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Additional file 1: Fig. S1. General (a) and strain-specific primer sequences (b, c) showing estimated product size along with thermal cycler conditions for the detection of Wolbachia by targeting the wsp gene. Fig. S2. A semi-field cage was used for the evaluation of the fitness of WAG. Fig. S3. Gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR products using wsp gene-based strain-specific wAlbA (a) and wAlbB (b) primers targeting gDNA of WAG F0 females. Fig. S4. Gel electrophoresis analysis of PCR products using Wolbachia wAlbA-specific (a, c) and wAlbB-specific (b, d) primers targeting the wsp gene from WAG F5 females (a, b) and males (c, d). Fig. S5. Egg hatching rate of WAG females from F1 to F8 generation. Fig. S6. Weather conditions from August to October 2016 during semi-field experiments: mean daily temperature (a), relative humidity (b) and rainfall (c). Table S1. Survival details of Ae. aegypti embryos (F0) post microinjection of cytoplasm from Ae. albopictus embryos. Table S2. Wolbachia infection along with gender distribution in WAG F0 adults post microinjection. Table S3. Distribution of double infection of Wolbachia strains in parental (F0) WAG adults post microinjection. Table S4. Egg hatching rate of WAG F1 eggs. Table S5. Survival and Wolbachia infection details of WAG F1. Table S6. Details of Wolbachia positive WAG F1 females post microinjection.

Buprofezin, a chitin synthesis inhibitor that can be used for the control of hemipteran pests, especially melon aphid, Aphis gossypii. The impact of low lethal concentrations of buprofezin on the biological parameters and expression profile of CHS1 gene were estimated for two successive generations of A. gossypii. The present result shows that the LC15 and LC30 of buprofezin significantly decreased the fecundity and longevity of both generations. Exposure of F0 individuals to both concentrations delay the developmental period in F1. Furthermore, the survival rate, intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R0) were reduced significantly in progeny generation at both concentrations. However, the reduction in gross reproductive rate (GRR) was observed only at LC30. Although, the mean generation time (T) prolonged substantially at LC30. Additionally, expression of the CHS1 gene was significantly increased in F0 adults. Significant increase in the relative abundance of CHS1 mRNA transcript was also observed at the juvenile and adult stages of F1 generation following exposure to LC15 and LC30. Therefore, our results show that buprofezin could affect the biological traits by diminishing the chitin contents owing to the inhibition of chitin synthase activity in the succeeding generation of melon aphid.