Search

Background: About 15% of all clinically confirmed pregnancies around the world, result in spontaneous loss. More than 80% of miscarriages occur in the first trimester, or before 12 weeks of gestation, and almost half of them are caused by chromosomal abnormalities. The loss of three or more pregnancies in a row constitutes recurrent miscarriage; there are several potential reasons. According to the WHO, the phases of spontaneous miscarriage are: Threatened miscarriage, inevitable miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, and full miscarriage. This article will be looking at different RPL causes, its prevalence and psychological effects on Saudi women. Objectives: The study aims to summarize current evidences regarding recurrent pregnancy lost risk factors, and its prevalence among Saudi women in different demographics and regions. Methods: For article selection, the PubMed database and EBSCO Information Services were used. All relevant articles relevant with our topic and other articles were used in our review. Other articles that were not related to this field were excluded. The data was extracted in a specific format that was reviewed by the group members. Conclusion: Our study included 9 studies in total, 3 of these studies focused on the prevalence of RPL in different Saudi regions, 5 others focused on different risk factors correlated with miscarriage among Saudi women such as genetic reasons, long working hours and consanguinity. One study included discussed the psychological effects of RPL on Saudi women.

Background: Letrozole is a highly steroidal and selective oral aromatase inhibitor (AI). Serval studies shows that Co-treatment with letrozole significantly reduced gonadotropin consumption and the incidence of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome in normal/high responders, with pregnancy outcomes comparable to or better than the other groups. In this article we will be looking at role of letrozole in treatment of infertility Methodology: A simple systematic review was carried out, searching databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO. The authors extracted qualitative data, and then the author's names, year, study type, methodology, and the result were reported. Results and Conclusion: Letrozole has effectiveness which is near the usage of the Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin in the numbers of pregnancies per cycle but have much less cost which indicates cost effectiveness of the drug. Furthermore, studies show that administration of the drug is effective in inducing pregnancy, with higher dose more than 5mg and 7.5mg more effective.

Nella rivoluzione silenziosa che i diritti di famiglia stanno attraversando negli ultimi decenni in Europa a seguito delle nuove tendenze socio-culturali, il diritto di famiglia musulmano è stato al centro di particolare attenzione, in quanto la comunità musulmana sta diventando una realtà visibile delle società pluralistiche europee. I dati empirici evidenziano che le disposizioni del diritto di famiglia musulmano vengono applicate in modo non ufficiale, in quanto non accolte all’interno dei sistemi legali europei. Al contempo, vi è l’esigenza di applicare queste disposizioni per la famiglia, in quanto strettamente legate al diritto religioso sia della sfera familiare che dell’identità religiosa. Questa situazione sta generando nuove sfide legali e sociali in Europa in quanto la mancanza di ufficialità ha portato a diritti di famiglia non tutelati e ad incertezze in sede legale. Inoltre, vi è una seria preoccupazione che ciò possa dare luogo all’interno delle società europee a comunità segregate che regolano le questioni riguardanti la famiglia al di fuori del controllo dello Stato. Da qui emergono notevoli responsabilità e problematiche complesse per i sistemi giuridici europei. Questa tesi si propone di discutere le ragioni fondamentali e le reali sfide del diritto di famiglia musulmano in Europa all’interno delle principali tematiche che seguono: in primis, il quadro giuridico del diritto religioso e della famiglia nell’applicazione del codice religioso di famiglia. In secondo luogo, l’applicabilità del Diritto Privato Internazionale nel riconoscimento e implementazione delle disposizioni del diritto di famiglia musulmano in Europa. In terzo luogo, il caso studio dell’applicazione non ufficiale del diritto di famiglia musulmano in Italia, comparato con i risultati di studi effettuati in altri paesi europei. Infine, le principali sfide relative alle questioni del pluralismo legale e dei diritti umani, incluso il quadro giuridico del diritto di famiglia musulmano. Ciò che è principalmente emerso è la complessità della tematica, dove è fondamentale adottare un approccio interdisciplinare a livello socio-legale, per trovare soluzioni concrete nelle società pluralistiche europee attraverso un maggiore coinvolgimento della legge di stato e una migliore comprensione delle sfide che la giurisprudenza e i musulmani affrontano. Abstract In the silent revolution that family laws in Europe have witnessed over the past decades as a result of new social and cultural tendencies, Muslim family law has been the focus of particular attention since Muslims are becoming a visible part of European pluralistic societies. Empirical data shows that Muslim family provisions are being applied unofficially since there is no official accommodation within the European legal system. At the same time there is a need for these family provisions which are strongly connected with religious rights in family life as well as religious identity. This situation is bringing new legal and social challenges in Europe since the lack of officiality has led to unprotected family rights and legal uncertainty. Moreover, there is deep concern of creating segregated communities within the European societies that regulate their family issues outside the control of the state. All this brings to the scene important responsibilities and challenging issues for the European legal system. This thesis discusses the meaningful justifications and real challenges of Muslim family law in Europe in the following main areas: First, the legal framework of religious and family rights when applying a religious family code. Second, the applicability of International Private Law when recognizing and implementing Muslim family law provisions within Europe. Third, the unofficial Muslim family law applied in Italy, as a study case, in comparison to the results of studies in other European countries. Fourth, the main challenges when addressing and dealing with legal pluralism and human rights concerns, including Muslim family law. The major finding is the complexity of this issue, where an interdisciplinary socio–legal approach is essential in order to find concrete solutions for pluralistic European societies through the greater engagement of state law and a better understanding of the challenges that face the legal system and individual Muslims.

