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Tomocerus pseudospinulus sp. nov. Figs 1A, 2, 3 Type material. Holotype: male on slide, near group of waterfalls, Tiantangzhai National Nature Reserve, Jinzhai County, Anhui Province, China, 115°46′40″E, 31°07′49″N (WGS84), alt. 995m, 27.iii.2016, leg. Daoyuan Yu and Chunyan Qin (16 TTZ10). Paratypes: 2 females and 1 male on slides, 4 in alcohol, same data as holotype. All types deposited in NJAU. Description. Body length 2.8–3.3 mm (average 3.0, 4 specimens). Background body colour light yellow. Ant. I and Ant. II antero-laterally with diffuse purple pigment; ground colour of Ant. III grey, basally and apically with purple pigment, gradually darker towards apex; Ant. IV dark purple. Eye patch black, small purple patch behind eye. Clypeus with diffuse light purple pigment. Tibiotarsi usually with purple pigment (Fig. 1A). Intact four-segmented antennae 0.6–0.75× length of body (average 0.72, 3 specimens). Length ratio of Ant I:II:III:IV = 1.0:1.2–1.4:6.9–7.5:1.3–1.4. Ant. III unscaled. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2 (A2), 4 (A3, A5); interocular area: 2 (M2), 7 (S0, S2, S5, S 5i); postocular area: 2+2 (Pa5, Pa6); posterior area: 3+3 (Pa2, Pp3, Pe3). Posterior margin of head with 30–40 chaetae on each side (Fig. 2A). Pattern of body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 2B. Number of macrochaetae or large mesochaetae in posterior row as 3 (p2, p3, p4), 3 (p1, p3, p5)/ 3 (m2, m3, m4), 3 (m2, m3, m4), 4 (p1, p3, p6, p7), 2 (p6, p7), 4 (m2, m3, m5, m6) from Th. II to Abd. V respectively. Th. II with macrochaetae a3, a4, a4a and a5a behind anterior marginal macrochaetae cluster; central macrochaetae a2, a5, m1, m2 and m3 arranged in triangle, m4 lateral to m2; Th. III with anterior macrochaeta a4; Abd. III with two anterior macrochaetae m3 and m6; Abd. IV with antero-lateral macrochaeta m6; Abd. VI with numerous chaetae of different sizes. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 slender chaetae subequal in length (Fig. 2C). Tibiotarsi I, II, III ventrally with 8–9, 8, 8 strong chaetae, 4–6, 6, 8 of them blunt (Fig. 2D). Tenent hair 1.0–1.2× length of inner edge of unguis (average 1.1, 2 specimens); accessory chaetae weaker than pretarsal chaetae; guard chaetae 0.8–0.9× length of tenent hair (average 0.85, 2 specimens). Unguis slender, with baso-internal ridges about 1/4 – 1/3 distance from base; lateral teeth pointed, of moderate size. Inner edge of unguis with basal tooth and 4–6 (average 5, 4 specimens) more distal teeth, sub-basal tooth larger. Unguiculus lanceolate, about 0.55–0.75× length of unguis (average 0.68, 4 specimens), its inner edge with one tooth (Fig. 2E). Ventral tube scaled on both faces. Anterior face with 25–36 (average 31, 4 specimens) chaetae on each side, posterior face with 75–106 (average 90, 4 specimens) chaetae, each lateral flap with 70–106 (average 82, 4 specimens) chaetae and occasionally 1–2 scales. Anterior face of tenaculum with 7–10 (average 8, 3 specimens) chaetae and without scales (Fig. 2F). Ratio manubrium:dens:mucro = 3.1–3.5:4.1–4.5:1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled without chaetae; laterally with large round scales and 9–10 chaetae, proximal 1–2 chaetae slender, distal chaetae strong; each dorsal chaetal strip with 130–180 (average 153, 4 specimens) chaetae of different sizes, an irregular row of scales from base to 2/3 – 3/4 (average 7/10, 4 specimens) length of manubrium along inner edge, and 9–12 (average 10, 4 specimens) pseudopores on lateral side; without distinct prominent chaetae (Fig. 3A); external distal corner chaeta as large as small mesochaetae in chaetal strip (Fig. 3B). Dens basally with prominent blunt dorsal chaeta. Dental spine formula as 3–4/5–6, 1, sizes of spines gradually increase on basal subsegment (Fig. 3C); small spines with large denticles at basal half and a few small to moderate-size denticles, large spines with numerous small to moderate-size denticles (Fig. 3D). Mucro with 2–5 (average 4, 4 specimens) intermediate teeth (Fig. 3E). Etymology. Combination of the Ancient Greek word pseudḗs: false, and the specific name of the similar species T. spinulus. Habitat. Living in moss on rocks. Remarks. Of other species in the T. ocreatus group, T. pseudospinulus sp. nov. most resembles T. spinulus in having short antenna, a similar chaetotaxy and a single large distal dental spine, but differs from the latter mainly in absence of the distinct prominent chaetae on the manubrium, presence of a blunt prominent chaeta on the dens and larger denticles on the dental spines (Table 1). Also the body colour of the new species is bright yellow and, in some individuals, with very light greenish tinge, while T. spinulus is dirty greyish yellow in the adults and light yellow only in the subadults. The type localities of T. pseudospinulus sp. nov. and T. spinulus are about 250 km apart, one belonging to the Dabie Cordillera and the other the Yellow Mountain Cordillera, respectively, which are geographically divided by the Yangtze River., Published as part of Gong, Xin, Qin, Chunyan & Yu, Daoyuan, 2018, Two new species of Tomocerus ocreatus group with a single large distal dental spine (Collembola, Tomoceridae), pp. 273-282 in Zootaxa 4514 (2) on pages 275-278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/2607838

Genus Tomocerus Nicolet, 1842 Common characters for the two new species. PAO absent. Eyes 6+6. Both dorsal and ventral sides of head scaled. Mouthparts normal for Tomocerus. Labral formula 4/5, 5, 4, distal edge of labrum with 4 papillae ending in curved spines. Mentum with 5 chaetae, submentum with numerous chaetae. Mandibular head asymmetrical, the left side with 4 teeth and the right side with 5 teeth, left molar plate distally with a tapered tooth. Maxillary lamella 5 without beard-like appendage. Maxillary outer lobe with trifurcate palp, one basal chaeta and 4 sublobal hairs. Both dorsal and ventral sides of Ant. I and Ant. II scaled, Ant. IV unscaled. Macrochaetae densely arranged along anterior margin of Th. II and sparsely on each terga, most mesochaetae laterally and posteriorly on terga. Bothriotricha 2 (a6, m6), 1 (m6)/ 0, 0, 1 (a5), 2 (a2, a5), 0, 0 on Th. II – Abd. VI. Tergal pseudopores 1, 1/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 from Th. II to Abd. VI near body axis. Each tibiotarsus with distal whorl of 11 chaetae, ventral 6 as ordinary chaetae, dorsal 5 modified as a central clavate tenent hair, a pair of short accessory chaetae and a pair of slender guard chaetae. Rami of tenaculum with 4+4 teeth. Dens basally without outer strong chaetae or inner large differentiated scales. Dental spines compound, with numerous secondary denticles on surface. Dens dorsally with ordinary chaetae and plumose chaetae, ventrally with dense scales and several apical chaetae. Mucro elongated, bearing numerous chaetae with elongated sockets (not shown in figures); apical tooth subequal to subapical tooth; two dorsal lamellae running from proximal edge of subapical tooth, outer lamella ending in distal edge of inner basal tooth, inner lamella ending at base of mucro, intermediate teeth located on outer lamella; both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer basal tooth with toothlet., Published as part of Gong, Xin, Qin, Chunyan & Yu, Daoyuan, 2018, Two new species of Tomocerus ocreatus group with a single large distal dental spine (Collembola, Tomoceridae), pp. 273-282 in Zootaxa 4514 (2) on page 275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/2607838, {"references":["Nicolet, H. (1842) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Podurelles. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles, 6, 1 - 88."]}

Key to species with single large dental spine in T. ocreatus group 1. Body colour grey; anterior area of head with 2, 0 macrochaetae; cave-dwelling species........ T. leyensis Yu & Deharveng - Body colour yellow; anterior area of head with 2, 4 macrochaetae; surface-dwelling species.......................... 2 2. Antennae subequal to body in length, being 0.9–1.0× length of body; manubrium with 1+1 blunt dorsal chaetae.............................................................................................. T. paraspinulus sp. nov. - Antennae shorter than body, being 0.6–0.75× length of body; manubrium without blunt dorsal chaetae.................. 3 3. Dens basally with blunt chaeta; denticles on dental spines unevenly distributed................. T. pseudospinulus sp. nov. - Dens basally without blunt chaeta; denticles on dental spines evenly distributed........... T. spinulus Chen & Christiansen, Published as part of Gong, Xin, Qin, Chunyan & Yu, Daoyuan, 2018, Two new species of Tomocerus ocreatus group with a single large distal dental spine (Collembola, Tomoceridae), pp. 273-282 in Zootaxa 4514 (2) on page 281, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/2607838

Tomocerus nabanensis sp. nov. Figs 1C, 6, 7 Type material. Holotype: female on slide, Naban River National Nature Reserve, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China, 100°39'E, 22°8'N, alt. 1225 m, vii.2017, litters and humus, leg. Shengjie Liu (17BN1). Paratypes: 3 females and 2 males on slides, 15 adults and juveniles in alcohol, same data as holotype. All types in NJAU. Description. Body length 2.1–3.5 mm. General background colouration of body dirty brownish yellow, antero-lateral margin of thoracic terga darker. Ant. I and Ant. II distally with purple pigment, Ant. III and Ant. IV purple. Eye patch black. Purple pigment around antennal bases and mouthparts. All leg segments with diffuse purple pigment, tibiotarsi darker (Fig. 1C). Antenna 0.8–1.0× length of body. Length ratio of Ant I:II:III:IV = 1.0:1.3–1.4:9.0–9.3:1.2–1.4. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2 (A2), 4 (A3, A5); interocular area: 2 (M2), 7 (S0, S2, S5, S 5i); postocular area: 2+2 (Pa5, Pa6); posterior area: 1+1 (Pa2). Posterior margin of head with 35–40 chaetae on each side (Fig. 6A). Pattern of body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 6B. Th. II with macrochaetae a3, a4a and a5a behind anterior marginal macrochaetae cluster; central area with macrochaetae a2, a5, m1, m2 (rarely absent) and m3. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 slender chaetae. Tibiotarsi I, II, III ventrally with 7–9, 6–9, 7–9 strong chaetae, 2–4, 2–4, 3–5 of them blunt (Fig. 6C). Tenent hair 0.64–0.74× length of inner edge of unguis; anterior accessory chaeta shorter than pretarsal chaetae, posterior accessory chaeta longer than pretarsal chaetae; guard chaetae subequal to or slightly longer than tenent hair. Unguis slender, with baso-internal ridges about 1/4–1/3 distance from base; lateral teeth pointed, of moderate size. Inner edge of unguis with basal tooth and more distal tooth at about 1/3 distance from base. Unguiculus lanceolate, about 0.58–0.71× length of unguis, its inner edge with one tooth (Fig. 6D). Ventral tube scaled on both faces. Anterior face with 20–30 chaetae on each side, posterior face with 40–90 chaetae, each lateral flap unscaled, with 45–95 chaetae. Anterior face of tenaculum with 5–11 chaetae and without scales (Fig. 6E). Ratio of manubrium:dens:mucro = 2.6–3.0:3.5–3.9:1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled without chaetae; laterally with large round scales and 10 chaetae, proximal 1–2 chaetae slender and almost smooth, distal chaetae strong and slightly serrated; each dorsal chaetal strip with 95–145 chaetae of different sizes, an irregular row of scales from base to about 2/3 length of manubrium along inner edge, and 6–14 pseudopores on lateral side; a pair of pointed prominent chaetae near distal end of manubrium (Fig. 7A); distal corner chaeta as large as small mesochaetae in chaetal strip. Dens basally with pointed prominent dorsal chaeta. Dental spine formula as 4–5/3–7, 1, 1, 1 (Fig. 7B); denticles on spines unevenly distributed, all spines with basal moderate to large denticles, large spines ventrally with additional small denticles (Fig. 7C). Mucro with 3–7 intermediate teeth (Fig. 7D). Etymology. Named after type locality Naban River National Natural Reserve. Habitat. Mixed forest, in leaf litters and humus. Remarks. Tomocerus nabanensis sp. nov. is characterised by absence of cephalic macrochaeta Pp3 and mesothoracic macrochaetae a4 and m4, presence of two inner teeth on the unguis, 1+1, 1 pointed prominent chaetae on the furca, dorsal scales on the manubrium, a small spine between two large distal spines and uneven distribution of denticles on the dental spines. The new species resembles cave species T. postantennalis, Tomocerus dong Yu & Li, 2016 and Tomocerus deharvengi Yu & Li, 2016 in dental spine formula and number of the ungual teeth, but differs from the latter species in absence of the large PAO, different pattern of the dorsal chaetotaxy and presence of stronger tenent hairs. The general appearance and dental spine formula of the new species are also similar to those of T. folsomi, but the latter has more teeth on the unguis and smaller denticles on dental spines (Denis 1929). Critical characters discriminating T. nabanensis sp. nov. from similar species are listed in Table 1. Malformed dental spine formulas are found in one female, with 9/4, 1, 3, 1 on the right side and 6/7, 1, 1 on the left side, and in this case proximal spines on both sides are irregularly arranged, distal small spines on the right side are arranged in two rows.

