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In this study, it is proposed to generate electrical energy by recovering the waste heat of an annealing furnace (AF) in an iron and steel plant using combined cycles such as steam Rankine cycle (SRC), organic Rankine cycle (ORC), Kalina cycle (KC) and transcritical CO2 cycle (t-CO2). Instead of releasing the waste heat into the atmosphere, the waste heat recovery system (WHRS) discharges the waste heat into the plant’s low-temperature oxygen line for the first time, achieving a lower temperature and pressure in the condenser than conventional systems. The waste heat of the flue gas (FG) with a temperature of 1093.15 K from the reheat furnace was evaluated using four different cycles. To maximize power generation, the SRC input temperature of the proposed system was studied parametrically. The cycles were analyzed based on thermal efficiency and net output power. The difference in SRC inlet temperature is 221.6 K for maximum power output. The proposed system currently has a thermal efficiency and total power output of 0.19 and 596.6 kW, respectively. As an environmental impact, an emission reduction potential of 23.16 tons/day was achieved. In addition, the minimum power generation cost of the proposed system is $0.1972 per kWh.

In this review, it provides a thorough analysis of the information for boils impact not only the rate of heat transfer but also the degree to which the flow is separated. Minor hazards that are printed on a smooth surface and used as a benchmark to determine the surface's degree of roughness are called passages. The number of dynamic masses that deceiving bodies must con-tend with. Recent studies have shown that boils inside the tubes can help decrease the trouble-some friction that the paintwork experiences. This is accomplished by lowering the conflict generated by the epidermis, which in turn substitutes clouds for the pressure brought on by boils, ultimately resulting in a worldwide advantage. It has yet to be determined in a manner that can be regarded as definitive whether or not the bumps are beneficial in lowering the amount of friction and vapours produced. More so, This article explains several factors that contribute to understanding contradictory information that can be found in the researches, also it provide some recommendations for future research by calling attention to essential systematic techniques that are required to make a meaningful comparison between a smooth surface and one that has boiled in connection to the elimination of clouds.

The emergence of early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is believed to result from the complex interplay between external environmental factors and internal molecular processes. This review investigates the potential association between environmental exposure to chemicals and climate change and the increased incidence of EOCRC, focusing on their effects on gut microbiota (GM) dynamics. The manuscript explores the birth cohort effect, suggesting that individuals born after 1950 may be at higher risk of developing EOCRC due to cumulative environmental exposures. Furthermore, we also reviewed the impact of environmental pollution, including particulate matter and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), as well as global warming, on GM disturbance. Environmental exposures have the potential to disrupt GM composition and diversity, leading to dysbiosis, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress, which are known risk factors associated with EOCRC. Particulate matter can enter the gastrointestinal tract, modifying GM composition and promoting the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria while diminishing beneficial bacteria. Similarly, EDCs, can induce GM alterations and inflammation, further increasing the risk of EOCRC. Additionally, global warming can influence GM through shifts in gut environmental conditions, affecting the host's immune response and potentially increasing EOCRC risk. To summarize, environmental exposure to chemicals and climate change since 1950 has been implicated as contributing factors to the rising incidence of EOCRC. Disruptions in gut microbiota homeostasis play a crucial role in mediating these associations. Consequently, there is a pressing need for enhanced environmental policies aimed at minimizing exposure to pollutants, safeguarding public health, and mitigating the burden of EOCRC., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Introduction: Schiff bases are compounds with characteristic features of azomethine linkage (-C=N-). Schiff bases are capable of coordinating with metal ions via azomethine nitrogen. Schiff base derivatives and their metal complexes are known for intriguing novel therapeutic properties. In organic synthesis, the Schiff base reaction is prime in creating the C-N bond. Synthetic accessibility and structural diversity are the salient features for facile synthesis of Schiff base hybrids via a condensation reaction between an aldehyde/ketone and primary amines., Area Covered: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the commendable medicinal applications of Schiff base derivatives and their metal complexes patented from 2016 to 2023., Expert Opinion: Schiff base derivatives are exceptional molecules for their assorted applications in medicinal chemistry. Several Schiff base products are marketed as drugs, and plenty of room is available for the purposive synthesis of new compounds in a diverse pool of disciplines. Expansion in the derivatization of Schiff bases in innumerable directions with multitudinous applications makes them 'magical molecules.' These compounds have proved extraordinary, from medicinal chemistry to other fields outside medicine. This review covers the therapeutic importance of Schiff base derivatives and aims to cover the patents published in recent years (2016-2023).

