but also ensure the credibility or enforceability of the guideline recommendations when they are applied in clinical practice. Based on the idea of establi-shing a perfect guideline evaluation system applicable to the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), the author believed that a complete evaluation system of clinical practice guidelines in the field of TCM shall be divided into three parts: quality evaluation, applicability evaluation and clinical application investigation. Among them, applicability evaluation refers to the evaluation of the degree of fit between the guideline and clinical practice, that is, whether the guidelines have good readability and clinical applicability to promote clinical application. The evaluators are clinical experts in the related fields of TCM. Therefore, a logical, detailed and comprehensive guideline quality evaluation list will provide good evaluation tools for the TCM guideline formulation team and play an important role in promoting the quality and application of the guidelines. Based on the internationally recognized development process and methods of evaluation tools, as well as the proof by authoritative TCM clinical experts and methodologists, the author worked out the quality evaluation list of clinical practice guidelines applicable to the field of TCM. In this paper, the author introduces the whole list of quality evaluation, and interprets each item in details, hoping to provide reference for the standardization of TCM clinical practice guidelines in the future.

At present,China has issued a series of standards relating to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). The standard system has already taken shape,but there are still some problems,such as incomplete standard system,low standard quality,inadequate application,insufficient study strength and lack of talent. This paper makes a detailed analysis of current management and development of standardization of traditional Chinese medicine in the aspects of " management mechanism and system construction" and " standards".The problems existing in the standardization of TCM are analyzed in three aspects: quality and popularization,standard research and talent reserve. At the same time,some suggestions are put forward to solve the problems. First,we shall strengthen the management of top-level design; second,we shall guide the transformation of high-quality scientific and technological achievements to standards;third,we shall consolidate the basic research of standardization of TCM; fourth,we shall focus on cultivating standardized technical talents; and fifth,we shall strengthen the standard research and development work in key fields.

The expert consensus on clinical practice of Chinese patent medicines shall be regarded as the same with clinical practice guidelines,which shall be concise,readable and applicable. Therefore,a formal expert consensus is unable to contain the whole compilation process and the content of its important process documents. It is necessary to write instructions for continuation,expansion and publicity. In 2018 Standardization Department of China Association of Chinese Medicine invited methodologists with the background of evidence-based medicine drafted a series of standards for expert consensus on clinical practice of Chinese patent medicines,including the guidance for compilation the instructions. It will be useful for readers of expert consensus to understand the work behind the compilation,so as to make the compilation process more transparent and standardized. We proposed nine requirements for compilation the instructions,namely content and requirements,work overview,main technical content,compilation process,process and basis for handling major disagreements,expert consensus implementation requirements and measure suggestions,other issues need to be explained,appendix and format for instructions.

In 2018,Standardization Department of China Association of Chinese Medicine invited methodologists with the background of evidence-based medicine to discuss and draft a series of standards for expert consensus on clinical practice of Chinese patent medicines. These standards have been made by reference to the published standards for developing expert consensus and clinical practice guidelines. These standards were made based on full consideration of the current evidence status and the history of clinical practice of Chinese patent medicines. These standards were composed of four parts,namely information summary items,normative general items,normative technical items and information supplementary items,including cover,content,preface,introduction,title,scope,basic Information of Chinese patent medicine,suggestions for clinical application,safety,conflict of interest,appendix,and references,so as to provides reference for improving the quality of expert consensus-based compilation and enhancing the applicability of expert consensus.

Asphaltene supermolecules extracted from coal consist of highly condensed polyaromatic units and peripheral aliphatic chains, which is a natural source with high carbon content. In this study, we demonstrate that the asphaltene can be used as an ideal supermolecular carbon precursor for the fabrication of carbon nanosheets by self-assembly via π–π and hydrogen bonding interactions with a sheet-structure-directing agent of graphene oxide. The overall thickness of the obtained asphaltene based carbon nanosheets can be tuned from 13 ± 3 to 41 ± 5 nm. These carbon nanosheets show an electrical conductivity of ca. 450 S m–1. When they are used as electrode materials for supercapacitors, the carbon nanosheets demonstrate a specific capacitance of 163 F g–1 even at a current density of 30 A g–1 tested in a three-electrode system, due to high electrically conductive networks and short diffusive paths. The maximum specific gravimetric capacitance and surface area-normalized capacitance in two-electrode system are ...