Genus Tomocerus Nicolet, 1842 Common characters for three new species. PAO absent. Eyes 6+6. Both dorsal and ventral sides of head scaled. Mouthparts normal for Tomocerus. Labral formula 4/5, 5, 4, distal edge of labrum with 4 curved spine-like papillae. Maxillary lamella 5 without beard-like appendage. Both dorsal and ventral sides of Ant. I and Ant. II scaled, Ant. III unscaled or occasionally with 1–2 basal scales, Ant. IV unscaled. Macrochaetae densely arranged along anterior margin of Th. II and sparsely on each terga, most mesochaetae laterally and posteriorly on terga. Number of macrochaetae or large mesochaetae in posterior row as 3 (p2, p3, p4), 3 (p1, p3, p5)/ 3 (m2, m3, m4), 3 (m2, m3, m4), 4 (p1, p3, p6, p7), 2 (p6, p7), 4 (m2, m3, m5, m6) from Th. II to Abd. V. Th. III with anterior macrochaeta a4; Abd. III with two anterior macrochaetae m3 and m6; Abd. IV with antero-lateral macrochaeta m6; Abd. VI with numerous chaetae of different sizes. Bothriotricha 2 (a6, m6), 1 (m6)/ 0, 0, 1 (a5), 2 (a2, a5), 0, 0 on Th. II—Abd. VI. Tergal pseudopores 1, 1/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 from Th. II to Abd. VI near body axis. Each tibiotarsus with distal whorl of 11 chaetae, ventral 6 as ordinary chaetae, dorsal 5 modified as a central clavate tenent hair, a pair of short accessory chaetae and a pair of slender guard chaetae. Dens basally without outer strong chaetae as Plutomurus or inner large differentiated scales as Pogonognathellus. Dental spines compound, with numerous secondary denticles on surface. Dens dorsally with ordinary chaetae and plumose chaetae, ventrally with dense scales and several apical chaetae. Mucro elongated, bearing numerous chaetae with elongated sockets (not shown in figures); apical tooth subequal to or slightly longer than subapical tooth; two dorsal lamellae running from proximal edges of subapical tooth, outer lamella ending in distal edge of inner basal tooth, inner lamella ending freely at base of mucro, intermediate teeth located on outer lamella; both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer basal tooth with toothlet., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan, Yang, Xiaodong & Liu, Manqiang, 2018, Three new species of Tomocerus from tropical zone of China (Collembola, Tomoceridae), pp. 225-236 in Zootaxa 4508 (2) on page 226, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4508.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/2607034, {"references":["Nicolet, H. (1842) Recherches pour servir a l'histoire des Podurelles. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles, 6, 1 - 88."]}

Tomocerus tropicus sp. nov. Figs 1A, 2, 3 Type material. Holotype: female on slide, Mt. Wuzhishan National Nature Reserve, Shuiman Township, Wuzhishan, Hainan Province, China, 109°41'15"E, 18°54'11"N, alt. 901 m, 29.xii.2015, litters and humus on rocks, leg. Daoyuan Yu and Chunyan Qin (15HN5). Paratypes: 2 females, 1 male and 1 subadult on slides, 11 adults and juveniles in alcohol, same data as holotype. All types in NJAU. Description. Body length 3.3–3.9 mm. General background colouration of body white to light yellow. Ant. I and Ant. II distally with purple pigment, Ant. III and Ant. IV purple. Eye patch black. Diffuse purple pigment around mouthparts. Tibiotarsi purple and other segments occasionally with light purple pigment (Fig. 1A). Antenna 0.8–0.9× length of body. Length ratio of Ant I:II:III:IV = 1.0:1.3–1.5:8.8–10.0:0.7–0.9. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2 (A2), 4 (A3, A5); interocular area: 2 (M2), 7 (S0, S2, S5, S 5i); postocular area: 2+2 (Pa5, Pa6); posterior area: 2+2 (Pa2, Pp3). Posterior margin of head with 30–40 chaetae on each side (Fig. 2A). Pattern of body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 2B. Th. II with macrochaetae a3, a4, a4a and a5a behind anterior marginal macrochaetae cluster; a2, a5, m3 and m 4 in central area. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 slender chaetae subequal in length (Fig. 2C). Tibiotarsi I, II, III ventrally with 6–7, 6–7, 6 strong chaetae, 3–4, 4, 6 of them blunt (Fig. 2D). Tenent hair 0.8–1.0× length of inner edge of unguis; accessory chaetae slightly longer than pretarsal chaetae; guard chaetae subequal to tenent hair in length. Unguis slender, with baso-internal ridges about 1/4–1/3 distance from base; lateral teeth pointed, of moderate size. Inner edge of unguis with basal tooth and 4–6 more distal teeth, sub-basal tooth stronger. Unguiculus lanceolate, about 0.6–0.8× length of unguis, its inner edge with one tooth (Fig. 2E). Ventral tube scaled on both faces. Anterior face with 16–20 chaetae on each side, posterior face with 50–65 chaetae, each lateral flap unscaled, with 50–115 chaetae. Anterior face of tenaculum with 8–18 chaetae and without scales (Fig. 2F). Ratio of manubrium:dens:mucro = 2.9–3.4:4.0–4.4:1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled without chaetae; laterally with large round scales and 10–11 chaetae, proximal 1–2 chaetae slender and almost smooth, distal chaetae strong and slightly serrated; each dorsal chaetal strip with 125–180 chaetae of different sizes, an irregular row of scales from base to 1/3–1/2 length of manubrium along inner edge, and 10–15 pseudopores on lateral side; 2 pairs of blunt prominent chaetae at centre and near distal end of manubrium, respectively, proximal prominent chaeta longer (Fig. 3A); distal corner chaeta as about size of small mesochaetae in chaetal strip (Fig. 3B). Dens basally with blunt prominent dorsal chaeta. Dental spine formula as 4–5/3–5, 2, sizes of spines gradually increase on basal subsegment (Fig. 3C); denticles on spines unevenly distributed, small spines with basal large denticles and a few small denticles, moderate and large spines dorsally mainly with basal large denticles, ventrally with basal moderate and distal small denticles (Fig. 3D). Mucro with 6–9 intermediate teeth (Fig. 3E). Etymology. Latin word tropicus: tropical. Habitat. Mixed forest, in leaf litters and thin layer of humus on rocks. Remarks. Tomocerus tropicus sp. nov. is characterised by the presence of 4 central macrochaetae a2, a5, m3 and m4 on Th. II, 2+2, 1 blunt prominent chaetae on the furca, dorsal scales on the manubrium, and uneven distribution of different-size denticles on large dental spines. The species resembles Tomocerus pseudocreatus Yu, 2018 in cephalic chaetotaxy, claw complex and furca prominent chaetae, but the latter has mesothoracic central macrochaetae m1 and m2 but not m4, no scales on the dorsal side of manubrium, and almost evenly distributed denticles on large dental spines. Critical characters discriminating T. tropicus sp. nov. from similar species are listed in Table 1., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan, Yang, Xiaodong & Liu, Manqiang, 2018, Three new species of Tomocerus from tropical zone of China (Collembola, Tomoceridae), pp. 225-236 in Zootaxa 4508 (2) on pages 227-229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4508.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/2607034, {"references":["Yu, D. Y., Qin, C. Y., Ding, Y. H., Hu, F., Zhang, F. & Liu, M. Q. (2018) Revealing species diversity of Tomocerus ocreatus complex (Collembola: Tomoceridae): integrative species delimitation and evaluation of taxonomic characters. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 76 (1), 147 - 172."]}