Ectonucleotidases, a well-known superfamily of plasma membrane located metalloenzymes plays a central role in mediating the process of purinergic cell signaling. Major functions performed by these enzymes include the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides which are considered as important cell-signaling molecules. Any (patho)-physiologically induced disruption in this purinergic cell signaling leads to several disorders, hence these enzymes are important drug targets for therapeutic purposes. Among the major challenges faced in the design of inhibitors of ectonucleotidases, an important one is the lack of selective inhibitors. Access to highly selective inhibitors via a facile synthetic route will not only be beneficial therapeutically, but will also lead to an increase in our understanding of intricate interplay between members of ectonucleotidase enzymes in relation to their selective activation and/or inhibition in different cells and tissues. Herein we describe synthesis of highly selective inhibitors of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase (h-IAP) and human tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP), containing chromone sulfonamide and sulfonylhydrazone scaffolds. Compound 1c exhibited highest (and most selective) h-IAP inhibition activity (h-IAP IC 50  = 0.51 ± 0.20 µM; h-TNAP = 36.5%) and compound 3k showed highest activity and selective inhibition against h-TNAP (h-TNAP IC 50  = 1.41 ± 0.10 µM; h-IAP = 43.1%). These compounds were also evaluated against another member of ectonucleotidase family, that is rat and human ecto-5'-nucleotidase (r-e5'NT and h-e5'NT). Some of the compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Compound 2 g exhibited highest inhibition against h-e5'NT (IC 50  = 0.18 ± 0.02 µM). To rationalize the interactions with the binding site, molecular docking studies were carried out., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Graphite can be successfully used as an anode for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), while its conversion to KC 8 leads to huge volume expansion, destruction of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and thus poor cycling stability. Incorporating additives into electrolytes is an economical and effective way to construct robust SEI for high-performance PIBs. Herein, we developed a series of sulfur-containing additives for PIB graphite anodes, and the impacts of their molecular structure and contents on the SEI are also systematically investigated. Compared with butylene sulfites and 1,3-propane sultone, the 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide (DTD) additive endows the graphite electrode (GE) with a higher reversible capacity, and better cycling stability in both the dilute potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI)- and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF 6 )-based carbonate electrolyte, as a result of a thinner and sulfate-enriched SEI. Moreover, the addition of a trace amount (0.2 wt %) DTD to the electrolyte can effectively protect the GE running over 800 cycles at 1 C. Excessive additives in the electrolyte will induce continuous SEI growth and render a rapid capacity fading of the GE. This strategy using the electrolyte additive paves the way for the design of novel PIB electrolytes and thus provides a great opportunity for commercial PIBs.

