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Large language models showed interpretative reasoning in solving diagnostically challenging medical cases.

Different from the visual attention of typically developing (TD) children, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have the tendency to pay attention to parts rather than the whole of objects. Hence, the pictures in a typical story-based picture book, which usually contains various objects and elements, may appear distracting and discomforting for children with ASD. By recruiting 4-6-year-old ASD and TD children (N = 40) to participate in an eye-tracking experiment, this study examined participants' visual attention on a typical children's picture book and four other researcher-designed picture books that are simplified in composition and types of elements. Results from between-group comparisons indicated children with ASD had significantly fewer fixation counts and shorter total fixation durations when reading the story-based picture book than TD children. Significant within-group differences were also identified comparing the ASD participants' reading of the story-based and the researcher-made picture books. However, the viewing behaviours of the ASD and TD groups when reading the researcher-designed books were much more similar. Discussion of the visual characteristics and practical implications for educators to effectively design picture books were offered., Author(s): Xiang Lian [sup.1] , Wilson Cheong Hin Hong [sup.2] , Joanne Yu [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Elementary Education, Quanzhou Preschool Teachers College, , 801 Jiaxiang Road, Fengze District, Quanzhou [...]

Pregnancy is a universal experience shaped by sociocultural contexts. News media presents a unique opportunity to analyze public narratives of pregnancy and how it differs across cultures. Our study aims to (1) identify the most prevalent overall themes in news media narratives of pregnancy across 19 English-speaking countries, and (2) compare pregnancy narratives across geographic regions. We used the largest English news media corpus that included over 30 million news articles from more than 7000 news websites across 19 countries, and extracted a one-year data subset (2019; 1.5 billion words). Of the primary search terms 'pregnant' and 'pregnancy', we collated 240,464 descriptors that met criteria of lexical proximity and semantic bonding. Thereafter, we used topic modelling to identify the five most prevalent pregnancy-related themes: (1) complications and risk, (2) crime, (3) celebration, (4) celebrity births, and (5) contraception. Although there were regional differences, themes of complications and risk were most common, comprising 39.6% of all pregnancy narratives in our big-data corpus. The second-most dominant theme was crime (20.8%). Narratives of contraception were more prevalent in Europe, North America, and Oceania (27.2-31.3%) compared to Africa and Asia (11.9-19.6%). Though the vast majority of pregnancies are healthy, themes of complications and risk dominated the news media discourse; unchecked, this may be an avenue for misinformation, stress, and anxiety. In addition, lower prevalence of contraception narratives in Africa and Asia may reflect a gap that requires the attention of policymakers in building culturally-adapted programs to promote family planning and encourage open discussions about sexual health. Results contribute to the academic repository of societal representations of pregnancy through a big-data lens, providing contextual information for future development, implementation and evaluation of localized pregnancy-related campaigns.

BackgroundThis study is the first to analyze LGBT portrayals in a news media dataset over a decade (2010-2020). We selected Singapore as a country of interest, emblematic of a nation grappling with state-encouraged heteronormativity and a remnant colonial law against homosexuality (377A), fraught with calls for its repeal that was only enacted in 2022. Our study is interested in this period bookended by challenge and change, particularly in newspaper portrayals of LGBT narratives. Newspapers are an important source of current information and have the power to shape societal perceptions. We lay the groundwork and provide a framework to analyze news media narratives of other Commonwealth nations with colonial pasts and inherited laws criminalizing LGBT communities.ObjectivesThis study analyzes LGBT portrayals in a 400-million-word news media dataset over a decade (2010-2020). First, we aimed to track the volume of LGBT media coverage over time and elucidate differences in coverage of different identity markers. Second, we aimed to track sentiments on LGBT portrayals. Third, we aimed to track salient narratives circulated about LGBT stories.MethodsThe study leveraged a 400-million-word corpus from news media in Singapore, identifying the following target keywords: LGBT, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Pink Dot (a local Pride event), 377A. First, coverage volume was tracked using annual changes in keyword mentions per million, elucidating differences in coverage of different sub-groups. Second, sentiment analysis on a valence scale was conducted on LGBT collocates. Third, we distilled salient narratives about LGBT identities using thematic labelling of top-frequency collocates.ResultsFirst, overall coverage of LGBT steadily increased over the decade, though Gay identities evidenced asymmetrical coverage-outstripping 'Bisexual' keywords by seven times, 'Lesbian' by four, 'Transgender' by two. Second, sentiment scores for Pink Dot (a local pride event) were most positive; Lesbian, Gay, LGBT, Transgender were neutral; Bisexual and 377A dipped slightly negative. Third, topics differed across the four identities: uniquely, 'Lesbian' collocates related to sensationalized cinema; 'Gay' about hate crimes; 'Bisexual' about population surveys; 'Transgender' about challenges (transitioning, alienation, suicide).ConclusionsPractically, we presented a decade-long barometer of LGBT sentiments and themes on a national level, providing a framework to analyze media for more effective communication strategies-applicable to Commonwealth countries with similar inherited colonial laws. Salient repetition through media association may unwittingly frame certain issues negatively; caution is prudent in representing each sub-group adequately, rather than portraying the LGBT identity as monolithic.