Tomocerus leyensis sp. nov. FIgs 1B, 4, 5 Type material. HOLOtypE: fEMALE On sLIdE, LOuMEI DOng (cAVE), LEyE tOWn, LEyE COunty, BAIsE, GuAngxI PROVIncE, ChInA, 16.III.2002, LEg. ARthuR CLARkE (CHI-062). PARAtypEs: 1 subAduLt On sLIdE, 2 In ALcOhOL, sAME dAtA As hOLOtypE; 2 MALEs And 1 fEMALE On sLIdEs, 11 In ALcOhOL, AI DOng (cAVE), BEIZhOng, LEyE COunty, BAIsE, GuAngxI PROVIncE, ChInA, 23–31.III.2002, LEg. ARthuR CLARkE (CHI-063, CHI-065). OnE pARAtypE dEpOsItEd In MNHN, hOLOtypE And OthER pARAtypEs In NJAU. Description. BOdy LEngth 2.6–3.3 MM. BOdy cOLOuR LIght tO dARk gREy, AntEnnAE, LEg bAsEs And fROnt AREA Of hEAd OftEn dARkER. EyE pAtchEs bLAck (FIg. 1B). TypEs Of chAEtAE sIMILAR tO thOsE Of Tomocerus troglodytes sp. nov. COMpLEtE AntEnnAE nOt sEEn, LOngEst ObsERVEd AntEnnA (WIth fusEd Ant. III+IV) AbOut As LOng As bOdy. LEngth RAtIO Of Ant. I:II = 1.0:1.4–1.8. Ant. I And Ant. II scALEd On dORsAL sIdE, Ant. III unscALEd. PAO nOt sEEn. EyEs 6+6, sMALL. MOuthpARts nORMAL fOR Tomocerus. LAbRAL fORMuLA 4/5, 5, 4. DIstAL EdgE Of LAbRuM WIth fOuR cuRVEd spInEs. MAndIbuLAR hEAd AsyMMEtRIcAL, LEft OnE WIth 4 tEEth And RIght OnE WIth 5, LEft MOLAR pLAtE dIstALLy WIth A tApEREd tOOth. MAxILLARy LAMELLA 5 WIth shORt tEEth, WIthOut bEARd-LIkE AppEndAgE (FIg. 4A). MAxILLARy OutER LObE WIth tRIfuRcAtE pALp And OnE bAsAL chAEtA, subLObAL pLAtE WIth 4 hAIRs. BOth dORsAL And VEntRAL sIdEs Of hEAd scALEd. CEphALIc dORsAL MAcROchAEtOtAxy As AntERIOR AREA 2, IntEROcuLAR AREA 2, 4, cEntRAL unpAIREd MAcROchAEtA AbsEnt, pOstOcuLAR AREA 2+2, pOstERIOR AREA 2+2. POstERIOR MARgIn Of hEAd WIth AppROxIMAtELy 30+30 chAEtAE (FIg. 4B). MEntuM WIth fIVE chAEtAE, subMEntuM WIth nuMEROus chAEtAE. PAttERn Of bOdy chAEtOtAxy As In FIg. 4C. BOthRIOtRIchA 2, 1/ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 On Th. II–Abd. VI. MAcROchAEtAE dEnsELy ARRAngEd ALOng AntERIOR MARgIn Of Th. II (nOt shOWn In fIguRE). Th. II WIth An IRREguLAR ROW Of MAcROchAEtAE bEhInd AntERIOR MARgIn. NuMbER Of MAcROchAEtAE OR LARgE MEsOchAEtAE In thE pOstERIOR ROW As 2, 3/ 3, 2, 3, 2, 4 fROM Th. II tO Abd. V. Th. II WIth 1 cEntRAL MAcROchAEtA; Abd. III WIth tWO AntERIOR MAcROchAEtAE; Abd. IV WIth OnE AntERO-LAtERAL MAcROchAEtA; Abd. VI WIth nuMEROus chAEtAE Of dIffEREnt sIZEs. MEsOchAEtAE MOst AbundAnt LAtERALLy And pOstERIORLy On tERgA, pAttERn nOt studIEd. PsEudOpOREs nOt cLEARLy sEEn. TROchAntERO-fEMORAL ORgAn WIth 1, 1 sLEndER chAEtAE. TIbIOtARsI I, II And III WIth 3–4, 3–4, 5 spInE-LIkE VEntRAL chAEtAE, REspEctIVELy (FIg. 4D). EAch tIbIOtARsus WIth A dIstAL WhORL Of 11 chAEtAE, VEntRAL 6 As ORdInARy chAEtAE, dORsAL 5 MOdIfIEd; tEnEnt hAIR cLAVAtE On ALL LEgs, shORt And thIn, AbOut 0.3–0.5 tIMEs As LOng As InnER EdgE Of unguIs; tWO AccEssORy chAEtAE sLEndER, sLIghtLy LOngER thAn pREtARsAL chAEtAE; tWO guARd chAEtAE 1.2–1.8 tIMEs As LOng As tEnEnt hAIR, 0.55–0.6 tIMEs As LOng As InnER EdgE Of unguIs (FIg. 4E). UnguIs sLEndER, OutER EdgE AbOut 0.2– 0.23, 0.18–0.21, 0.15–0.17 tIMEs As LOng As OutER EdgE Of tIbIOtARsI On LEg I, II And III, REspEctIVELy (FIg. 4D). UnguIs WIth bAsO-IntERnAL RIdgEs AbOut 1/4–1/3 dIstAncE fROM bAsE; LAtERAL tEEth pOIntEd, Of MOdERAtE sIZE. InnER EdgE Of unguIs WIth 4–6 tEEth, bAsAL tOOth sMALL, sub-bAsAL tOOth sLIghtLy LARgER thAn dIstAL tEEth. UnguIcuLus LAncEOLAtE, AbOut 0.6–0.75 tIMEs As LOng As InnER EdgE Of unguIs, WIth 0–1 InnER tOOth. PREtARsus chAEtAE 1+1 (FIg. 4E). VEntRAL tubE scALEd On bOth AntERIOR And pOstERIOR fAcEs, LAtERAL fLAps unscALEd. AntERIOR fAcE WIth AbOut 40 chAEtAE On EAch sIdE, pOstERIOR fAcE WIth AbOut 90–100 chAEtAE, EAch LAtERAL fLAp WIth AbOut 70–80 chAEtAE. RAMI Of tEnAcuLuM WIth 4+4 tEEth, AntERIOR fAcE WIth 4–6 chAEtAE And WIthOut scALEs (FIg. 5A). RAtIO MAnubRIuM:dEns:MucRO=2.7–3.4:3.8–4.4:1.0. MAnubRIuM VEntRALLy scALEd And WIthOut chAEtAE; LAtERALLy WIth LARgE ROund scALEs And 9–11 chAEtAE On EAch sIdE, pROxIMAL chAEtA sMALL, dIstAL OnEs stROng; dORsALLy WIth tWO LOngItudInAL chAEtAL stRIps And WIthOut scALEs, EAch chAEtAL stRIp WIth AppROxIMAtELy 150–180 chAEtAE Of dIffEREnt sIZEs, WIthOut dIstInct pROMInEnt chAEtAE; psEudOpOREs 10–15 On EAch sIdE (FIg 5B); MAnubRIAL dIstAL cORnER chAEtA As LARgE As MOdERAtE sIZEd MEsOchAEtAE In chAEtAL stRIp (FIg. 5C), OR shORtER And bIfuRcAtE (FIg. 5D). DEns bAsALLy WIthOut dIstInct pROMInEnt dORsAL chAEtA, LARgE MOdIfIEd InnER scALE OR stROng OutER chAEtAE. DEntAL spInE fORMuLA As 4–5/6–9, I In AduLt, 4/5, I In subAduLt; spInEs Of cOMpOund shApE, WIth nuMEROus MOdERAtE tO LARgE dEntIcLEs In MIddLE And sMALL dEntIcLEs In bAsAL And dIstAL pARt (FIg. 5E). DEns dORsALLy WIth ORdInARy chAEtAE And fEAthER-LIkE chAEtAE, VEntRALLy WIth dEnsE scALEs. MucRO ELOngAtEd And MuLtI-sEtAcEOus; bOth bAsAL tEEth WIth pROxIMAL LAMELLAE, OutER bAsAL tOOth WIth MOdERAtE tO LARgE sIZEd tOOthLEt; ApIcAL And subApIcAL tEEth subEquAL; stRuctuRE Of dORsAL LAMELLAE Of Tomocerus typE, tWO dORsAL LAMELLAE RunnIng fROM subApIcAL tOOth, OutER LAMELLA EndIng In InnER bAsAL tOOth, InnER LAMELLA EndIng At bAsE Of MucRO; OutER LAMELLA WIth 4–7 (2–3 In subAduLt) IntERMEdIAtE tEEth (FIg. 5F). Etymology. NAMEd AftER thE typE LOcALIty LEyE COunty. Ecology. SAMpLE CHI-062: 250 M IntO cAVE, In fLOOd dEbRIs And sOIL; sAMpLE CHI-063: 150 M IntO cAVE, undER WOOd; sAMpLE CHI-065: 500 M IntO cAVE, On OLd bAMbOO LAddERs. Remarks. On thE bAsIs Of thE pREsEncE Of 2 MEsOthORAcIc bOthRIOtRIchA And thE shApE Of dEntAL spInEs (cOMpOund WIth nuMEROus dEntIcLEs), Tomocerus leyensis sp. nov. shOuLd bE A MEMbER Of thE ocreatus cOMpLEx. It Is sIMILAR tO thE cAVE spEcIEs T. postantennalis, T. dong, T. deharvengi And T. cthulhu In thE LOng AntEnnAE, thE gREy bOdy cOLOuR And thE WEAk tEnEnt hAIRs. But thE LAtER spEcIEs ALL hAVE LARgE PAO And tWO LARgE dIstAL dEntAL spInEs, WhEREAs thE nEW spEcIEs hAs nO dIstInct PAO And OnLy OnE LARgE dIstAL dEntAL spInE. BEsIdEs, T. leyensis sp. nov. dIffERs fROM thE LAtER spEcIEs ALsO In thE dORsAL chAEtOtAxy And In hAVIng MORE InnER tEEth On unguIs (TAbLE 2). ThE pEcuLIAR MORphOLOgy Of bIfuRcAtE MAnubRIAL dIstAL cORnER chAEtA In tWO IndIVIduALs Of T. leyensis sp. nov. Is sO fAR unIquE AMOng knOWn spEcIEs. In OnE spEcIMEn thE tWO bRAnchEs Of thE chAEtA ARE EquAL In LEngth, WhILE In thE OthER spEcIMEn OnE bRAnch Is dIstInctLy shORtER (FIg. 5D)., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan & Deharveng, Louis, 2018, Two new Chinese species of Tomocerus at different stages of troglomorphic adaptation (Collembola, Tomoceridae) in Zootaxa 4403 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4403.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1212011