Two-dimensional (2D) coordination polymers are very interesting materials for their attractive applications. A novel 2D metal-organic framework (MOF) was derived from copper(II) and amino benzoic acid under both room temperature and solvothermal reaction conditions using different solvents. From both of the synthesis methods, an identical MOF was crystalized with monoclinic crystal system having P2 1 /c space group. Hirshfeld surface analysis is carried out to explore the non-covalent interactions obtained from single crystal XRD investigation in terms of percentage contribution of each interatomic contact involved in packing of molecules into MOF structure. The microstructure analysis and surface morphology studies revealed the 2D layered regular pattern of rhombus disks of ~5 μm thickness throng together via clustering of these rhombic shaped flakes as flowers (ranging 50-100 μm in size) having uniform elemental composition. This 2D MOF efficiently adsorbed organic dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange, and methyl red) from their aqueous solutions. The 2D copper-carboxylate framework (1.2 g/L) exhibited high adsorption rates for organic dyes (0.15-0.19 mM), and >90% of these dyes could be captured as soon as they are exposed to MOF suspension (1 min) in each case. The dye removal efficiency is credited to synergy among structure, ionic strength, shapes and dimensions of dyes with respect to MOF structure. The microstructure of MOF along with electronic interactions like electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions and coordination to open metal sites, might contribute to the ultrafast dye adsorption process by MOF. The adsorption phenomenon is spontaneous and followed the pseudo-second order kinetic mechanism. DFT calculations revealed important electronic parameters of the dyes and model MOF systems, and novel insights with respect to possible dye-MOF interactions. The MOF remained quite stable during the dye adsorption and was regenerated easily for the successful subsequent use., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction : Multicomponent reactions (MCR) has been utilized to synthesize a vast range of analogs belonging to diverse classes of heterocyclic compounds offering multidimensional pharmaceutical applications. The unique feature of MCR includes the synthesis of highly functionalized molecules in a single pot to build quick libraries of compounds of biological interest to identify new leads as potential therapeutic agents. Area covered : The current review article covers the patents published in the last decade in order to highlight the importance of multicomponent reactions for synthesizing complex-functionalized molecules of high biological significance. Expert opinion : Easily automated one-pot multicomponent reactions (MCRs) has demonstrated successful impact at different stages of the lead discovery, lead optimization, and pre-clinical process development arenas. Application of MCRs is the recent advancement in the field of drug design and discovery which will expectedly lead to the development of medicinally important heterocyclic compounds with a vast range of biological activities.

Nonaqueous potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have been regarded as a promising alternative energy system to lithium-ion batteries, due to the abundance of the K resource and unique electrochemical properties. However, exploring suitable KIB cathode materials remains a great challenge, owing to the much larger size of the K ion than that of the Li ion. Here, a series of layered vanadates have been developed as cathodes for KIBs to elucidate the key factors that determine the electrochemical performance of KIBs, including the interlayer distance between adjacent (100) planes ( d 100 ) and preintercalated cations. Compared to NH 4 V 3 O 8 nanowires with a d 100 of 7.80 Å, (NH 4 ) 0.5 V 2 O 5 nanowires with a wider d 100 of 9.52 Å show a faster K + diffusion and much higher reversible capacity. The preintercalation of potassium ions into V-O slabs is also crucial to the stability of the structure of vanadates, which leads to better electrochemical cycling stability in K 0.5 V 2 O 5 than that in (NH 4 ) 0.5 V 2 O 5 and NH 4 V 3 O 8 nanowires. These findings reveal the great potential of the vanadate cathode in future KIBs and provide a new direction to rationally design a stable layered intercalation compound for practical KIBs.

