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In the early February, 2020, we called up an experts' committee with more than 30 Chinese experts from 11 national medical academic organizations to formulate the first edition of consensus statement on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children, which has been published in this journal. With accumulated experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in children, we have updated the consensus statement and released the second edition recently. The current version in English is a condensed version of the second edition of consensus statement on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19 in children. In the current version, diagnosis and treatement criteria have been optimized, and early identification of severe and critical cases is highlighted. The early warning indicators for severe pediatric cases have been summarized which is utmost important for clinical practice. This version of experts consensus will be valuable for better prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in children worldwide.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease. Since the first human monkeypox case was detected in 1970, it has been prevalent in some countries in central and western Africa. Since May 2022, monkeypox cases have been reported in more than 96 non-endemic countries and regions worldwide. As of September 14, 2022, there have been more than 58,200 human monkeypox cases, and there is community transmission. The cessation of smallpox vaccination in 1980, which had some cross-protection with monkeypox, resulted in a general lack of immunity to monkeypox, which caused global concern and vigilance. As of September 14, 2022, there are four monkeypox cases in China, including three in Taiwan province and one in Hong Kong city. Previous foreign studies have shown that children are vulnerable to monkeypox and are also at high risk for severe disease or complications. In order to improve pediatricians' understanding of monkeypox and achieve early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment, and early disposal, we have organized national authoritative experts in pediatric infection, respiratory, dermatology, critical care medicine, infectious diseases, and public health and others to formulate this expert consensus, on the basis of the latest "Clinical management and infection prevention and control for monkeypox" released by The World Health Organization, the "guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox (version 2022)" issued by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China and other relevant documents. During the development of this consensus, multidisciplinary experts have repeatedly demonstrated the etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, discharge criteria, prevention, disposal process, and key points of prevention and control of suspected and confirmed cases.

To perform a comprehensive meta-analysis of all available evidence on the efficacy and safety of catheter-based renal denervation for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.We searched English and Chinese databases and calculated the weighted mean difference or standardized mean difference and 95% confidence intervals to estimate the efficacy and safety of renal denervation for heart failure. All relevant studies were screened and a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4.A total of 11 studies were identified for the meta-analysis. For the primary outcomes, the results showed that renal denervation significantly improved ejection fraction (weighted mean difference 6.42), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (weighted mean difference -3.95), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (weighted mean difference -4.17) and left atrial diameter (weighted mean difference -4.09). For the secondary outcomes, renal denervation reduced the B-type natriuretic peptide level, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. However, further analysis revealed that renal denervation improved heart function but did not further reduce the heart rate and blood pressure compared with the control group.Treatment with renal denervation can significantly improve heart function and structure in patients with heart failure. In addition, the level of B-type natriuretic peptide can be reduced after renal denervation treatment. Renal denervation did not further reduce heart rate and blood pressure compared with the control group. Therefore, the treatment of heart failure with renal denervation is effective and safe.

Low well-being is common among Chinese pregnant women but few effective interventions currently exist to improve prenatal stress and negative emotions. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been proved to be effective in reducing stress and rarely studies were focused on Chinese pregnant women. The aim of the current paper is to investigate the effects of 8-week MBSR on prenatal stress, anxiety and depression among Chinese pregnant women. A sample of 66 pregnant women randomly allocated into either the MBSR group (n=34) or the control group (n=32). Participants in the MBSR group received a group 8-week, 90-min each time intervention. The results found a significant interaction between time and condition for prenatal stress (F=45.51, p

Objective To investigate the effect of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on miRNA expression in coronary sinus blood (CSB) of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), especially after the termination of AF by RFA. And try to identify the possible miRNAs which can play real regulatory role in AF, so that to find the pathogenesis of AF and possible miRNA targets for intervention. Methods Thirty AF patients (paroxysmal, persistent and permanent AF, 10 each) were enrolled, alongside of 10 healthy subjects as controls. Peripheral blood (PB) samples were obtained before and 3 months after RFA, respectively. The total RNA was extracted and hybridized with the microRNA chips (microRNA v18.0), and the differential expressions of miRNA and clustering analysis in whole genome were performed with Volcano Plot and tMEV software respectively, and validated by Real-time PCR. The target gene of miRNAs was analyzed by retrieving the mirbase, miranda and targetscan databases. The important miRNAs were undergone with dual luciferase binding experiment to analyze and validate target genes. Results Comparing the CSB with PB of patient-self before RFA, 142 miRNAs expressed differently, of which 6 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated significantly (P