Species Tomocerus troglodytes sp. nov. FIgs 1A, 2, 3 Type material. HOLOtypE: fEMALE On sLIdE, ChAngtu DOng (cAVE), HOngLIn TOWnshIp, QIAnxI COunty, BIjIE, GuIZhOu PROVIncE, ChInA, 105°52'43"E, 27°8'36"N, ALt. 1475M, 12.xI.2001, LEg. LEOnARdO LAtELLA (CHI-067). PARAtypEs: 3 fEMALE On sLIdEs, 2 In ALcOhOL, sAME dAtA As hOLOtypE. OnE pARAtypE dEpOsItEd In MNHN, hOLOtypE And OthER pARAtypEs In NJAU. Description. BOdy LEngth 3.3–3.6 MM. BOdy cOLOuR WhItE, WIthOut tRAcE Of pIgMEnt (FIg. 1A). BOdy dEnsELy cLOthEd by scALEs And VARIOus typEs Of chAEtAE. ScALEs Of typIcAL MORphOLOgy Of TOMOcERInAE, WIth cOntInuOus LOngItudInAL RIdgEs On suRfAcE (LubbOck 1873). ORdInARy chAEtAE Of dIffEREnt sIZEs. MIcROchAEtAE sMOOth And pOIntEd. MAcROchAEtAE And MEsOchAEtAE fROM sLIghtLy tO stROngLy cILIAtEd, sOME sLIghtLy cILIAtEd MEsOchAEtAE AppEARIng sMOOth undER OptIcAL MIcROscOpE. MOst MAcROchAEtAE stRAIght, ROd-LIkE And subcyLIndRIcAL, sOME MAcROchAEtAE On pOstERIOR AbdOMInAL sEgMEnts LOng, cuRVEd And AcuMInAtE. MEsOchAEtAE AcuMInAtE, shORtER And thInnER thAn MAcROchAEtAE. S-chAEtAE subcyLIndRIcAL, MORE hyALInE thAn ORdInARy chAEtAE, As sMALL As MIcROchAEtAE ExcEpt LOng OnEs On Abd. IV. DORsO-InnER chAEtAE On dEns MOdIfIEd As stROng pOIntEd spInEs. PsEudOpOREs As sMALL cIRcuLAR stRuctuREs sIMILAR tO chAEtAE sOckEts, dIstRIbutEd At LEAst On Th. II tO Abd. IV, cOxAE, And MAnubRIuM. AntEnnAE AbOut 0.67–0.77 tIMEs As LOng As bOdy. LEngth RAtIO Of Ant. I:II:III:IV = 1.0:1.6–2.0:9.0–11.0:3.6– 4.6. Ant. I And Ant. II scALEd On dORsAL sIdE, Ant. III And Ant. IV unscALEd. PAO And EyEs AbsEnt. MOuthpARts nORMAL fOR Tomocerus. LAbRAL fORMuLA 4/5, 5, 4. DIstAL EdgE Of LAbRuM WIth fOuR cuRVEd spInEs. MAndIbuLAR hEAd AsyMMEtRIcAL, LEft OnE WIth 4 tEEth And RIght OnE WIth 5, LEft MOLAR pLAtE dIstALLy WIth A tApEREd tOOth (FIg. 2A). MAxILLARy LAMELLA 5 WIth ELOngAtEd bAsAL tEEth, WIthOut bEARd-LIkE AppEndAgE (FIg. 2B). MAxILLARy OutER LObE WIth tRIfuRcAtE pALp And OnE bAsAL chAEtA, subLObAL pLAtE WIth 4 hAIRs (FIg. 2C). HEAd dORsALLy scALEd. CEphALIc dORsAL MAcROchAEtOtAxy Of AntERIOR AREA 2, 2, IntEROcuLAR AREA 2, 2, cEntRAL unpAIREd MAcROchAEtA AbsEnt, pOstOcuLAR AREA 2+2, pOstERIOR AREA 0 (FIg. 2D). POstERIOR MARgIn Of hEAd WIth AppROxIMAtELy 25+25 chAEtAE. HEAd VEntRALLy unscALEd, MEntuM WIth fIVE chAEtAE, subMEntuM WIth nuMEROus chAEtAE. PAttERn Of bOdy chAEtOtAxy As In FIg. 2E. BOthRIOtRIchA 1, 1/ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 On Th. II–Abd. VI. MAcROchAEtAE dEnsELy ARRAngEd ALOng AntERIOR MARgIn Of Th. II (nOt shOWn In fIguRE). Th. II WIth An IRREguLAR ROW Of MAcROchAEtAE bEhInd AntERIOR MARgIn. NuMbER Of MAcROchAEtAE OR LARgE MEsOchAEtAE In thE pOstERIOR ROW As 2–3, 3/ 3, 3, 4, 3, 4 fROM Th. II tO Abd. V. Th. II WIth 6 cEntRAL And 1 LAtERAL MAcROchAEtA; Abd. III WIth tWO AntERIOR MAcROchAEtAE; Abd. IV WIth OnE AntERO-LAtERAL MAcROchAEtA; Abd. VI WIth nuMEROus chAEtAE Of dIffEREnt sIZEs. MEsOchAEtAE MOst AbundAnt LAtERALLy And pOstERIORLy On tERgA, pAttERn nOt studIEd. PsEudOpOREs nOt cLEARLy sEEn. TROchAntERO-fEMORAL ORgAn WIth 1, 1 sLEndER chAEtAE (FIg. 2F). TIbIOtARsI WIthOut spInE-LIkE InnER chAEtAE, but tIbIOtARsI III VEntRALLy WIth 2 pROMInEnt AcuMInAtE chAEtAE stROngER thAn OthERs (FIg. 2G). EAch tIbIOtARsus WIth A dIstAL WhORL Of 11 chAEtAE, VEntRAL 6 As ORdInARy chAEtAE, dORsAL 5 MOdIfIEd; tEnEnt hAIR sMALL, sLEndER And pOIntEd On ALL LEgs; 1+1 AccEssORy chAEtAE MInutE, sLIghtLy LOngER thAn pREtARsAL chAEtAE; 1+1 guARd chAEtAE sLEndER, As LOng As tEnEnt hAIR (FIg. 3A). UnguIs sLEndER In LAtERAL VIEW, OutER EdgE AbOut 0.5, 0.5, 0.33 tIMEs As LOng As OutER EdgE Of tIbIOtARsI On LEg I, II And III, REspEctIVELy (FIg. 2G). UnguIs WIthOut bAsO-IntERnAL RIdgE OR InnER tEEth (FIg. 3A); dORsALLy WIth A pAIR Of bROAd, RugOsE LAtERAL LAMELLAR WIngs, WIth sMALL pOIntEd LAtERAL tEEth (FIg. 3B). UnguIcuLus sLEndER, AbOut 0.63–0.83 tIMEs As LOng As InnER EdgE Of unguIs, WIth 1 InnER tOOth. PREtARsus chAEtAE 1+1 (FIg. 3A). VEntRAL tubE scALEd OnLy On AntERIOR fAcEs. AntERIOR fAcE WIth AbOut 30 chAEtAE On EAch sIdE, pOstERIOR fAcE WIth AbOut 65–90 chAEtAE, EAch LAtERAL fLAp WIth AbOut 30–40 chAEtAE. TEnAcuLuM WIth 4+4 tEEth On RAMI, AntERIOR fAcE WIth 2–4 chAEtAE And WIthOut scALEs (FIg. 3C). RAtIO MAnubRIuM:dEns:MucRO=2.9–3.2:3.8– 4.4:1.0. MAnubRIuM VEntRALLy scALEd And WIthOut chAEtAE; LAtERALLy WIth LARgE ROund scALEs And 7–10 sLEndER chAEtAE On EAch sIdE, pROxIMAL 2–3 chAEtAE sMALL, dIstAL OnEs stROng; dORsALLy WIth tWO LOngItudInAL chAEtAL stRIps And WIthOut scALEs, EAch chAEtAL stRIp WIth AppROxIMAtELy 250–280 chAEtAE Of dIffEREnt sIZEs, IncLudIng 1+1 bAsAL And 1+1 dIstAL AccuMInAtE pROMInEnt chAEtAE; psEudOpOREs 7–11 On EAch sIdE, In An IRREguLAR LOngItudInAL LInE (FIg 3D); MAnubRIAL dIstAL cORnER chAEtA As MIcROchAEtA (FIg. 3E). DEns bAsALLy WIthOut dIstInct pROMInEnt dORsAL chAEtA, LARgE MOdIfIEd InnER scALE OR stROng OutER chAEtAE. DEntAL spInE fORMuLA As 3–5/3–5, I, 0–1, I; spInEs cOMpOund, WIth sEVERAL MOdERAtE tO LARgE sIZEd dEntIcLEs On bAsAL hALf (FIg. 3F). DEns dORsALLy WIth ORdInARy chAEtAE Of dIffEREnt sIZEs, WIthOut fEAthER-LIkE chAEtAE, VEntRALLy WIth dEnsE scALEs. MucRO ELOngAtEd And dIstALLy cuRVEd, bEARIng nuMEROus chAEtAE WIth ELOngAtEd sOckEts (nOt shOWn In fIguRE); bAsALLy WIth 2 tEEth, InnER OnE LARgER; bOth bAsAL tEEth WIth pROxIMAL LAMELLAE, OutER bAsAL tOOth WIth MOdERAtE tO LARgE sIZEd tOOthLEt; subApIcAL tOOth LARgER thAn OR subEquAL tO ApIcAL tOOth; stRuctuRE Of dORsAL LAMELLAE Of Tomocerus typE, tWO dORsAL LAMELLAE RunnIng fROM subApIcAL tOOth, OutER LAMELLA EndIng In InnER bAsAL tOOth, InnER LAMELLA EndIng At bAsE Of MucRO; IntERMEdIAtE tEEth AbsEnt (FIg. 3G). Etymology. SpEcIfIc nAME dERIVEd fROM thE LAtIn WORd troglodyta, MEAnIng cAVE-dWELLIng. Ecology. In cAVE. Remarks. WIthIn thE gEnus, T. troglodytes sp. nov. bELOngs tO thE kinoshitai cOMpLEx (Yu Et AL. 2017) bEcAusE Of thE cOMbInAtIOn Of thE fOLLOWIng chARActERs: thE pREsEncE Of OnLy 1 MEsOthORAcIc bOthRIOtRIchuM, thE nuMbER And pOsItIOn Of stROng tIbIOtARsAL InnER chAEtAE, thE shApE Of dEntAL spInEs (cOMpOund, WIth sEVERAL MOdERAtE tO LARgE bAsAL dEntIcLEs) And thE ApIcALLy cuRVEd MucRO (Yu Et AL. 2017). Tomocerus troglodytes sp. nov. LAcks EyEs And pIgMEnt, cOntRARy tO MOst OthER MEMbERs Of thE kinoshitai cOMpLEx And REsEMbLEs AnOthER cAVE-dWELLIng spEcIEs T. caecus In thE sAME cOMpLEx. HOWEVER, thE nEW spEcIEs cAn bE dIstInguIshEd fROM T. caecus by thE LEngth Of AntEnnA, thE dORsAL chAEtOtAxy, thE MORphOLOgy Of unguIs, thE nuMbER Of chAEtAE On tEnAcuLuM, thE nuMbER And ARRAngEMEnt Of dEntAL spInEs And thE nuMbER Of IntERMEdIAtE tEEth On MucRO (TAbLE 1). ThE nEW spEcIEs Is ALsO chARActERIZEd by thE cOMpLEtE AbsEncE Of fEAthER-LIkE chAEtAE On thE dORsAL sIdE Of dEns., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan & Deharveng, Louis, 2018, Two new Chinese species of Tomocerus at different stages of troglomorphic adaptation (Collembola, Tomoceridae) in Zootaxa 4403 (1), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4403.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1212011, {"references":["Lubbock, J. (1873) Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. Ray Society, London, 265 pp."]}