Pregnancy is a universal experience shaped by sociocultural contexts. News media presents a unique opportunity to analyze public narratives of pregnancy and how it differs across cultures. Our study aims to (1) identify the most prevalent overall themes in news media narratives of pregnancy across 19 English-speaking countries, and (2) compare pregnancy narratives across geographic regions. We used the largest English news media corpus that included over 30 million news articles from more than 7000 news websites across 19 countries, and extracted a one-year data subset (2019; 1.5 billion words). Of the primary search terms 'pregnant' and 'pregnancy', we collated 240,464 descriptors that met criteria of lexical proximity and semantic bonding. Thereafter, we used topic modelling to identify the five most prevalent pregnancy-related themes: (1) complications and risk, (2) crime, (3) celebration, (4) celebrity births, and (5) contraception. Although there were regional differences, themes of complications and risk were most common, comprising 39.6% of all pregnancy narratives in our big-data corpus. The second-most dominant theme was crime (20.8%). Narratives of contraception were more prevalent in Europe, North America, and Oceania (27.2–31.3%) compared to Africa and Asia (11.9–19.6%). Though the vast majority of pregnancies are healthy, themes of complications and risk dominated the news media discourse; unchecked, this may be an avenue for misinformation, stress, and anxiety. In addition, lower prevalence of contraception narratives in Africa and Asia may reflect a gap that requires the attention of policymakers in building culturally-adapted programs to promote family planning and encourage open discussions about sexual health. Results contribute to the academic repository of societal representations of pregnancy through a big-data lens, providing contextual information for future development, implementation and evaluation of localized pregnancy-related campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundSeldom in history does one get a 'front row seat'-with large-scale dynamic data-on how online news media narratives shift with a global pandemic. News media narratives matter because they shape societal perceptions and influence the core tent poles of our society, from the economy to elections. Given its importance-and with the benefit of hindsight-we provide a systematic framework to analyze news narratives of Covid-19, laying the groundwork to evaluate policy and risk communications.ObjectivesWe leverage a 10-billion-word-database of online news, taken from over 7,000 English newspapers and magazines across 20 countries, culminating in 28 million articles. First, we track the volume of Covid-19 conversations across 20 countries from before to during the pandemic (Oct'19 to May'20). Second, we distill the phases of global pandemic narratives, and elucidate regional differences.MethodsTo track the volume of Covid-19 narratives, we identified 10 target terms-Coronavirus, Covid-19, Covid, nCoV, SARS-CoV-2, Wuhan Virus, Virus, Disease, Epidemic, Pandemic-and tracked their combined monthly prevalence across eight months from October 2019 through May 2020. Globally, across 20 countries, we identified 18,042,855 descriptors of the target terms. Further, these descriptors were analysed with natural language processing models to generate the top five topics of Covid-19 that were labelled by two independent researchers. This process was repeated across six continents to distil regional topics.ResultsOur model found four phases of online news media narratives: Pre-pandemic, Early, Peak and Recovery. Pre-pandemic narratives (Oct'19-Dec'19) were divergent across regions with Africa focused on monkeypox, Asia on dengue fever, and North America on Lyme disease and AIDS. Early (Jan-Feb'20) and Peak Pandemic (Mar-May'20) evidenced a global convergence, reflecting the omnipresence of Covid-19. The brief transition from early to peak pandemic narratives underscored the pandemic's rapid spread. Emerging from the embers of the pandemic's peak were nascent recovery words that are regionally divergent-Oceania focused on hope and an uncertain future while North America centered on re-opening the economy and tackling discrimination.ConclusionsPractically, we presented a media barometer of Covid-19, and provided a framework to analyse the pandemic's impact on societal perceptions-laying the important groundwork for policy makers to evaluate policy communications, and design risk communication strategies.

Listing titles significantly impact consumer behaviors on shared-economy platforms (e.g. Airbnb). Due to limited research on the length, informativeness, and creativity of titles in this context, this research investigates consumers’ responses and perceptions towards various types of listing titles by exploring their cognitive processes and conscious preferences. In a three-phase study design, this research analyzed Airbnb listing titles in China and America, conducted eye-tracking experiments, and collected surveys to evaluate the effects of title length and informativeness. The results revealed cultural differences in titles, but similar behaviors among Chinese and English-speaking consumers. Cultural assumptions, processing, and informativeness were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]