OBJECTIVE: To study the association of vitamin D level with asthma control and pulmonary function in children with asthma. METHODS: A total of 150 children with asthma were enrolled as observation group, and 55 healthy children were enrolled as control group. According to the level of asthma control, the children were divided into good control group, partial control group, and non-control group. Chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay was used to measure the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] for all groups. According to the level of 25(OH)D, the asthmatic children were divided into normal vitamin D group, vitamin D insufficiency group, and vitamin D deficiency group. Pulmonary function was measured for all asthmatic children. RESULTS: The observation group had a significantly lower serum level of 25(OH)D than the control group (25±7 ng/mL vs 29±4 ng/mL; P < 0.05). The normal vitamin D group had the highest asthma control rate, followed by the vitamin D insufficiency group and the vitamin D deficiency group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in pulmonary function among the three groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Asthmatic children have a lower serum level of 25(OH)D than healthy children. The serum level of 25(OH)D is associated with the level of asthma control and has no association with pulmonary function.

Objective To study prognostic characteristics of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) elevation in acute ischemic stroke. Methods We retrospectively studied patients (n = 248) with acute ischemic stroke, acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and acute non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction who were treated between January 2013 and October 2015. Baseline demographic data and changes in cTnI levels among these three groups were compared. Patients with acute ischemic stroke were assigned to either the cTnI elevation group (cTnI > 0.034 ng/mL) or the no cTnI elevation group (cTnI ≤ 0.034 ng/mL). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with elevated serum cTnI in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Moreover, the duration of hospital stay and incidence of major cardiovascular outcomes were compared in patients with acute ischemic stroke, with or without elevated cTnI. Results In this study population of patients with acute ischemic stroke (n = 178), acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (n = 35), and acute non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n = 35), patients with acute ischemic stroke with elevated cTnI comprised 18.5% of subjects. Patients with elevated cTnI were older and more likely to have a history of hypertension. In addition, these patients had higher levels of inflammatory markers, reduced renal functions, increased D-dimer levels, higher NIH stroke scores, and lower left ventricular ejection fractions. Logistic regression analysis showed that both percentage of neutrophil and NIH stroke scores were elevated; estimated glomerular filtration rate and left ventricular ejection fraction were decreased in patients with acute ischemic stroke who had elevated cTnI, and they had more frequent major cardiovascular events during hospital stay. Conclusion Elevated cTnI detected in patients with acute ischemic stroke, indicated a greater likelihood of poor short-term prognosis during hospital stay.

Background: Chest pain is a typical presentation in the emergency department (ED), often due to acute coronary syndrome. Accurate and fast identification is crucial. The diagnosis and proper treatment of unstable angina (UA) can reduce the chance of acute myocardial infarction, and reduce high mortality and morbidity rates. However there is a lack of reliable and valid biomarkers in the diagnosis of UA. This study investigated the usefulness of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) for differentiating UA from non-ischemic chest pain (NICP) in the ED. Methods The expressions of circulating miRNAs in patients with UA were evaluated relative to individuals with NICP (control subjects). Circulating miR-21, miR-25, miR-92a, miR-106b, miR-126* and miR-451 levels were measured in 98 patients with UA and 95 control subjects in the ED. To investigate the underlying functions of miRNAs in UA, bioinformatic analysis of validated miRNAs was conducted. Results: Circulating miRNAs were upregulated in UA compared with the control group. The combination of the modified HEART score (m-HS) and miR-25 (AUC 0.901, NRI 0.096) could better distinguish UA than m-HS alone. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that miRNAs may take part in platelet activation, cGMP-PKG signaling pathways etc. Conclusion: The circulating levels of miRNAs (miR-21, miR-25, miR-106b, miR-126*) are significantly higher in UA patients compared with patients with NICP, and the addition of the m-HS that combined ECG, age, risk factors and troponin is useful to detect or rule out UA. The associated signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of vulnerable plaque.