Tomocerus similis Chen & Ma, 1997 Figs 1 A, 2, 3 Material examined. Holotype female adult on slide. Langya Mountain, Chuzhou (previously Chuxian County), Anhui Province, China, 8.iv.1990 (No. 8040). Other material: topotypes, one female and two male adults on slides, 2 in alcohol. Langya Mountain, Chuzhou, Anhui Province, China, 118��16'34.66"E, 32��17'5.17''N, alt. 110m, 30.viii.2015, by Daoyuan YU (No. 2016LY). One topotype in alcohol in NTU, other types in NJAU. Description. Body length 2.2���2.5mm. Body ground colour light yellow to orange, with diffuse dark pigment on head, thorax and legs. Anterior area of head and Th. II darker. Antennae bluish purple. Eye patches black. (Fig. 1 A). Antennae short, 0.45���0.5 times as long as body. Length ratio of Ant. I:II:III:IV= 1.0:1.4���1.7:4.8���6.1:1.5���1.9. Dorsal side of Ant. I and Ant. II scaled, Ant. III and Ant. IV unscaled. PAO not seen. Eyes 6+6. Labral formula 4/ 5, 5, 4. Distal edge of labrum with four curved spines. Mandibular head asymmetrical, left one with 4 teeth and the right one with 5, left molar plate distally with a tapered tooth (Fig. 2 A). Maxillary lamella 5 without beard-like appendage. Maxillary outer lobe with trifurcate palp, one basal chaeta and 4 sublobal hairs. Both dorsal and ventral sides of head scaled. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2, 2; interocular area: 2, 6, central unpaired macrochaeta absent; postocular area: 2+2; posterior area: 0. Posterior margin of head with approximately 30+30 small chaetae (Fig. 2 B). Mentum with 5 chaetae, submentum with numerous chaetae. Pattern of body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 2 C. Bothriotricha 1, 1/ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 on Th. II���Abd. VI. Macrochaetae densely arranged along anterior margin of Th. II (not shown in figure). Th. II with an irregular row of macrochaetae behind anterior margin. Number of macrochaetae or large mesochaetae in the posterior row as 3, 3/ 3, 3, 4, 3, 4 from Th. II to Abd. V. Th. II with four central and one lateral macrochaetae, postero-central one near pseudopore; Th. III with anterior macrochaeta; Abd. III with two anterior macrochaetae; Abd. IV with one antero-lateral macrochaeta; Abd. VI with numerous chaetae of different sizes. Mesochaetae most abundant laterally and posteriorly on terga. Pseudopores near the axis of terga, 1, 1/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 from Th. II to Abd. VI. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 small slender chaetae (Fig. 2 D). Anterior, mid and hind tibiotarsi ventrally with 0, 0, 2���3 spine-like chaetae (Fig. 2 E). Each tibiotarsus with a distal whorl of 11 chaetae, ventral 6 as ordinary chaetae, dorsal 5 modified: tenent hair clavate on all legs, fine and short, about 0.6���0.75 times as long as inner edge of unguis; two accessory chaetae small, subequal to or slightly longer than pretarsal chaetae; two guard chaetae strong, subequal to or longer than tenent hair, about 0.85 times as long as unguis. Unguis slender, with baso-internal ridges about 1/3 distance from base; lateral teeth pointed, relatively small. Inner edge of unguis with distinct basal tooth, large sub-basal tooth, and 2���3 obscure distal teeth. Unguiculus lanceolate, about 0.5���0.65 times as long as unguis, inner edge with 0���2 small tooth. Pretarsus chaetae 1+1 (Fig. 2 F). Ventral tube scaled only on anterior face. Anterior face with 15���20 chaetae on each side, posterior face with 40���65 chaetae, each lateral flap with 35���50 chaetae. Rami of tenaculum with 4+4 teeth, anterior face with 1 small chaeta and without scales (Fig. 3 A). Ratio manubrium:dens:mucro=2.2���2.8:3.0���3.3:1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled and normally without chaetae, one specimen with two basal small chaetae; laterally with large round scales and 8���10 chaetae on each side, proximal 1���3 chaetae small, distal ones strong; dorsally with two longitudinal areas each with approximately 100 chaetae of different sizes; each chaetal area with a inner longitudinal row of scales, running from base to the middle of manubrium; prominent chaetae 2+2, slender and pointed; pseudopores 5���9 on each side (Fig 3 B); disto-external corner of manubrium with a microchaeta (manubrial distal corner chaeta, Fig. 3 C). Dens basally with a pointed prominent dorsal chaeta, without large modified inner scale or strong outer chaetae. Dental spine formula as 3���4/1, II; all spines basally with several moderate to large sized denticles. Dens dorsally with ordinary chaetae and feather-like chaetae, ventrally with dense scales and several apical chaetae; distal subsegment with inner longitudinal row of short slender chaetae (Fig. 3 D). Mucro elongated and distally curved, bearing numerous smooth chaetae with elongated sockets (not shown in figure); both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer basal tooth with toothlet; apical tooth longer than subapical one; structure of dorsal lamellae of Tomocerus type, two dorsal lamellae running from subapical tooth, outer lamella ending in inner basal tooth, inner lamella ending at base of mucro; outer lamella with 1���2 moderate sized intermediate teeth (Fig. 3 E). Ecology. Under stones in a mixed forest. Remarks. The new material complies with most characters in the original description, but there are some differences. The main one is in the cephalic dorsal chaetotaxy. In the original description, there are 5 macrochaetae along the mid row, which was proposed as a main diagnostic character for distinguishing between T. similis and T. kinoshitai. But in the new material of T. similis, T. persimilis sp. nov. and T. dissimilis sp. nov. there are 6 or 7 macrochaetae along the mid row of head, with the most lateral ones close to the eye patches. As we have checked, all the previous types mounted on slides were insufficiently depigmented, so the pigment of the eye patches remained dark and diffused around, and the sockets of the lateral macrochaetae on one or both sides were obscured and unclear, probably leading to the miscounting. The other difference is in the number of ungual teeth. In the original description there are mostly 2, seldom 3 inner teeth on unguis, while more distal teeth are present in the new material. However, the number of ungual distal teeth is not always reliable for diagnosis. Despite the possibility of variability, the distal teeth in T. similis are minute, and their visibility may be affected by the mounting angle of the unguis, so they are easily not seen under low magnification compared to the large sub-basal tooth. In the new diagnosis T. similis is still similar to T. kinoshitai, but central macrochaeta on the head and spinelike chaetae on the distal part of dens are present in T. kinoshitai and absent in T. similis., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan, Ding, Yinhuan & Ma, Yitong, 2017, Revision of Tomocerus similis Chen & Ma, with discussion of the kinoshitai complex and the distal tibiotarsal chaetae in Tomocerinae (Collembola, Tomoceridae), pp. 395-410 in Zootaxa 4268 (3) on pages 397-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4268.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/580507, {"references":["Chen, J. X. & Ma, Y. T. (1997) A new species of the genus Tomocerus (s. s.) (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from China. Entomotaxonomia, 19, 157 - 160."]}

Tomocerus dissimilis sp. nov. Figs 1 C, 6, 7 Type material. Holotype male adult on slide. Monkey Valley, Yellow Mountain, Huangshan, Anhui Province, China, 118��8'47"E, 30��4'58''N, alt. 578m, 2.iii.2016, by Daoyuan YU (No. 2016HS-1). Paratypes 1 male and 4 female adults on slides, 8 in alcohol, same data as holotype. Two paratypes in alcohol in NTU, other types in NJAU. Description. Body length 2.5���2.9mm. Body ground colour brownish yellow, with diffuse dark pigment on head, thorax and legs. Anterior area of head and Th. II slightly darker. Antennae dark purple. Eye patches black. (Fig. 1 C). Antennae short, 0.42���0.50 times as long as body. Length ratio of Ant I:II:III:IV= 1.0:1.3���1.6:5.9���6.2:1.5���1.9. Dorsal side of Ant. I and Ant. II scaled, Ant. III and Ant. IV unscaled. PAO not seen. Eyes 6+6. Mouthparts of Tomocerus type. Both dorsal and ventral sides of head scaled. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2, 2; interocular area: 2, 6, central unpaired macrochaeta absent; postocular area: 2+2; posterior area: 0. Posterior margin of head with 40���50 small chaetae on each side (Fig. 6 A). Mentum with 5 chaetae, submentum with numerous chaetae. Pattern of body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 6 B. Bothriotricha 1, 1/ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 on Th. II���Abd. VI. Macrochaetae densely arranged along anterior margin of Th. II (not shown in figure). Th. II with an irregular row of macrochaetae behind anterior margin. Number of macrochaetae or large mesochaetae in the posterior row as 3, 3/ 3, 3, 4, 3, 4 from Th. II to Abd. V. Th. II with four central and one lateral macrochaetae, postero-central one near pseudopore; Th. III with anterior macrochaeta; Abd. III with two anterior macrochaetae; Abd. IV with one lateral macrochaeta; Abd. VI with numerous chaetae of different sizes. Mesochaetae most abundant laterally and posteriorly on terga. Pseudopores near the axis of terga, 1, 1/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 from Th. II to Abd. VI. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 small slender chaetae. Anterior, mid and hind tibiotarsi ventrally with 0, 0, 2 spine-like chaetae (Fig. 6 C). Each tibiotarsus with a distal whorl of 11 chaetae, ventral 6 as ordinary chaetae, dorsal 5 modified: tenent hair short, thin and pointed on front legs and clavate on middle and hind legs, clavate tenent hair about 0.6 times as long as inner edge of unguis; two accessory chaetae small, subequal to or slightly longer than pretarsal chaetae; two guard chaetae slender and longer than clavate tenent hair, about 0.75 times as long as unguis. Unguis slender, with baso-internal ridges about 1/3 distance from base; lateral teeth pointed, relatively small. Inner edge of unguis with distinct basal tooth, large sub-basal tooth and 0���2 small distal teeth. Unguiculus lanceolate, about 0.55���0.6 times as long as unguis, its inner edge with 0���1 small tooth. Pretarsus chaetae 1+1 (Fig. 6 D, E). Ventral tube scaled only on anterior face. Anterior face with 20���25 chaetae on each side, posterior face with approximately 75 chaetae, each lateral flap with 40���50 chaetae. Rami of tenaculum with 4+4 teeth, anterior face with 1 small chaeta and without scales (Fig. 7 A). Ratio manubrium:dens:mucro=2.4���2.5:2.6���2.9:1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled and without chaetae, laterally with large round scales and 9���10 chaetae on each side, proximal 2���3 chaetae small, distal ones strong; each dorsal chaetal strip with approximately 110 chaetae of different sizes; inner to each chaetal strip with a row of scales, running from base to the middle of manubrium; prominent chaetae 2+2, long, slender and pointed; pseudopores 7���10 on each side (Fig 7 B); manubrial distal corner chaeta as microchaeta (Fig. 7 C). Dens basally with a pointed prominent dorsal chaeta, without large modified inner scale or strong outer chaetae. Dental spine formula as 3���5/1���2, II; all spines basally with several moderate to large sized denticles. Dens dorsally with ordinary chaetae and feather-like chaetae, ventrally with dense scales and several apical chaetae; distal subsegment with inner longitudinal row of short slender chaetae (Fig. 7 D). Mucro elongated and multisetaceous; both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer basal tooth with a toothlet; apical tooth longer than subapical one; structure of dorsal lamellae of Tomocerus type, outer lamella with 1 moderate sized intermediate teeth (Fig. 7 E). Etymology. Specific name from the Latin word dissimilis, meaning not similar. Ecology. In humus layer of mixed forest. Remarks. Tomocerus dissimilis sp. nov. is characterised by the different forms of tenent hairs on different legs. Also, T. dissimilis sp. nov. differs from T. kinoshitai and T. persimilis sp. nov. in the absence of central macrochaeta on head. The unguis are either without or with 1���2 small distal teeth, and, if present, the most proximal distal tooth is stronger than the most distal one. In the old material, 7 paratypes (No. 8164, 8169, 8172ab, 8222ab, 8344) were collected from Yellow Mountain. The specimens 8164, 8169, 8172b and 8222a comply with the characteristics of T. dissimilis sp. nov. in cephalic chaetotaxy and ungual teeth, while specimens 8172a, 8222b and 8344 appear to be a different form, but the type of tenent hairs in the old specimens are too obscure to determine this definitely., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan, Ding, Yinhuan & Ma, Yitong, 2017, Revision of Tomocerus similis Chen & Ma, with discussion of the kinoshitai complex and the distal tibiotarsal chaetae in Tomocerinae (Collembola, Tomoceridae), pp. 395-410 in Zootaxa 4268 (3) on pages 403-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4268.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/580507