The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode severely limit hydrogen production at the cathode in water splitting systems. Although electrocatalytic systems based on cheap and earth-abundant copper catalysts have shown promise for water oxidation under basic conditions, only very few examples with high overpotential can be operated under acidic or neutral conditions, even though hydrogen evolution in the latter case is much easier. This work presents an efficient and robust Cu-based molecular catalyst, which self-assembles as a periodic film from its precursors under aqueous conditions on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. This film catalyzes the OER under neutral conditions with impressively low overpotential. In controlled potential electrolysis, a stable catalytic current of 1.0 mA cm -2 can be achieved at only 2.0 V (vs. RHE) and no significant decrease in the catalytic current is observed even after prolonged bulk electrolysis. The catalyst displays first-order kinetics and a single site mechanism for water oxidation with a TOF (k cat ) of 0.6 s -1 . DFT calculations on of the periodic Cu(TCA) 2 (HTCA=1-mesityl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid) film reveal that TCA defects within the film create Cu I active sites that provide a low overpotential route for OER, which involves Cu I , Cu II -OH, Cu III =O and Cu II -OOH intermediates and is enabled at a potential of 1.54 V (vs. RHE), requiring an overpotential of 0.31 V. This corresponds well with an overpotential of approximately 0.29 V obtained experimentally for the grown catalytic film after 100 CV cycles at pH 6. However, to reach a higher current density of 1 mA cm -2 , an overpotential of 0.72 V is required., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Medicinal importance of the sulfonylhydrazones is well-evident owing to their binding ability with zinc containing metalloenzymes. In the present study, we have synthesized different series of sulfonylhydrazones by using facile synthetic methods in good to excellent yield. All the successfully prepared sulfonylhydrazones were screened for ectonucleotidase (ALP & e5'NT) inhibitory activity. Among the chromen-2-one scaffold based sulfonylhydrazones, the compounds 7 was found to be most potent inhibitor for h-TNAP (human tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase) and h-IAP (human intestinal alkaline phosphatase) with IC 50 values of 1.02 ± 0.13 and 0.32 ± 0.0 3 µM respectively, compared with levamisole (IC 50  = 25.2 ± 1.90 µM for h-TNAP) and l-phenylalanine (IC 50  = 100 ± 3.00 µM for h-IAP) as standards. Further, the chromen-2-one based molecule 5a showed excellent activity against h-ecto 5'-NT (human ecto-5'-nucleotidase) with IC 50 value of 0.29 ± 0.004 µM compared to standard, sulfamic acid (IC 50  = 42.1 ± 7.8 µM). However, among the series of phenyl ring based sulfonylhydrazones, compound 9d was found to be most potent against h-TNAP and h-IAP with IC 50 values of 0.85 ± 0.08 and 0.52 ± 0.03 µM, respectively. Moreover, in silico studies were also carried to demonstrate their putative binding with the target enzymes. The potent compounds 5a, 7, and 9d against different ectonucleotidases (h-ecto 5'-NT, h-TNAP, h-IAP) could potentially serve as lead for the development of new therapeutic agents., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Embedding the fragmented selenium into the micropores of carbon host has been regarded as an effective strategy to change the Li-Se chemistry by a solid-solid mechanism, thereby enabling an excellent cycling stability in Li-Se batteries using carbonate electrolyte. However, the effect of spatial confinement by micropores in the electrochemical behavior of carbon/selenium materials remains ambiguous. A comparative study of using both microporous (MiC) and mesoporous carbons (MeC) with narrow pore size distribution as selenium hosts is herein reported. Systematic investigations reveal that the high Se utilization rate and better electrode kinetics of MiC/Se cathode than MeC/Se cathode may originate from both its improved Li+ and electronic conductivities. The small pore size (<1.35 nm) of the carbon matrices not only facilitates the formation of a compact and robust solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) with low interfacial resistance on cathode, but also alters the insulating nature of Li 2 Se due to the emergence of itinerant electrons. By comparing the electrochemical behavior of MiC/Se cathode and the matching relationship between the diameter of pores and the dimension of solvent molecules in carbonate, ether, and solvate ionic liquid electrolyte, the key role of SEI film in the operation of C/Se cathode by quasi-solid-solid mechanism is also highlighted., (© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Highly water-soluble cyanocobalamin (also known as vitamin B12) is the most structurally macrocyclic complex comprising cobalt in the center of a corrin ring. Interestingly, it acts as a robust electrocatalyst in water oxidation at ∼0.58 V overpotential with a faradaic efficiency of 97.50% under neutral buffered conditions. The catalyst is impressively stable even after long-term bulk electrolysis, and homogeneous in nature, as established by a series of experiments and characterization techniques.

Carbon-based electrocatalysts with single metal sites hold great potential for mechanism exploration via mimicking molecular catalysts, due to their distinct catalytic sites. In addition to metal atoms, the neighboring nonmetal heteroatoms such as N, S, and O atoms, which are widely detected in carbon-based single-atom catalysts, may also contribute to enhancing the electrochemical activity of single-metal centers. In this work, the boosting effect of O-doping toward the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was evaluated by both experimental studies and DFT calculations. O-doped carbon-supported single-Fe-site catalysts possessing deep mesopores and desirable hydrophilic surface were achieved by confined carbonization in an inert or reductive atmosphere (SAFe-NDC and SAFe-NDC-H). As compared to the state-of-the-art Pt/C, these catalysts showed superior catalytic activity toward the ORR in terms of half-wave potential, Tafel slope, and long-term stability. In particular, SAFe-NDC-H outperformed its SAFe-NDC counterpart. Considering that these two catalysts possess a comparable porous structure, surface properties, and local electronic structure of a single Fe site, the dopant nonmetal O atoms, specifically, carbonyl group (C═O), are revealed to affect the ORR activity of the single Fe site exclusively. The introduced C═O facilitates the formation of *OOH as well as the reduction of *OH, thereby reducing the catalysts' overpotential.