Robot soccer games are important activities for the research of the system design and intelligent control, but the actual implementation process is often limited to the actual quality and quantity of equipment. A testing method based on virtual prototype software is proposed for the single robot in soccer games on the basis of theoretical analysis of the robot soccer system. A real-time interaction method is realized between the control algorithm and system model. According to the position of the ball and robot fed back from the model, the control program can plan appropriate trajectory and sends command to the left and right wheel, which realizes the real-time tracking of the ball. The simulation and actual combating results show that the method can be used for the simulation of the actual robot soccer games and the optimization of the control algorithm.

Targeting of intracerebral functional regions has been limited by the inability to transport drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and by poor accumulation in these regions. To overcome these hurdles, liposomes modified with P-aminophenyl-α-d-mannopyranoside (MAN) were used as a fluorescent dye carrier through the BBB and used the specific distribution of liposomes (LIP) modified with MAN (MAN-LIP) to target various functional regions of the brain. An in vitro BBB model was established to evaluate the transendothelial ability of MAN-LIP, and liposomes uptake by C6 glioma cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and live cell imaging. Liposome targeting was evaluated using in vivo and ex vivo imaging. After MAN-LIP administration, the transendothelial ability and the delivery of fluorescent dye to the brain significantly increased. MAN-LIP concentrated in the cortex at 4 h, shifting distribution to the cerebellum and brainstem at 12 h. The fluorescence intensity in the hippocampus and pontine nuclei remained high and stable over a period of 12 h. The results demonstrate that MAN-LIP is able to enhance cellular uptake in vitro and also promotes penetration through the BBB and accumulation in the brain with a distinct spatio-temporal pattern.

Underwater pipelines of oil and gas need periodic inspection to prevent damage due to the biological activity of water, turbulent current and tidal abrasion. Currently, vision-based autonomous underwater vehicle plays an important role in this field. A system has been designed to help an autonomous vehicle in sea-bottom survey operation. Image understanding and object recognition directly affect the accuracy of inspection. An image smoothing method based on mathematical morphology is proposed. The disturbances on acquired images caused by the motion are partially removed. A series of algorithms about image preprocessing, segmentation and recognition are proposed to access pipeline contours from the top-view images effectively. Navigation data based on Hough transformation is presented after the analysis of contours. Finally, the processing effect on a pipeline image demonstrates the effectiveness of the system.

A template matching method based on a vision system is proposed to get the location of terminal blocks. Gaussian pyramid decomposition is used to get the source image and template image samples, which will reduce the matching time and thus fulfill the requirement of real time application. The positioning screws used as mark points can be obtained by binarization, erosion, and dilation, and then the location of them can be worked out by the centre-of-gravity method. Finally, the location and the rotation angle of terminal blocks can be obtained with least square method. Experimental results show that this method is convenient to be operated with high recognition rate and efficiency.

To cite this article: Zhang Z-Y, Zhao X-D, Jiang L-P, Liu E-M, Cui Y-X, Wang M, Wei H, Yu J, An Y-F, Yang X-Q. Clinical characteristics and molecular analysis of three Chinese children with Omenn syndrome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 482–487. Abstract Omenn syndrome (OS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder and presents symptoms of severe combined immunodeficiency characterized by erythrodermia, eosinophilia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and elevated serum IgE levels. OS has been found to be caused by mutations in RAG1 or RAG2 gene that result in partial V(D)J recombination activity. No study on OS has been reported in Chinese children so far. In this study, the genotype and phenotypes of three infants with OS from three unrelated Chinese families were investigated. All the three children had most of the characteristics of OS except normal serum IgE level. Compound heterozygosity mutations in RAG1 gene (1983 G>A; 2444 C>T and 2219 C>T; 3127 C>G) were identified in two cases, and a homozygous deletion mutation with a premature stop codon was found at residue 2302 of RAG1 gene (2302delT, I729X) in the remaining case, including three novel mutations (2302delT, I729X; 2219 C>T, R699W; and 3127 C>G, Y1001X). Spectratyping analysis of T-cell receptor β-chain variable region (TCRVβ) gene rearrangement was performed in case 1 and case 2. All the 25 TCRVβ subfamilies presented monoclonal or oligoclonal peaks in case 1 and 11 TCRVβ subfamilies were very weak or even absent in case 2. This was the first report about OS in Chinese children. Molecular genetic testing represents an important tool for early confirmed diagnosis and may allow accurate carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis.