Chinese patent medicine is widely used in clinical practice, but improper use will not only weaken the efficacy of drugs, but even cause adverse consequences. Evidence-based medicine provides guidance for clinical practice based on the best available evidence, experience of experts and needs of patients. However, considering the situation of "insufficient evidence" or "very low quality" in Chinese medicine research, experts consensus is the main basis for clinical decision-making, but expert opinions on which the consensus depends are susceptible to various subjective biases. Therefore, a reliable and scientific consensus-making process is needed to maximally avoid bias on consensus. Unlike the clinical practice guidelines, there is no unified formulating process for consensus in the world today. This article learns from a set of formulating processes from some international consensus formulating institutions/associations, combined with the characteristics and current situation of traditional Chinese medicine, and draws up a set of standard process that is suitable for the clinical experts consensus on Chinese patent medicine, with the expect of providing evidence and reference for consensus makers, and then bringing evidence-based assistance for the clinical standardized application of Chinese patent medicines.

The promulgation of standardized documents on traditional Chinese medicine has promoted the formulation of industrial standards of traditional Chinese medicine, including clinical practice guidelines and clinical expert consensus. In order to adapt to the current research situation of "insufficient evidence" or "very low quality" when developing clinical practice guideline in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, the author has made a retrospective study on the development of guidelines and consensus, and found that the consensus is more suitable for the current research status of Chinese patent medicine, as the stage of lack of high-quality clinical evidence will remain for a long time. However, unlike clinical practice guidelines, domestic scholars and consensus makers have insufficient understanding of the clinical experts consensus. This article will introduce the origin and status of the clinical experts consensus, the differences between clinical experts consensus and the clinical practice guidelines, and the basic principles that should be followed in the formulation of the clinical experts consensus of Chinese patent medicine, expecting to provide theory basis and reference for the normative formulation of clinical experts consensus.

Clinical practice guideline (CPG) should be concise and readability, which can be possible to implement CPG into practice smoothly. A formal published CPG can't load its developing process and details. An editorial explanation of CPG is much useful to show details and logic process of developing CPG. Although there are many different standards for developing CPG, being nothing to do with process management of CPG. By referring to editorial explanation on international standards, a request for CPG was investigated in this study. An editorial explanation for clinical practice guideline should be transparency, logic and traceable. A good editorial explanation could make users or readers to learn what goes on behind the scenes. A standardized editorial explanation could supervise the GCP developing and improve the quality of GCP.

A healing method for fatigue damage was investigated by laser shock peening and laser irradiation with excimer laser for polycrystalline copper film. It is found that the sum of the consumed fatigue ductility and the total fatigue ductility for the damaged specimen after both laser treatments is equal to the total fatigue ductility for the undamaged specimen after both laser treatments. The evolution of the damage healing can be replaced by that for the undamaged specimen after laser treatment. Based on the equivalent fatigue damage evolution, a residual fatigue life prediction method is proposed during the damage-healing process for the copper specimen. The predicted lives by the proposed method agree well with the experimental results.

Multiple healing fatigue damage for polycrystal copper film was investigated by laser shock peening (LSP). The damaged specimens were healed several times under the optimal laser parameters. The relationship among the fatigue life, healing times and the damage degree were investigated. The experimental results showed that the multiple heal based on LSP can maximize fatigue life of the damaged specimens under the definite optimal condition with the obtained at damage degree of 0.4 and healing times of 3, in which nearly 4.6 times increase in residual fatigue life for the damaged specimens, and 7.8 times increase in the accumulated fatigue life.

A field calibration method based on virtual 1D target is proposed for the extrinsic parameters of binocular vision. A target is placed on high precision 1D lifting platform to create virtual 1D target through motions of lifting platform. Two cameras are used to obtain virtual target images of different positions and preliminarily achieve extrinsic parameter calibration of binocular vision based on epipolar constraint equation. Finally, the length of virtual 1-D target is used to optimize the extrinsic parameters. This method is featured with easy operation, flexible application and field calibration. The experimental results verify the feasibility of this calibration method and show it can yield high field calibration precision.

A real-time measurement method based on multi-vision system is presented for measuring the motion parameters of three-DOF spacecraft simulator. Four cameras are arranged around the motion space of the simulator. When the simulator makes large range translation and rotation motion, 3D coordinate measurement can be realized for any marker provided that such marker is identified by 2 or more cameras. And the motion parameters of simulator can be measured when more than 3 markers are identified in each measurement. The experiment results verify this method and show it can achieve high measurement accuracy.