Tomocerus persimilis sp. nov. Figs 1 B, 4, 5 Type material. Holotype male adult on slide. Purple Mountain, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 118��53'6.7"E, 32��3'40.4''N, alt. 117m, 15.iii.2015, by Chunyan Qin and Daoyuan YU (No. NJ 2015ZJ-1). Paratypes 4 female adults on slides, 5 in alcohol, same data as holotype. Two paratypes in alcohol in NTU, other types in NJAU. Description. Body length 2.7���3.8mm. Body ground colour brownish yellow, with diffuse dark pigment on head, thorax and legs. Anterior area of head and Th. II darker. Antennae dark purple. Eye patches black. (Fig. 1 B). Antennae short, 0.37���0.42 times as long as body. Length ratio of Ant I:II:III:IV= 1.0:1.4���1.6:5.4���6.0:1.7���2.0. Dorsal side of Ant. I and Ant. II scaled, Ant. III and Ant. IV unscaled. PAO not seen. Eyes 6+6. Mouthparts of Tomocerus type. Both dorsal and ventral sides of head scaled. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2, 2; interocular area: 2, 7, central unpaired macrochaeta present; postocular area: 2+2; posterior area: 0. Posterior margin of head with 40���50 small chaetae on each side (Fig. 4 A). Mentum with 5 chaetae, submentum with numerous chaetae. Pattern of body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 4 B. Bothriotricha 1, 1/ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 on Th. II���Abd. VI. Macrochaetae densely arranged along anterior margin of Th. II (not shown in figure). Th. II with a irregular row of macrochaetae behind anterior margin. Number of macrochaetae or large mesochaetae in the posterior row as 3, 3/ 3, 3, 4, 3, 4 from Th. II to Abd. V. Th. II with four central and one lateral macrochaetae, postero-central one near pseudopore; Th. III with anterior macrochaeta; Abd. III with two anterior macrochaetae; Abd. IV with one lateral macrochaeta; Abd. VI with numerous chaetae of different sizes. Mesochaetae most abundant laterally and posteriorly on terga. Pseudopores near the axis of terga, 1, 1/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 from Th. II to Abd. VI. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 small slender chaetae. Anterior, mid and hind tibiotarsi ventrally with 0, 0, 2 spine-like chaetae (Fig. 4 C). Each tibiotarsus with a distal whorl of 11 chaetae, ventral 6 as ordinary chaetae, dorsal 5 modified: tenent hair clavate on all legs, thin and short, about 0.58���0.75 times as long as inner edge of unguis; two accessory chaetae small, subequal to or slightly longer than pretarsal chaetae; two guard chaetae slender and long, subequal to or longer than tenent hair, about 0.75���1.0 times as long as unguis. Unguis slender, with baso-internal ridges about 1/3 distance from base; lateral teeth pointed, relatively small. Inner edge of unguis with distinct basal tooth, large sub-basal tooth and 2���4 small but distinct distal teeth. Unguiculus lanceolate, about 0.55���0.63 times as long as unguis, inner edge with 1���2 small teeth. Pretarsus chaetae 1+1 (Fig. 4 D). Ventral tube scaled only on anterior face. Anterior face with approximately 20 chaetae on each side, posterior face with approximately 70 chaetae, each lateral flap with 50���60 chaetae. Rami of tenaculum with 4+4 teeth, anterior face with 1 small chaeta and without scales. Ratio manubrium:dens:mucro=2.3���2.6:2.9���3.2:1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled and without chaetae, laterally with large round scales and 10 chaetae on each side, proximal 1���3 chaetae small, distal ones strong; each dorsal chaetal strip with 110���150 chaetae of different sizes; inner to each chaetal strip with a narrow band of scales, running from base to the middle of manubrium; prominent chaetae 2+2, long, slender and pointed; pseudopores 10���15 on each side (Fig 5 A); manubrial distal corner chaeta as microchaeta (Fig. 5 B). Dens basally with a pointed prominent dorsal chaeta, without large modified inner scale or strong outer chaetae. Dental spine formula as 3���4/1, II; all spines basally with several moderate to large sized denticles. Dens dorsally with ordinary chaetae and feather-like chaetae, ventrally with dense scales and several apical chaetae; distal subsegment with inner longitudinal row of short slender chaetae (Fig. 5 C). Mucro elongated and multi-setaceous; both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer basal tooth with or without toothlet; apical tooth longer than subapical one; structure of dorsal lamellae of Tomocerus type, outer lamella with 2���4 moderate sized intermediate teeth (Fig. 5 D). Etymology. Specific name from the Latin word persimilis, meaning more similar. Ecology. In humus layer of mixed forest. Remarks. In the old material, the population from the Purple Mountain (���Mt. Zijing��� in Chen and Ma 1997) is represented by paratype No. 8355. The old specimen was not well preserved and many characters are obscure, but some details on legs and furca are still recognisable. In ��� paratype 8355��� and the new specimens from the Purple Mountain, the ungual distal teeth are more distinct than in specimens from other localities, complying with the character of T. persimilis sp. nov. Compared to T. similis, T. persimilis sp. nov. is more similar to T. kinoshitai in the cephalic macrochaetotaxy. It differs from T. similis and T. dissimilis sp. nov. mainly in having central macrochaeta on the head and differs from T. kinoshitai in the absence of distal spine-like chaetae on the dens and in the presence of more ungual teeth. Also, T. persimilis sp. nov. is slightly darker and larger than both T. similis and T. dissimilis sp. nov., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan, Ding, Yinhuan & Ma, Yitong, 2017, Revision of Tomocerus similis Chen & Ma, with discussion of the kinoshitai complex and the distal tibiotarsal chaetae in Tomocerinae (Collembola, Tomoceridae), pp. 395-410 in Zootaxa 4268 (3) on pages 401-403, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4268.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/580507, {"references":["Chen, J. X. & Ma, Y. T. (1997) A new species of the genus Tomocerus (s. s.) (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from China. Entomotaxonomia, 19, 157 - 160."]}

Yu, Daoyuan, Ding, Yinhuan, Ma, Yitong (2017): Revision of Tomocerus similis Chen & Ma, with discussion of the kinoshitai complex and the distal tibiotarsal chaetae in Tomocerinae (Collembola, Tomoceridae). Zootaxa 4268 (3): 395-410, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4268.3.5

Tomocerus cthulhu sp. nov. Figs 1 D, E, 6, 7 Type material. Holotype female adult, on slide. Collected in Yanzhi Cave, Guijiao Village, Pingmeng Township, Napo County, Baise, Guangxi Province, China, 8.X.2015, by Youbang Li, Zhouquan Wei and Yueting Feng. Paratypes two female and three male adults on slides, 6 in 99% alcohol, same data as holotype. All types in NJAU. Description. Body length 2.7–3.0mm for males, 3.9–4.5mm for females. Body with uniform light brownish to blackish grey pigment, with unpigmented patches. Clypeus, antero-dorsal area of head, Ant.I and Ant. II darker. Eye patches black (Fig. 1 D). Intact antenna not seen. Longest observed broken antenna more than two times as long as body. Length ratio of Ant I:II= 1.0:1.4–1.5. Both dorsal and ventral sides of Ant. I and Ant. II scaled, Ant. III dorso-basally with several scales. PAO with oval central pit and fusiform vesicle, long diameter of central pit subequal to or slightly longer than that of eye (Fig. 6 A). Eyes 6+6, relatively small. Labral chaetae formula as 4/5, 5, 4. Distal edge of labrum with four curved spines. Mandibular head asymmetrical, the left one with 4 teeth and the right one with 5, left molar plate distally with a tapered tooth (Fig. 6 B). Basal teeth of maxillary lamella 5 longer than apical ones, without beard-like appendage (Fig. 6 C). Maxillary outer lobe with trifurcate palp, one basal chaeta and 4 sublobal hairs. Both dorsal and ventral sides of head scaled. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2; interocular area: 0; postocular area: 1+1; posterior area: 2+2. Posterior margin of head with 40–60 small chaetae (Fig. 6 D). Mentum with 5 chaetae, submentum with numerous chaetae. Pattern of body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 6 E. Number of bothriotricha as 2, 1/ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0. Macrochaetae densely arranged along anterior margin of Th. II (not shown in figure). Th. II with file of macrochaetae behind anterior margin. Number of macrochaetae or large mesochaetae in posterior row as 3, 3/ 2, 2, 3–4, 1–2, 4 from Th. II to Abd.V. Th. II with one central macrochaeta near pseudopore; Abd.III with two anterior macrochaetae; Abd.IV with one lateral macrochaeta; Abd.VI with numerous chaetae of different sizes. Most mesochaetae laterally and posteriorly on terga. Pseudopores near the axis of terga, number of them as 1, 1/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 from Th. II to Abd. VI. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 small slender chaetae. Front, middle and hind tibiotarsus ventrally with 4– 5, 3–5, 4 pointed spine-like chaetae (Fig. 6 F). Each tibiotarsus with distal whorl of 11 chaetae, ventral six as ordinary chaetae, dorsal five modified: tenent hair short, slender and pointed; one pair of accessory chaetae small, longer than pretarsal chaetae; one pair of guard chaetae slender, longer than tenent hair. Unguis slender, with basointernal ridges about 1/3 distance from base; lateral teeth pointed, of moderate size. Inner edge of unguis with an extremely minute basal tooth and 1–2 minute more distal teeth. Unguiculus slender, about 0.5–0.75 times as long as unguis, with sharply acuminate apex, its inner edge with one corner tooth. Pretarsus chaetae 1+1 (Fig. 6 G). In large specimens ventral tube covered with scales on both anterior and posterior faces, in small specimens both faces with only few scales or unscaled. Lateral flaps unscaled. Apical vesicles with 6–8 tentacle-like papillae on either side (Figs 1 E, 7A). Anterior face with 35–65 chaetae on each side, posterior face with 80–170 chaetae, each lateral flap with 50–115 chaetae. Rami of tenaculum with 4+4 teeth, anterior face with 1–11 small chaetae, without scale (Fig. 7 B, C). Furca length ratio as manubrium:dens:mucro=3.0–3.7:4.0–5.0:1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled, without chaetae, laterally with large round scales and 12–16 large chaetae, in some specimens with several small chaetae among large ones; each dorsal chaetal stripe with 200–300 chaetae of different sizes and a few randomly distributed inner scales, prominent chaetae 2+2, pointed and relatively short; pseudopores 16–29 on each side (Fig 7 D); external corner chaeta as large mesochaetae (Fig. 7 E). Dens basally with one pointed prominent dorsal chaeta, without large modified inner scale or strong outer chaetae. Dental spines formula as 3–5/ 4–5, I, 0–1, I; all spines with numerous moderate sized denticles (Fig. 7 F). Dens dorsally with ordinary chaetae and feather-like chaetae, ventrally covered by scales. Mucro elongated and multi-setaceous; both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer tooth with 1–3 toothlets; apical tooth longer than subapical one; structure of dorsal lamellae of Tomocerus type, outer lamella with 3–6 moderate sized intermediate teeth (Fig. 7 G). Etymology. Named after the fictional character Cthulhu from H. P. Lovecraft's novel The Call of Cthulhu, who has multiple tentacles on its face, similar to the appearance of ventral tube in the new species. Remarks. Among Tomocerinae, Tomocerus cthulhu sp. nov. is so far unique for its multi-furcated vesicles of ventral tube, which appears in both subadults and adults (young juvenile specimen not available). The exact effect of this modification is unclear, but it can be inferred that the papillae can enlarge the surface of the vesicle and probably advance its function of water-ionic exchange (Hopkin 1997). Tomocerus cthulhu sp. nov. is similar to T. postantennalis, T. dong sp. nov. and T. deharvengi sp. nov. in the habitus, the PAO, the claws and the shape of dental spines, but is different from the latters mainly in the lighter pigmentation, the cephalic and body chaetotaxy and the elongated apical tooth of mucro. Among all six specimens on slides, the females are distinctly larger than the males, tending to have more manubrial pseudopores and more chaetae on the ventral tube and dorsal side of manubrium. The number of chaetae on tenaculum has a large range of variation. In three observed males there are respectively 1, 1 and 2 such chaetae, while in three females the numbers are 3, 6 (or more) and 11, thus even within the same sex and similar body size the number is still variable. In three specimens the mucronal basal teeth are quite unusual on one or both sides, that the inner basal tooth could be doubled and the outer one could be trifurcated (Fig. 7 H) or quadrifurcated (Fig. 7 I). Most specimens have the dental spines arranged as 3–4/4–5, II, that no small spine appears between two large distal ones. But in one female the right dens bears 5/5, I, 1, I spines, and in this case the spines are arranged in approximately two rows (Fig. 7 J), and this individual has doubled inner basal tooth and trifurcated outer basal tooth on the right mucro.