Purpose of the study To investigate postgraduation emigration intents of medical students throughout different years and different universities in Jordan. Study design This cross-sectional study was conducted via an online self-administered questionnaire from medical students in six schools of medicine in Jordan. Our questionnaire included two sections with questions regarding sociodemographic, intentions and reasons behind residency and fellowship abroad, and views on Jordanian residency programmes. Results Of a sample of 1006, 55.7% were females, and 90.7% were holding Jordanian citizenship. 85% and 63% of respondents intended to pursue residency and fellowship abroad, respectively. Intention to continue residency abroad was associated with males, expatriates and those living in urban areas. The main three destinations were the USA (37.4%), UK (22.3%) and Germany (16.6%). 30% of respondents intended to leave the country permanently, because of low salaries, poor education and lower ranking of Jordan residency programmes. When asked about ranking Jordanian residency programmes, it was found that on average, students ranked military hospitals first and government hospitals last with university hospitals being in second place and private hospitals in third. Conclusion Unfortunately, a striking number of Jordanian medical students intended to leave the country postgraduation, which points towards the necessity for Ministry of health to take immediate actions to reduce the loss of our best students.

Resymé Denne oppgaven er basert på åtte kvalitative intervjuer med fengselsbetjenter. Oppgavens tematikk sentrerer seg rundt forestillinger om kjønn i kriminalomsorgen. Hvor problemstillingen lyder i den forbindelse som følger: «Hvordan settes kjønn i spill i fengselsbetjenters fortellinger om eget arbeid og i deres forestillinger om kriminalitet?». Formålet med prosjektet er å undersøke fengselsbetjents erfaringer og fortellinger om kjønn og likestilling. Disse forestillingene og forståelsene blir i denne oppgaven tolket i lys av teoretisk perspektiv med «kjønnsbrillene» som jeg ser når jeg gjennomfører intervjuer og når jeg tolker dem. Analysekapitlene er tilknyttet de tre underliggende spørsmålene i problemstillingen, som lyder som følger: - Hvordan skal fengselsbetjentene forstå "omsorg" for innsatte, både i praksis og i prinsippet, og hvilken grad skiller de mellom "maskulin" omsorg og "feminin omsorg"? - Hvordan forstår fengselsbetjentene kriminelle atferd og i hvilken grad er disse forståelsen kjønnet? - Hvordan skal fengselsbetjenten forstå deres roller og ansvar, og i hvilken grad oppfatter de disse rollene og ansvarene som kjønnede? Det avsluttende kapittelet oppsummerer forskningsfunnene basert på empirisk materiale inspirert av informantintervjuer. Et av de mest fremtredende funnene i denne studien er at mannlige og kvinnelige betjenter jobber i kriminalomsorgen side om side, og at det ikke er noen vesentlig rolle for kjønnet til fengselsbetjenten i å bestemme type omsorg eller kjønn på personen som mottar omsorg. Et av de viktigste funnene er at fengselsbetjenter ikke mener at kjønn har en sentral rolle i kriminell atferd og konklusjonen i studien indikerer at informanter ikke ser en stor rolle kjønn har i yrket sitt. ABSTRACT This thesis is based on eight qualitative interviews with prison officers. The thesis' focuses on notions of gender in prison care. «How is gender made relevant in prison officers’ narratives of their own work and in their narratives on crime?”. The purpose of the project is to investigate prison officers' experiences and stories about gender and equality in prison care. In this thesis, these ideas and understandings are interpreted in the light of gender theory. The analysis chapters are linked to the three underlying questions in the problem statement, which read as follows: - How should prison officers understand "care" for prisoners, both in practice and in principle, and to what extent do they distinguish between "masculine" care and "feminine care"? - How do prison officers understand criminal behavior and to what extent is this understanding gendered? - How should the prison officer understand their roles and responsibilities, and to what extent do they perceive these roles and responsibilities as gendered? The concluding chapter summarizes the research findings based on empirical material inspired by informant interviews. One of the most prominent findings in this study is that male and female officers work in prison care side by side, and that there is no significant role for the gender of the prison officer in determining the type of care or gender of the person receiving. One of the most important findings is that prison officers do not believe that gender has a central role in criminal behavior and the conclusion of the study indicates that informants do not see gender as significant in their profession.