More attention is paid to on-line monitoring of biofouling in industrial water process systems. Combined optical fiber self-referencing technology with artificial neural networks (ANN) technology, real time detection technique for forming thickness and ingredient is put forward, which provides technical support and reliable data for analyzing biofouling influencing factors, contaminant separation and warning. Unclad fiber sensing mechanism and self-referencing fiber optic sensor are presented. Compensation technology based on radial basis function (RBF) neural network and learning algorithm are studied in order to solve the problem of measurement precision and range. Biofouling forming and optical characteristics in industrial real water systems are researched. A new method is provided for the research on biofouling in real water system, which can be used in other fields such as mining, environment protection, medical treatment and transportation of oil, gas and water.

This article presents a real-time measurement method for the motion parameters of rocket nozzle by means of binocular vision and rocket nozzle rotation axes. With preprocessing, this method defines the rotation transformation relation between world coordinate system and fixed nozzle coordinate system by measuring the position of two nozzle rotation axes in world coordinate system based on binocular vision. During real-time measurement, the nozzle motion parameters can be measured with transformation of marker coordinate from world coordinate system to fixed nozzle coordinate system. This method overcomes the disadvantages of existing method, such as larger measurement error of motion parameters, more markers and single-dimension measurement. The experiment results verified this method and show that it can achieve higher measurement accuracy.

This paper presents and comparison two stereo vision sensor calibration methods: Volume template based calibration method and the calibration based on virtual stereo pattern. First method use a premade volume template. Second method use a group of random spatial points that are formed by an infrared LED moved with the probe of CMM. Two methods adopt an ideal pin-hole model that ignores the nonlinear distortion of the cameras. Through compare two calibratioin methods, we can draw conclusion that the first method can be applide to stereo sensor calibration in measurement field and the second method could gain higher calibrating precision.

The BRCA1-associated RING domain (BARD1) gene has been identified as a high-penetrance gene for breast cancer, whose germline and somatic mutations were reported in both non-BRCA1/2 hereditary site-specific and sporadic breast cancer cases. Some association studies suggested that the BRAD1 Cys557Ser variant might be associated with increased risk of breast cancer, but the results remain conflicting rather than conclusive. In order to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, this meta-analysis was performed. Eligible studies were identified by searching several databases for relevant reports published before March 2011. In total, 14 studies (11,870 cases and 7,687 controls) were included in the present meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for breast cancer risk associated with Cys557Ser carrier was estimated. The carrier frequency of the Cys557Ser mutation was 3.85% (457/11,870) in patients with breast cancer and 3.29% (253/7,687) in healthy controls. When all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis, there was no evidence for significant association between Cys557Ser mutation and breast cancer risk (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.94–1.34). In the subgroup analyses by design of experiment and family history with BRCA1/2 status (unselected cases, family history with non-BRCA1/2 cases, and family history with BRCA1/2-positive cases), no significant associations were found in any subgroup of population. This meta-analysis strongly suggests that BARD1 Cys557Ser mutation is not associated with increased breast cancer risk.

AIM: To study liver cell apoptosis caused by the toxicity of selenium and observe the alteration of choline compounds using in vitro 9.4T high resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. The rats in the treatment group were intraperitoneally injected with sodium selenite and the control group with distilled water. All rats were sacrificed and the livers were dissected. 1H-MRS data were collected using in vitro 9.4T high resolution magnetic resonance spectrometer. Spectra were processed using XWINNMR and MestRe-c 4.3. HE and TUNEL staining was employed to detect and confirm the change of liver cells. RESULTS: Good 1H-MR spectra of perchloric acid extract from liver tissue of rats were obtained. The conventional metabolites were detected and assigned. Concentrations of different ingredient choline compounds in treatment group vs control group were as follows: total choline compounds, 5.08 ± 0.97 mmol/L vs 3.81 ± 1.16 mmol/L (P = 0.05); and free choline, 1.07 ± 0.23 mmol/L vs 0.65 ± 0.20 mmol/L (P = 0.00). However, there was no statistical significance between the two groups. The hepatic sinus and cellular structure of hepatic cells in treatment group were abnormal. Apoptosis of hepatic cells was confirmed by TUNEL assay. CONCLUSION: High dose selenium compounds can cause the rat liver lesion and induce cell apoptosis in vivo. High resolution 1H-MRS in vitro can detect diversified metabolism. The changing trend for different ingredient of choline compounds is not completely the same at early period of apoptosis.