The interaction force and the environments uncertainties are the most challenges for robotic material removal process. The conventional constant force control methods for the deburring process have the inherent characteristic of leaving the deburred surface as an imprint of the original. A process force model considering the burrs variation is presented to predict the contact force in robotic machining process. A self-tuning fuzzy strategy is adopted to implement the on-line compensation for the static error caused by the traditional impedance controller. The fuzzy controller is adjusted by an updating factor to select the most appropriate fuzzy rule set based on the measured performance results. Simulation results show efficacy of the proposed method in robotic machining process, and the control performance is better than that of a traditional impedance controller.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is a nonselective, postemergence herbicide that contains multiple functional groups, which can form strong coordination with metal cations to give bidentate and tridentate complexes. The complexation of glyphosate with metal cations may affect their distribution and bioavailability in soils. Adsorption kinetics of glyphosate and Cu(II) alone and together were studied using a continuous flow experimental setup on two soils with different characteristics at pH5.5. Four kinetic models, i.e., the Lagergren first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and power function equations, were successfully used to describe their adsorption kinetics. Among the four models, the Lagergren first-order kinetic model fit the experimental data of glyphosate and Cu(II) adsorption the best. Glyphosate significantly increased the adsorption quantity of Cu(II) on the Red soil (a Hapludult or Udic Ferrosol), due to the fact that Cu(II) was adsorbed on the sites where glyphosate had been strongly adsorbed. Glyphosate decreased the adsorption of Cu(II) on the Wushan soil (a Haplaquept or Anthrosol), however, because adsorption of glyphosate on this soil was weak and the complex of glyphosate and Cu(II) tended to be highly soluble in water, thus preventing Cu(II) from exchanging with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions on the soil surface. On the other hand, the presence of Cu(II) decreased the adsorption of glyphosate on both soils, which may be attributed to the lower affinity of the Cu(II)―glyphosate complex to the soils than glyphosate alone.

Adsorption and desorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) on a Red soil (RS, Udic Ferrosols) and a Wushan soil (WS, Anthrosol) amended with nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) were studied by batch experiments. The adsorption isotherms show that different kinds of heavy metals had different affinity to the soils in the order of Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II). The amount of each heavy metal adsorbed on the RS was lower than that on the WS, because the former had lower CEC and pH than the latter. The amendment of nano-HAP in the soils significantly enhanced the adsorption of heavy metals, in comparison with the treatment receiving no nano-HAP. The Kf, simulated from the adsorption isotherms, increased from 78 to 2180 for Cu(II), 16.6 to 59.5 for Zn(II), and 17.9 to174 for Cd(II) on the RS, and from 995 to 6410 for Cu(II), 52.5 to 92.4 for Zn(II), and 59.2 to 199 for Cd(II) on the WS, when 0.20 g nano-HAP was added into 1.00 g soil. The nano-HAP remarkably inhibited desorption of heavy metals from the soils, suggesting that the addition of nano-HAP can significantly reduce the mobilization of heavy metals and increase their geochemical stability in metal contaminated soils. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010

Adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms of Cu(II) onto a nanosized hydroxyapatite (HAP) in the absence and presence of different low-molecular-weight organic acids are studied in batch experiments. The results show that the adsorption kinetics of Cu(II) onto the HAP are best described by pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption isotherms of Cu(II) onto the HAP fit Dubinin–Radushkevich model very well with high correlation coefficient ( R 2 = 0.97–0.99). The amount adsorbed of Cu(II) onto the HAP at pH 5.5 was much higher than that at pH 4.5. The presence of organic acids significantly decreased the adsorption quantity of Cu(II), clarifying the lower sorption affinities of Cu(II)–organic acid complexes onto the HAP rather than Cu(II) ion. The decreased maximal adsorption quantity of Cu(II) onto the HAP increased with the increasing logarithm of cumulative formation constants of Cu(II) and organic acids. The stronger coordination of organic acid with Cu(II), the more decreased Cu(II) adsorption quantity onto the HAP.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) commonly infects the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Currently, there is no effective treatment available. Deoxyribozymes are a potential therapeutic for RSV and their activity is based on the ability to bind and cleave complementary RNA sequences to inhibit protein expression. DZ1133 is a deoxyribozyme that targets the conserved genomic RNA sequence of the RSV nucleocapsid protein and has been shown to significantly inhibit various strains of RSV including subgroups A and B, standard A2 and CH18537 strains, and CQ381513, CQ381170, BJ01 and BJ04 strains. Treatment with DZ1133 decreased viral plaque formation in lungs of RSV-infected BALB/c mice. In addition, viral mRNA expression was reduced, airway inflammation was alleviated, and leukocyte counts were reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of RSV-infected mice. The antiviral effect of DZ1133 was dose-dependent (0.2–0.8 mg) and more efficient than antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. However, levels of cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-10 induced by RSV infection were not affected by DZ1133 treatment. Our data demonstrate that DZ1133 is a potential therapeutic agent against both subgroups A and B RSV infection in vivo .

Omenn syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency. The purpose of this study was to understand clinical characteristics and genetic mutation type of Omenn syndrome and to improve the recognition of Omenn syndrome among pediatric clinicians.One suspected case of severe combined immunodeficiency was found to have pneumonia repeatedly, intractable diarrhea, poor antibiotic treatment effect, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and erythroderma. The patient was diagnosed as having Omenn syndrome by RT-PCR, and the expression of RAG1/RAG2 and gene analysis of RAG1/RAG2 were performed.The classification of lymphocyte was CD3(+) cells (35.3%), CD19(+) cells (0.4%), CD16(+) cells (57.6%). After stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lymphocyte proliferation of the child was extremely low. Genetic studies showed RAG1 homozygous deletion mutation (2302 del T). He had detectable activated T-lymphocytes with low circulating B-lymphocytes and no evidence of maternal T-cell engrafment as indicated by the short tandem repeat (STR) analysis.Omenn syndrome is a severe combined immunodeficiency disease caused by mutations in the RAG1/RAG2 gene. The disease has been reported rarely in China. The clinical manifestations of the disease is early postnatal repeated infections and erythroderma. Mutation analysis of RAG1/RAG2 gene may help to confirm the diagnosis and may be useful in early immune reconstitution and genetic counseling.