The revolution of January 25, 2011 in Egypt takes place with the Police Day, and was apopular revolution to remove President Hosni Mubarak due to the deterioration of livingconditions, political and economic. During this revolution, violations was occurred in variousforms due stress of life and not providing a decent life. Egypt is the second largest country inthe population after Nigeria in Africa about 100 million people live on the banks of the RiverNile on an area of about 40 thousand square kilometers, and where the rates of poor people to80%. The scale of violations was very high on Government and private property, includingmost of Egypt sites. UNESCO wanted to remove some of Egypt's archeological sites from theWorld Heritage List as a result of the deterioration of the situation due to the January 2011revolution, the deterioration of some archaeological sites and the violation of them.And To activate international cooperation to uphold local and international law in accordancewith international conventions. And in accordance with the local laws issued by Egypt on theprotection of antiquities and the fight against corruption, especially Law 117 of 1983 andamended by Law 3 in 2010 and its executive regulations and the provisions of the decisions ofthe Minister of Culture in this regard and Law 119 of 2008, with declaration of theestablishment of the National Organization for Urban Harmony, Which is based on theprotection of buildings and real estates. جاءت ثورة ٢٥ يناير ٢٠١١ بمصر لتوافق عيد الشرطة ، وکانت ثورة شعبية للإطاحة برئيس الجمھورية حسنى مبارکلتدھور الأحوال المعيشية والسياسية والاقتصادية. وفى أعقاب ھذه الثورة حدثت تعديات بأشکال مختلفة نتيجة غيابالوعي الشعبي والانفلات الأمني . وقد کان حجم التعديات کبير جدا على أملاک الدولة والأملاک الخاصة حيث شمل جمعأنحاء مصر . وبقدر ما کان لثورة يناير ٢٠١١ آثار سلبية والتى ظھرت فى صورة تعديات على الأراضي الزراعيةوعلى ضفاف المجاري المائية والأنھار ، وبناء مبان جديدة دون تصاريح وانتھاک للمباني الأثرية والتراثية ، کان ردالفعل على ھذه الانتھاکات ھو الإزالة والتعديل والإصلاح. ھذا بالإضافة الى مشاريع جديدة ساعدت على جذب الاستثمارفي جميع مجالات الحياة. لذا کان لثورة يناير ٢٠١١ آثار سلبية وآثار إيجابية ، مما أدى إلى تحسن في ظروف مصرالاقتصادية والسياسية.