Tomocerus deharvengi sp. nov. Figs 1 C, 4, 5 Type material. Holotype female adult, on slide. Collected in Lengshuicao Cave, Shuinongtun, Nabu Village, Baisheng Township, Napo County, Baise, Guangxi Province, China, 6.X.2015, by Youbang Li, Zhouquan Wei and Yueting Feng. Paratypes four female adults on slides, 10 in 99% alcohol, same data as holotype. All types in NJAU. Description. Body length 4.1���4.8mm. Body with uniform light to dark grey pigment, with unpigmented patches. Clypeus, antero-dorsal area of head, Ant.I and Ant. II darker. Eye patches black (Fig. 1 C). Intact antenna not seen, longest regenerated antenna approximately 1.4 times as long as body. Antenna length ratio as I:II:III+IV= 1.0:1.4:22.0���24.0. Both dorsal and ventral sides of Ant. I and Ant. II scaled, Ant. III dorsobasally with several scales. PAO with oval central pit and broad vesicle, long diameter of central pit subequal to that of eye (Fig. 4 A). Eyes 6+6, relatively small. Labral chaetae formula as 6/5, 5, 4. Distal edge of labrum with four curved spines each setting on a papilla-like structure (Fig. 4 B). Mandibular head asymmetrical, the left one with 4 teeth and the right one with 5, left molar plate distally with a tapered tooth (Fig. 4 C). Basal teeth of maxillary lamella 5 elongated, without beard-like appendage (Fig. 4 D). Maxillary outer lobe with trifurcate palp (Fig. 4 E), one basal chaeta and 4 sublobal hairs. Both dorsal and ventral sides of head scaled. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2; interocular area: 2, central uneven macrochaeta absent; postocular area: 2+2; posterior area: 1+1. Posterior margin of head with 70���80 small chaetae (Fig. 4 F). Mentum with 5 chaetae, submentum with numerous chaetae. Pattern of body chaetotaxy as in Fig. 4 G. Number of bothriotricha as 2, 1/ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 on Th. II���Abd. VI. Macrochaetae densely arranged along anterior margin of Th. II (not shown in figure). Th. II with a file of macrochaetae behind anterior margin. Number of macrochaetae or large mesochaetae in the posterior row as 3, 3/ 3, 3, 4, 2, 4 from Th. II to Abd.V. Th. II with two central macrochaetae, posterior one near pseudopore; Abd.III with two anterior macrochaetae; Abd.IV with one antero-lateral macrochaeta; Abd.VI with numerous chaetae of different sizes. Most mesochaetae laterally and posteriorly on terga. Pseudopores near the axis of terga, number of them as 1, 1/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 small slender chaetae. Front, middle and hind tibiotarsus ventrally with 4��� 5, 4���5, 5���6 spine-like chaetae (Fig. 4 H). Each tibiotarsus with a distal whorl of 11 chaetae, ventral six as ordinary chaetae, dorsal five modified: morphology of tenent hair unknown, its sockets slightly larger than those of guard chaetae; a pair of accessory chaetae small, subequal to pretarsal chaetae; one pair of guard chaetae slender (Fig. 5 A). Unguis slender, with baso-internal ridges about 1/3 distance from base; lateral teeth pointed, of moderate size. Inner edge of unguis with one basal and one central minute teeth. Unguiculus slender, about 0.5���0.75 times as long as unguis, its inner edge with one large corner tooth. Pretarsus chaetae 1+1 (Fig. 5 B). Ventral tube with scales on both anterior and posterior faces, lateral flaps unscaled, anterior face with about 40���50 chaetae on each side, posterior face with 90���120 chaetae, each lateral flap with 95���110 chaetae. Rami of tenaculum with 4+4 teeth, anterior face with 6���7 small chaetae and without scale (Fig. 5 C). Furca length ratio as manubrium:dens:mucro=3.0���3.5:4.5���5.4:1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled, without chaetae, laterally with large round scales and 9���11 chaetae, proximal 1���2 small, distal ones large, moderately developed; each dorsal chaetal stripe with 250���300 chaetae of different sizes and a few randomly distributed inner scales, prominent chaetae 2+2, pointed; pseudopores 13���16 on each side (Fig 5 D); external corner chaeta as large as moderate sized mesochaetae in chaetal stripe (Fig. 5 E). Dens basally with a pointed prominent dorsal chaeta, without large modified inner scale or strong outer chaetae. Dental spines formula as 3���4/3���4, I, 1, I; all spines with numerous small to moderate sized denticles (Fig. 5 F). Dens dorsally with ordinary chaetae and feather-like chaetae, ventrally covered by scales. Mucro elongated and multi-setaceous; both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer tooth with relatively large toothlet; apical and subapical tooth subequal; structure of dorsal lamellae of Tomocerus type, outer lamella with 5��� 7 moderate sized intermediate teeth (Fig. 5 G). Etymology. Named after the French collembologist and speleologist Dr. Louis Deharveng. Remarks. Tomocerus deharvengi sp. nov. is congruent with T. postantennalis in most characters, especially in the habitus, the PAO, the prelabral chaetae, the body chaetotaxy, the claw and the dental spines. However, they are still considerably different in several characters: T. postantennalis has four macrochaetae in the anterior area of head, whereas T. deharvengi sp. nov. has only two; with the same or larger body size, the latter species has less pseudopores on manubrium and less dental spines on the middle subsegment of dens. Besides, the PAO in T. deharvengi sp. nov. has a broad outer vesicle which is not seen in Tomocerus postantennalis, but considering the vesicle may be eversible, this difference can not be used in diagnosis at present., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan & Li, Youbang, 2016, New troglomorphic species of Tomocerus with well-developed postantennal organs (Collembola: Tomoceridae), pp. 361-372 in Zootaxa 4162 (2) on pages 365-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/272315

Tomocerus qixiaensis Yu sp. nov. Figs 1E–H, 4, 5 Type material. Holotype female on slide. Collected in Qixia Mountain, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 118°57'22.2"E, 32°9'34''N, alt= 155m, 6.XII.2014, by Chunyan Qin & Daoyuan Yu (sample code NJ2014QX-2). Paratypes 3 females on slides, 5 in alcohol, same data as holotype. Deposited in NJAU. Description. Body length 3.3–4.3 mm. Ground colour of head and terga yellow, with unpigmented patches all over; ventral side of body white. Antenna purple all over except joints. Eye patches black, purple pigment circling antennal base and diffusely around clypeus and eye patch. Lateral side of Th. II, Th. III and Abd. I with relatively thin purple band. Legs purple except subcoxae and joints (Fig. 1E). Lateral flaps, anterior face and distal part of posterior face of ventral tube purple. Manubrium dorsally with two longitudinal purple bands along chaetal stripes (Fig. 1F), ventral side diffusely purple. Scales brown. PAO not seen. Eyes 6+6. Antenna 0.6–0.7 times as long as body. Antenna length ratio as I:II:III:IV= 1.0: 1.4– 1.5: 8.5–9.3:0.7–0.8. Both dorsal and ventral sides of Ant. I and Ant. II scaled, base of Ant. III dorsally scaled, Ant. IV unscaled. Labral formula 4/5, 5, 4, distal edge of labrum with four curved papillae. Mandibular heads asymmetrical, left one with four teeth and right one with five, left molar plate distally with tapered tooth (Fig. 4A). Basal teeth of maxillary lamella 5 prolonged, without beard-like appendage. Maxillary outer lobe with trifurcate palp, basal chaeta and four sublobal hairs. Both dorsal and ventral sides of head scaled. Cephalic dorsal macrochaetotaxy: anterior area: 2, 4; interocular area: 2, 7, with central chaeta; postocular area: 2+2; posterior area: 3+3. Posterior margin with about 30+30 small chaetae (Fig. 4B). Mentum with five chaetae, submentum with numerous chaetae. Pattern of body chaetotaxy as Fig. 4C. Bothriotricha formula as 2, 1/ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0. Th. II with dense macrochaetae along anterior margin and row of macrochaetae behind anterior margin. Number of macrochaetae or large mesochaetae in posterior row as 3, 3/ 3, 3, 4, 2, 4 (3 dorsal+1 lateral). Th. II with full set of central macrochaetae in "triangle" and additional smaller macrochaeta; antero-lateral macrochaeta present on Th. III; Abd. III with two anterior macrochaetae; Abd. IV with antero-lateral macrochaeta; Abd. VI with numerous chaetae of moderate size. Most mesochaetae laterally and posteriorly on terga. Pseudopores near the middle line of terga, formula as 1, 1/ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0; on Th. II pseudopore near posterior macrochaeta of central triangle. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 slender chaetae (Fig. 4D). Front, middle and hind tibiotarsus ventrally with 5–6, 7–8, 7–8 strong spine-like chaetae, proximal 1–2 and distal 1–2 strong chaetae gradually narrowed towards apices and pointed, others subcylindrical, suddenly narrowed near apices, blunt or pointed (Fig. 4E). Tibiotarsal distal whorl with 11 chaetae, ventral six ordinary, dorsal five modified: tenent hair strong and clavate, as long as or slightly shorter than inner edge of unguis; two accessory chaetae small and slender, subequal to or longer than pretarsal chaetae; two guard chaetae thin and long. Unguis slender, with baso-internal ridging; lateral teeth pointed, of moderate size. Inner edge of unguis with 5–6 teeth, sub-basal tooth strongest, basal and distal teeth small. Unguiculus 0.5–0.6 times as long as unguis, inner edge with 0–1 small tooth. Pretarsus chaetae 1+1 (Fig. 4F). Ventral tube with scales on both anterior and posterior faces, anterior face with about 30 chaetae on each side, posterior face with 110–120 chaetae, lateral flaps unscaled, each lateral flap with about 110 chaetae. Rami of tenaculum with 4+4 teeth, anterior face of corpus with about 25 chaetae, without scales (Fig. 4G). Ratio manubrium:dens:mucro=2.6–2.9: 3.6–3.7: 1.0. Manubrium ventrally scaled, without chaetae, laterally with large round scales and 11 chaetae, proximal chaetae thinner than distal ones, distal 7–8 chaetae spine-like; each dorsal chaetal stripe with about 250 chaetae of different sizes, with blunt prominent chaeta near center; file of dorsal scales along inner side of chaetal stripe, running about 0.33 length of manubrium from base; pseudopores 14–19 on each side (Fig. 5A); external corner chaeta as large as moderate sized mesochaetae in chaetal stripe (Fig. 5B). Dens basally with dorsal blunt prominent chaeta, without inner large modified scale or outer strong chaetae. Dental spines formula as 3–5/3–4, II, distal spine strongest (Fig. 5C); all spines with numerous small denticles (Fig. 1G, H). Dens dorsally with ordinary chaetae and feather-like chaetae, ventrally covered by scales. Mucro elongated and multi-setaceous; both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer tooth with toothlet; apical tooth slightly prolonged, subequal to or larger than subapical tooth; two dorsal lamellae running from subapical tooth, outer lamella with 4– 6 intermediate teeth, ending at inner basal tooth, inner lamella ending freely at base (Fig. 5D). Etymology. Specific name derived from the type locality Qixia Mountain. Ecology. In semi-decomposed litter of Liquidambar formosana and Pterocarya stenoptera. Genebank accession number: KT246487, KT246488, KT246489. Remarks. The shape and arrangement of dental spines of Tomocerus qixiaensis sp. nov. are almost identical with those of the true T. ocreatus and T. qinae sp. nov., but the denticles on spines are smaller. Among the ocreatus complex, T. qixiaensis sp. nov. is more similar to T. folsomi in the short antenna, the colour pattern, the shape of claw and the small denticles on dental spines, but can be distinguished from the latter by the blunt prominent chaetae on manubrium, the dental spines formula and the smaller number of mucronal intermediate teeth. The body chaetotaxy of T. qixiaensis sp. nov. is almost identical with that of T. qinae sp. nov., including the possible variations on Th. II, but its cephalic chaetotaxy is different from that of the latter in having two additional lateral macrochaetae in the posterior area. The blunt prominent macrochaetae on manubrium and dens are also characteristic for T. qixiaensis sp. nov. Unlike the 2+2, 1 pattern in other species (Yosii 1967), the new species has a 1+1, 1 pattern, with only two prominent chaetae in the middle of manubrium. Malformation is found in one specimen that the outer basal tooth on mucro is absent and the inner basal tooth is tripled, with membranes between each (Fig. 5E). A similar condition has been reported in Tritomurus falcifer Cassagnau, 1958 (Cassagnau 1964)., Published as part of Yu, Daoyuan, Yao, Jin & Hu, Feng, 2016, Two new species of Tomocerus ocreatus complex (Collembola, Tomoceridae) from Nanjing, China, pp. 125-134 in Zootaxa 4084 (1) on pages 130-133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4084.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1050917, {"references":["Yosii, R. (1967) Studies on the Collembolan family Tomoceridae, with special reference to Japanese forms. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory Kyoto University, 20, 1 - 54.","Cassagnau, P. (1958) Faune francaise des Collemboles VIII. Sur la presence en France du genre Tritomurus Frauenfeld. Notes Biospeologiques, 13, 121 - 124.","Cassagnau, P. (1964) Faune Francaise des Collemboles. XIV: Sur quelques Entomobryomorphes cavernicoles des Pyrenees. Annales de Speleologie, 19, 741 - 750."]}