To investigate the distribution and the antibiotic susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria in children from Guiyang with lower respiratory infection (LRI).The nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were obtained from 893 hospitalized children with LRI between August 2006 and June 2008. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the VITEK system and the Kirby-Bauer diffuse method after bacteria were identified.Five hundred and forty-three patients (60.8%) were bacteria-positive. A total of 598 strains (30 kinds of bacteria) were obtained from the sputum samples. Of them, 533 strains (89.1%) were gram-negative and 57 were gram-positive (9.8%). Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Kleb-siella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) were common in gram-negative strains. They were susceptive to piperacillin/tazobactam, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, especially to imipenem. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Stapthylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were common in gram-positive strains. S. pneumoniae was susceptive to penicillin and cefazolin sodium, but S. aureus was resistant. Both were high susceptive to vancomycin, and resistant to roxithromycin.Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens in children from Guiyang with LRI, and E. coli and K. pneumoniae are common. The antibiotic susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria varies with different strains of bacteria. A reasonable selection of antibiotics should be based on the antibiotic susceptibility test.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is ubiquitous and leads to various outcomes between immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to compare RSV infection and inflammatory responses between immunocompetent BALB/c mice and immunodeficient nude mice. RSV titers in both infected BALB/c mice and nude mice peaked on the third day post-inoculation, but the nude mice had longer lasting and higher levels of viral replication. RSV infection induced a more severe grade of pulmonary histopathology and larger numbers of leukocytes in airways of nude mice than that of BALB/c mice. RSV infection increased pulmonary macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells in both strains of mice. Furthermore, infected nude mice had larger numbers of pulmonary macrophages and NK cells than infected BALB/c mice. Whereas the RSV infected BALB/c mice secreted more tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-10 than control BALB/c mice, the infected nude mice had higher levels of TNF-alpha, IL-12 and IL-10 than the infected BALB/c mice. The inflammation induced by RSV infection did not correspond with the immune response of T cells. Macrophages and NK cells were potent immunocytes and inflammatory cells in RSV infection especially when T lymphocytes were deficient. Therefore, nude mice may be a good model for severe and persistent RSV infection in immunocompromised hosts.

Respiratory syncystial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory infections in infants worldwide. There is no reliable vaccine or antiviral drug against RSV at present. RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a potent method to degrade expression of the cognate mRNA. In order to inhibit the replication of RSV at gene level, the effects of specific RNAi against M2-1 gene of RSV on inhibition of viral replication in cell culture system was observed in this study.RSV M2-1 gene, which plays a key role in RSV transcription, was chosen in this study and was used as target gene and recombinant plasmid pshRNA7816 targeting the mRNA of RSV M2-1 gene coding sequence was constructed. The pshRNA7816 was transfected into Hep2 cells. The effects of the pshRNA7816 on changes of cytopathogenic effect (CPE) of Hep2 cell induced by RSV infection were observed microscopically. Viral plaque forming assay and MTT assay were used to detect the viral titer change and protective function of the pshRNA7816 on RSV infected Hep2 cell.The recombinant RNAi plasmid pshRNA7816 which targets the mRNA of RSV M2-1 gene was successfully constructed. The pshRNA7816 significantly reduced CPE of RSV infected Hep2 cells, reduced the viral titer of RSV in the cells (P0.001). The pshRNA7816 raised the survival rate of RSV infected Hep2 cells (P0.001). Non-specific pshRNA plasmid did not show anti-RSV effects (P0.05).The recombinant pshRNA7816 plasmid which targeted the mRNA of RSV M2-1 gene showed a significant and specific anti-RSV effect.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is ubiquitous and leads to severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to compare RSV infection and inflammation between immunocompetent BALB/c mice and immunodeficient nude mice. METHODS: Pulmonary viral titers, histology, immunohistochemistry for CD14 and CD56, leukocyte counting, and cytokines were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RESULTS: RSV titers peaked on the third day after inoculation in both types of infected mice. Infected nude mice had higher-level and more durative viral replication, more severe pulmonary histopathology, and a larger number of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than infected BALB/c mice. Infected nude mice displayed more pulmonary (CD14+) macrophages (114.34 ± 20.24 vs 75.46 ± 12.37; P = .05) and (CD56+) natural killer cells (37.87 ± 8.07 vs 11.06 ± 5.37; P = .05) than infected BALB/c mice. RSV infection enhanced production of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 12 (IL-12), interferon γ, and IL-10 in both types of mice. Infected nude mice had a higher level of tumor necrosis factor α (40.30 ± 7.34 vs 24.24 ± 9.54; P = .05), IL-12 (83.96 ± 12.32 vs 68.21 ± 7.42; P = .05), and IL-10 (125.01 ± 18.97 vs 77.56 ± 9.01; P = .05) than infected BALB/c mice. CONCLUSIONS: RSV-infected nude mice are a good model for assessing severe and persistent infection in individuals at high risk. RSV-induced inflammation is not parallel to the immune response of T cells, and macrophages and natural killer cells contribute to severe infection and inflammation of RSV-infected cellular-immunodeficient individuals.