Dinuclear Co-based catalysts are used for the coupling reaction of epoxides and CO2 in the presence of a cocatalyst. The easily recyclable catalysts efficiently complete the coupling of CO2 with various epoxides into industrially important cyclic carbonates at low catalyst loading and displayed high catalytic activity under relatively low CO2 pressure and solvent-free conditions. The maximum TON (168 600) and TOF (3333 h-1) obtained in this work are the highest among the reported Co-complexes.

Synthesis of metal-organic materials is often dependent on the reaction conditions of suitable solvent/solvent mixture and temperature. A new finding based on a previously described protocol is reported: instead of obtaining metal-organic polyhedra (MOP), a metal-organic framework (MOF) with a 2D layered structure is obtained, following the same reported protocol. The 2D Cu(II)-5-prop-2-ynoxyisophthlate MOF, crystallized in a kagomé-type structure, is synthesized using different solvent systems at room temperature, as well as under solvothermal (nonhydrothermal) conditions. Under harsh reaction conditions, alkyne functional groups maintain their integrity and the copper does not catalyze the oxidative coupling of the terminal alkyne groups. X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the structure and phase purity of the product. Based on the present results and the previous work reported by Zhao et al., it seems that two products, namely 0D MOP and 2D MOF, are equally possible when using the same reactants under same reaction conditions. However, the materials obtained in all the trials are MOF instead of MOP. From the structure point of view, there is a difference in connectivity of the initial building units that determines whether the product is MOP or MOF., (© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Background and Aim: Visceral fat is an important endocrine organ that secretes different bioactive substances such as adipocytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the adiponectin level changes among patients with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)and its consequence on pathogenesis., Methods: In this study, 150 subjects were selected and divided into four groups: Group І ( n = 40) were healthy individuals with an average body mass index and had no gastrointestinal tract symptoms; Group ІІ ( n = 50) were patients with mild to moderate erosive esophagitis; Group ІІІ ( n = 40) were patients with severe erosive esophagitis; and finally, Group ІV ( n = 20) were patients with Barrett's esophagus. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed for Groups II, III, and IV only, and histopathological assessment was conducted for the suspicious cases of Barrett's esophagus. The measurement of serum adiponectin was performed for all groups using the ELISA test., Results: Our results revealed that the serum level of adiponectin was significantly lower in patients with different grades of GERD as well Barrett's esophagus as compared to healthy controls ( P -value < 0.001). Additionally, the serum level of adiponectin was correlated with different grades of GERD as the highest level of the adiponectin was found in the control group (11.05 ± 2.58) followed by mild to moderate GERD (6.39 ± 1.64) and then severe GERD (2.42 ± 1.00); finally, the lowest level was detected in the Barrett's esophagus group (1.99 ± 0.47). Our study showed significant correlation between body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio on one hand and serum adiponectin level on the other hand, with a statistically significant difference ( P -value < 0.001). The best cut-off value for serum adiponectin was 7.7 (μg/mL), with a sensitivity of 91.8% and specificity of 97.5%., Conclusions: Low serum adiponectin level appears to be associated with an increased risk of erosive esophagitis, and visceral fat accumulation is related to the impaired secretion of adiponectin, which may have an influence on the pathogenesis of GERD.