Tomocerina annamitica sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9AD947EC-5A05-4385-9A92-8B0DC590A94D Figs 1B, 4, 5 Diagnosis Tomocerina species with typical body size and pigmentation; antennae about 0.8 times as long as body, relatively long for Tomocerina; Th. II with only one bothriotrichum; tibiotarsi with multiple strong chaetae; tenet hair small and pointed; unguis with 1–2 inner teeth; dental spines compound with denticles; only one distal spine distinctly larger; mucro without intermediate tooth. Etymology Specific name derived from its type locality: the southern Annamitic range. Type material Holotype VIETNAM: ♀, on slide. Collected in Hon Giao, Bi Doup massif, northeast of Dalat, Lam Dong Province, 108°42’53”E, 12°11’11’’N, alt. 1630 m, mixed forest litter, 12 Jun. 2008, by Louis Deharveng & Anne Bedos (sample code Vn08-150), deposited in MNHN (specimen Vn08-150_Ta1). Paratypes VIETNAM: 2 ♀♀, on slides, same data as holotype, 1 in HCMCU (specimen Vn08-150_Ta2) and 1 in NJAU (specimen Vn08-150_Ta3). Other material examined VIETNAM: 5 specimens on slides and 28 specimens in alcohol, collected in the Hon Ba Nature Reserve, Kanh Hoa Province, located 25 km east-southeast of Hon Giao and 25 km south-southwest of Nha Trang, 108°56’55’’– 108°58’51’’E, 12°06’35’’– 12°07’09’’N, mixed forest litter, Nov. 2013, by Louis Deharveng & Anne Bedos: alt. 850 m, Vn13-072 (3 in alcohol); 890 m, Vn13-126 (2 in alcohol), Vn13- 135 (4 in alcohol); 1050 m, Vn13-054 (2 ♀♀, on slides), Vn13-057 (1 Ƌ and 1 ♀, on sildes), Vn13-114 (1 on slide, sex undetermined), Vn13-120 (8 in alcohol); 1350 m, Vn13-039 (5 in alcohol); 1500 m, Vn13-231 (6 in alcohol). Description Body length 1.6–1.8 mm. Body colour light grey, antennae light purple, eye patches black, scales brown (Fig. 1B). Clothing of Tomocerinae type, similar to that of Tomocerus ocreatus. PAO not seen. Eyes 6+6. Antenna about 0.75–0.90 times as long as body. Antenna length ratio I:II:III: IV=1.0:1.3–1.5:5.5–6.0:2.2–2.5, Ant. I and Ant. II dorsally scaled, Ant. III and Ant. IV unscaled. Labral formula 4/5, 5, 4, the distal 4 chaetae stronger. Distal edge of labrum with four curved spine-like papillae, ventro-distal brush well developed. Mandibular head asymmetrical, the left one with 4 teeth (including a basal rounded one) and the right one with 5, left molar plate distally with tapered tooth (Fig. 4A). Basal teeth of maxillary lamella 5 elongated without beard-like appendage (Fig. 4B). Maxillary outer lobe with trifurcate pulp, basal chaeta and 4 sublobal hairs (Fig. 4C). Cephalic dorsal chaetotaxy: anterior area: 2, 4; interocular area: 2, 6, central chaeta absent; postocular area: 2+2; posterior area: 2; posterior margin: about 20+20 small chaetae of different sizes (Fig. 4D). Both dorsal and ventral side of head scaled. Mentum with 5 chaetae, submentum with numerous chaetae. Pattern of body chaetotaxy as Fig. 4E. 1, 1 /0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 bothriotricha on Th. II–Abd. VI. Macrochaetae densely along anterior margin of Th. II (not shown in figure). Th. II with a row of macrochaetae behind anterior margin. Number of macro- or large mesochaetae in the posterior row as 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 4 (3 dorsal+1 lateral) from Th. II to Abd. V. On Th. II pseudopore near posterior macrochaeta of the 3 central ones; Th. III with anterior macrochaeta; on Abd. III s-microchaeta posterior to lateral macrochaetae; Abd. IV with antero-lateral macrochaeta and numerous long s-chaetae, 4 inner mesochaetae in posterior row prominent but smaller than outer macrochaeta; on Abd. VI dorsal flap with 2+2 and lateral flap with 3 macrochaetae. Most mesochaetae laterally and posteriorly on terga. Pseudopores near the axis of terga, 1, 1/1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 from Th. II–Abd. VI. Legs with numerous ordinary chaetae. Trochantero-femoral organ with 1, 1 chaetae. Tibiotarsi dorsally with 1, 1, 3 prominent chaetae from front to hind leg, ventrally with 5–7, 4, 5–6 strong chaetae, only 2, 1, 2 of them blunt (Fig. 4F). Each tibiotarsus with a distal whorl of 11 chaetae, the dorsal 5 modified: tenent hair pointed, short and thin; 2 accessory chaetae about as long as but thicker than tenent hair, and longer than pretarsal chaetae; 2 outer guard chaetae strong, as long as inner edge of unguis (Fig. 5 A–C). Scales absent from front and mid tibiotarsi but present on hind tibiotarsus. Unguis slender, lateral teeth of moderate size, internal ridging present. Inner edge of unguis with a small basal and 0–1 larger more distal teeth. Unguiculus about half as long as unguis, without tooth on inner or outer edge. Pretarsus with 1+1 chaetae (Fig. 5C). Ventral tube anteriorly with a few small scales, each side with 20–25 chaetae; posteriorly unscaled, with about 40 chaetae; lateral flap unscaled, each side with about 25 chaetae. Tenaculum with 4+4 teeth, unscaled, anterior face with 1 chaeta about as long as rami (Fig. 5D). Ratio manubrium: dens: mucro= 2.0–2.2:2.9–3.2:1.0. Manubrium ventrally with only scales, laterally with scales and 8 chaetae, proximal 2 chaetae small and slender, distal 6 chaetae distinctly stronger; dorsal scales absent; each dorsal chaetal stripe with about 70 chaetae in different sizes, without blunt chaetae; pseudopores 5–6 on each side (Fig. 5E); external corner chaeta as large as small chaetae in chaetal stripe (Fig. 5F). Dental spines formula 4/3, I, a small pointed scale present ventrally to basal spines; all spines with several large denticles near base, superficial texture different between dorsal and ventral sides: dorsally with only fine longitudinal ribs, ventrally with longitudinal ribs and distal tiny serrations (Fig. 5G). The largest spine about 0.1 times as long as dens. Dens dorsally with feather-like chaetae between ordinary chaetae. Stripe of feather-like chaetae starting from centre of middle subsegment of dens, ending a short distance to the apex of dens. Ventral side of dens covered by scales, several chaetae present apically. Mucro elongated and multisetaceous, with two dorsal lamellae; both basal teeth with proximal lamellae, outer tooth without toothlet; apical tooth elongated, stronger than subapical tooth; intermediate teeth absent (Fig. 5H). Remarks Among Tomocerina, the new species is similar to those of the minuta group in its small body size, grey body colour and shape of mucro, but is different from them mainly in the chaetotaxy and the shape of dental spines. It is similar to Tomocerina purpurithora Liu, Hou & Li, 1999 from Sichuan Province, China in the shape of dental spines, but is different from the latter mainly in the cephalic chaetotaxy, the number of tibiotarsal strong inner chaetae, the number of chaetae on tenaculum, the dental spines formula and the number of teeth on mucro (Table 1). Tomocerina annamitica sp. nov. is the southernmost distributed species of Tomocerina, a genus mostly diversified in northern temperate to cold temperate regions. However, so far Tomocerina is poorly defined by only a minute character: the absence of corner toothlet on outer basal tooth of mucro. In this respect, the presence of only 1+1 bothriotricha on Th. II of Tomocerina annamitica sp. nov. might provide an interesting character, while most other species of Tomocerinae have 2+2. Investigation on this character in different groups of Tomocerinae is in progress to assess its phylogenetic value.