İnsanların yaşamlarını sürdürdükleri fiziksel çevrenin tasarım ve planlanmasında öncelikle bölgedeki iklimi anlamak, değerlendirmek ve insanların kendilerini rahat hissedecekleri ortamı oluşturmak son derece önemlidir. İnsan yaşamı büyük oranda iklimden etkilenmektedir. İnsanların kendilerini rahat hissedebilmeleri için ortamın belirli bir sıcaklık, nem ve rüzgâr aralığında olmaları gerekmektedir. Bu aralık konfor bölgesi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Konfor şartlarının uygun olmadığı alanlarda insanlar kendilerini rahatsız hissetmekte ve oradan ayrılmak istemektedirler. Biyokonfor açısından uygun alanlarda yerleşim alanları kurulması insanların sağlıklarını, rahatlarını ve psikolojilerini etkilemenin yanında aynı zamanda enerji sarfiyatı üzerinde de büyük oranda etkili olmaktadır. Bundan dolayı kentsel planlama çalışmalarında biyokonfor alanları belirlenmeli ve planlamalarda mutlaka göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.Bu çalışmada Gaziantep İli genelinde biyokonfor açısından uygun olan ve olmayan alanların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında ayrıca nem, rüzgar hızı, yağış ve sıcaklık değerleri ile biyokonforun mevsimsel değişimi de incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda yıllık ortalama iklim verileri kullanılarak yapılan hesaplamalara göre Gaziantep il genelinin yaklaşık %88,83'ünün biyokonfor açısından uygun olduğu ancak, biyokonfor açısından uygun alanların mevsimsel bazda önemli ölçüde değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ilkbahar ve sonbahar mevsiminde ilin büyük bölümü konforlu alanlar olarak belirlenirken kış mevsiminde ilin tamamının konforsuz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu durum yıllık ortalama verilere dayanılarak hesaplama yapmanın doğru olmadığını göstermektedir. Bundan dolayı biyokonfor çalışmalarının mevsimsel hatta aylık olarak yapılması önerilmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyokonfor, Gaziantep, CBS, mevsimsel değişim In the designation and planning of physical environment in which humans lead their lives, it is crucial to construe the climate in a region as a first step, conduct a thorough assessment and create a favorable environment to help humans feel comfortable. Humans' lives are substantially affected by climate. To help humans feel comfortable, surrounding ambiance is required to offer temperature, humidity and wind values within a certain range. This range is termed as comfort zone. If the conditions are unfavorable to provide comfort in certain areas, humans feel disturbed and drive an urge to leave that place. Establishing settlements in places fit for biocomfort has positive effects on the health, comfort and psychology of humans while also rendering a major effect on energy consumption alike. Hence, in urban planning works, it is suggested to designate biocomfort zones and decidedly be considered in plannings.The aim of this study is to designate suitable and unsuitable biocomfort zones in Gaziantep Province. Further to that; within the scope of this study an investigation was conducted on humidity, wind speed, precipitation and temperature values as well as seasonal changes in biocomfort. At the end of this research, average annual climatic data were employed in computations. It was detected that around 88,83% of Gaziantep province was suitable for biocomfort. Nonetheless, it was revealed that suitable zones for biocomfort significantly changed depending on seasons. At the end of this study it was highlighted that during spring and fall season a vast majority of the city was comfortable whereas in winter season the entire city was measured to be uncomfortable. This finding postulates that conducting a computation based on average annual data only is not necessarily accurate thus it is reasonable to suggest that studies on biocomfort should be conducted seasonally and even monthly. Key Words: Biocomfort, Gaziantep, GIS, seasonal change 71

Sunscreen formulations containing UVB filters, such as Zinc-oxide (ZnO) and titanium-dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed to limit the exposure of human skin to UV-radiations. Unfortunately, these UVB protective agents have failed in controlling the skin cancer incidence. We recently demonstrated that silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) could serve as novel protective agents against UVB-radiations. Here our goal was to perform comparative analysis of direct and indirect UVB-protection efficacy of ZnO-, TiO2- and Ag-NPs. Sun-protection-factor calculated based on their UVB-reflective/absorption abilities was the highest for TiO2-NPs followed by Ag- and ZnO-NPs. This was further confirmed by studying indirect protection of UVB radiation-induced death of HaCaT cells. However, only Ag-NPs were active in protecting HaCaT cells against direct UVB-induced DNA-damage by repairing bulky-DNA lesions through nucleotide-excision-repair mechanism. Moreover, Ag-NPs were also effective in protecting HaCaT cells from UVB-induced oxidative DNA damage by enhancing SOD/CAT/GPx activity. In contrast, ZnO- and TiO2-NPs not only failed in providing any direct protection from DNA-damage, but rather enhanced oxidative DNA-damage by increasing ROS production. Together, these findings raise concerns about safety of ZnO- and TiO2-NPs and establish superior protective efficacy of Ag-NPs.

The psychiatric profiles of 40 women with early breast cancer (experimental sample) and a control sample of 40 women with other medical conditions (medical sample) were examined over a 6-month period.