A series of sulfonyl hydrazones derived from 3-formylchromone was synthesized and discovered to be effective, non-selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B). The compounds are easily (synthetically) accessible in high yields, by simple condensation of 4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide with different (un)substituted 3-formylchromones. All compounds had IC 50 values in lower micro-molar range (IC 50  = 0.33-7.14 μM for MAO-A, and 1.12-3.56 μM for MAO-B). The most active MAO-B inhibitor was N'-[(E)-(6-fluoro-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylidene]-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3e) with IC 50 value of 1.12 ± 0.02 μM, and N'-[(E)-(6-chloro-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylidene]-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3f) was the most active MAO-A inhibitor with IC 50 value of 0.33 ± 0.01 μM. From enzyme kinetic studies, the mode of inhibition against MAO-B was found to be competitive, whereas against MAO-A, it was found to be non-competitive. Molecular docking studies indicated a new binding pocket for non-competitive MAO-A inhibitors. The activity of these compounds is optimally combined with highly favorable ADME profile with predicted good oral bioavailability., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The coordination networking of discrete metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) involving different ligands as well as metals is a challenging task due to the features of limited solubility and chemical stability of these polyhedra. An unusual approach, ligand-oriented polyhedral networking via click chemistry and further metal coordination is reported here. An alkyne decorated Cu(II)-MOP self-catalyzes the regioselective click reaction (1,3-dipolar cycloaddition) using azide-functionalized ligands under unconventional reaction conditions. Introducing new metal ions, M(II), interlinks the carboxylic groups on the MOP surfaces creating coordination networks. On the other hand, exposure of the respective individual ligand components in the presence of Cu(II) promotes an in-situ click reaction along with metal coordination generating a new 3D-framework. These materials demonstrated a high drug hosting potential exhibiting a controlled progressive release of anticancer (5-flourouracil) and stimulant (caffeine) drugs in physiological saline at 37 °C. These innovative and unconventional MOP networks provide a significant conceptual advance in understanding.

Water splitting is the key step towards artificial photosystems for solar energy conversion and storage in the form of chemical bonding. The oxidation of water is the bottle-neck of this process that hampers its practical utility; hence, efficient, robust, and easy to make catalytic systems based on cheap and earth-abundant materials are of exceptional importance. Herein, an in situ generated cobalt catalyst, [Co II (TCA) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] (TCA=1-mesityl-1,2,3-1H-triazole-4-carboxylate), that efficiently conducts photochemical water oxidation under near-neutral conditions is presented. The catalyst showed high stability under photolytic conditions for more than 3 h of photoirradiation. During electrochemical water oxidation, the catalytic system assembled a catalyst film, which proved not to be cobalt oxide/hydroxide as normally expected, but instead, and for the first time, generated a molecular cobalt complex that incorporated the organic ligand bound to cobalt ions. The catalyst film exhibited a low overpotential for electrocatalytic water oxidation (360 mV) and high oxygen evolution peak current densities of 9 and 2.7 mA cm -2 on glassy carbon and indium-doped tin oxide electrodes, respectively, at only 1.49 and 1.39 V (versus a normal hydrogen electrode), respectively, under neutral conditions. This finding, exemplified on the in situ generated cobalt complex, might be applicable to other molecular systems and suggests that the formation of a catalytic film in electrochemical water oxidation experiments is not always an indication of catalyst decomposition and the formation of nanoparticles., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Novel catalytic materials are highly demanded to perform a variety of catalytic organic reactions. MOFs combine the benefits of heterogeneous catalysis like easy post reaction separation, catalyst reusability, high stability and homogeneous catalysis such as high efficiency, selectivity, controllability and mild reaction conditions. The possible organization of active centers like metallic nodes, organic linkers, and their chemical synthetic functionalization on the nanoscale shows potential to build up MOFs particularly modified for catalytic challenges. In this review, we have summarized the recent research progress in heterogeneous catalysis by MOFs and their catalytic behavior in various organic reactions, highlighting the key features of MOFs as catalysts based on the active sites in the framework. Examples of their post functionalization, inclusion of active guest species and metal nanoparticles have been discussed. Finally, the use of MOFs as catalysts for asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis and stability of MOFs has been presented as separate sections.

New well-designed materials are highly demanded with the prospect of versatile properties, offering successful applications as alternates to conventional materials. Major new insights into metal-organic self-assembled structures assisting biochemical purposes have recently emerged. Metal-organic polyhedral cages are highlighted as new research materials to be used for therapeutic, sensing and imaging, purposes etc. This tutorial review covers achievements in the biochemical applications of these multinuclear complexes. Examples of their ability to aid the ionic transport, biomolecular sensing, imaging, and drug delivery are presented.