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يحاول هذا البحث التعرف على كيفية حل مشكلة تنازع القوانين على العقد الالكتروني الدولي عموماً, ووفقاً للقانون العراقي على وجه الخصوص. وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن الدراسة تأخذ بنظر الاعتبار فكرة العقد الدولي بشكل عام والعقد الالكتروني الدولي بشكل خاص. ويخضع العقد الدولي لقانون العقد الدولي وهو قانون الارادة الصريحة او الضمنية وذلك وفقا للنظرية الشخصية لتحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق على العقد الدولي. كما يخضع لضوابط الإسناد الجامدة والمرنة وفقاً لنظرية التركيز الموضوعي للعقد الدولي. وتناولت هذه الدراسة أخيراً حل تنازع القوانين على العقد الالكتروني الدولي وفقاً للقانون العراقي. وذلك بمقتضى القانون المدني العراقي رقم 40 لسنة 1951 وقانون التوقيع الالكتروني والمعاملات الالكترونية رقم 78 لسنة 2012.

The electronic arbitration is applied by the agreement of the arbitration parties to submit their disputes arising from contracts concluded by electronic means to a third party to decide them according to based on the parties' agreement, by modern communicating means and electronic technologies different from traditional means used in traditional arbitration. The electronic arbitration will be international, if the legal relation which is the subject-matter of the arbitration, is a legal relation interspersed with a foreign element. Or a special international contractual relation. It is worth-bearing in mind that although Iraq did not issue an international electronic arbitration law, but this study tried hard to determine the applicable law to both the procedures and the subject of the international electronic arbitration in conformity with the legal provisions available in the Iraqi law. We tried hard, in order to perform this legal institutionalization, to resort to some texts of the Iraqi Civil Law No. (40) of 1951, the law of civil procedures No. (83) of 1969, and the law of the electronic signature and electronic bargains No. 78 of 2012.

Clinostomum is a trematode genus in the family Clinostomidae. The mentioned trematode species is parasitizing many fish species as intermediate hosts, while piscivorous birds and mammals are the main definitive hosts. Total of 58 metacercariae of Clinostomum larvae were dissected out from 25 infected fish specimens from eight different species from a number of water bodies of Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. In this investigation, 959 fish specimens were collected. These includes five cyprinid species: Capoeta trutta (Heckel), C. umbla (Heckel), Carasobarbus kosswigi (Ladiges), Cyprinion macrostomum Heckel and Garra rufa (Heckel), two leuciscid species: Alburnus sellal Heckel and Squalius lepidus Heckel and the mugilid fish Planiliza abu (Heckel). The prevalence of infection for each of these species was 1.8%, 5%, 20%, 1.5%, 1.7%, 4.9%, 4.9% and 1.3%, respectively. The morphology of the Clinostomum metacercariae was studied by using a compound microscope; their ultra-morphology was evaluated with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and the molecular analysis were performed by amplifying, sequencing and comparing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S rDNA gene loci from isolated Clinostomum metacercariae. The obtained sequences confirmed that all metacercariae of the Clinostomum, collected during the present study, represented with C. complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) based on percent identity with sequences in the GenBank subject database. The molecular characterisations of the C. complanatum metacercariae in the present study were deposited in GenBank NCBI.

يحاول هذا البحث دراسة أهمية نظرية الأداء المميز في حماية العاقد الضعيف في العقود التي لا تتساوى فيها القوة التفاوضية بين طرفي العقد, على الرغم من تدخل القانون بقواعد قانونية آمرة لحماية العاقد الضعيف. ومن أبرز هذه العقود هو عقد العمل الذي لا تتساوى فيه القوة التفاوضية بين العامل وصاحب العمل, فيترتب على ذلك الإضرار بمصلحة العامل اذا ما تم تطبيق قانون الارادة أو القانون المختار على عقد العمل الدولي. فيبرز دور نظرية الأداء المميز في تحديد القانون الأصلح للعاقد الضعيف عن طريق الإسناد المرن للرابطة أو العلاقة العقدية المشوبة بعنصر أجنبي بدلاً عن الإسناد الجامد وفقاً لنظرية التركيز الموضوعي أو التوطين المكاني للعلاقة الخاصة الدولية, اذ يتم تطبيق نظرية الأداء المميز عن طريق نظرية التركيز الموضوعي, ولكن بواسطة الإسناد المرن وليس الجامد.

إن الاختصاص القضائي الدولي هو ولاية المحاكم الوطنية في نظر المنازعات ذات العنصر الأجنبي. وقواعد الاختصاص القضائي الدولي للمحاكم العراقية هي مجموعة القواعد القانونية التي تحدد ولاية المحاكم الوطنية في نظر المنازعات ذات العنصر الأجنبي، تجاه غيرها من المحاكم الأجنبية للدول الأخرى، وتستند على مجموعة من الضوابط تعرف بضوابط الإختصاص القضائي الدولي للمحاكم العراقية. وجدير بالذكر فإن العقد الإلكتروني هو إتفاق يتلاقى فيه الإيجاب بالقبول على شبكة دولية مفتوحة للإتصال عن بعد وذلك بوسيلة مسموعة مرئية وبفضل التفاعل بين الموجب والقابل. ويتحدد الإختصاص القضائي الدولي لتسوية المنازعات المتعلقة به في القانون العراقي بضابط الإختصاص القضائي الدولي التقليدي الذي ينعقد به الإختصاص للمحاكم العراقية بمقتضى الفقرة (ج) من المادة (15) من القانون المدني العراقي. على الرغم من أننا حاولنا في هذه الدراسة أن نسند الإختصاص القضائي الدولي للمحاكم العراقية للنظر في تسوية منازعات العقد الإلكتروني الدولي إلى بعض الضوابط التي نص عليها قانون التوقيع الإلكتروني والمعاملات الإلكترونية رقم (78) لسنة 2012

All areas of business and governmental organizations are currently dependent on information technology (IT) to meet business objectives of improving network service and maximizing limited resources. In this paper the main problems that’s represented by using the information network to transfer information such as text, image and video files, conversations or direct video lectures, periods of use that can cause bottlenecks and network downtime, in addition to the large number of users of the network and the causes of these problems. The main objective of this paper is to find out what methods or means to overcome the problems that guide us in terms of optimal use of resources and components even if it is limited, and to determine which technologies are best depending on the typically, quality, importance and confidentiality of the information and the periods of arrival of the information to be transferred. The information is based on the type of networks adopted if they are localized on a given building or the scope of a city or a wide range to include a country or continent and so on.

The monogenean Gyrodactylus angorae Ergens & Ibragimov, 1979 was identified on the skin, fin and gills of two nemacheilid loaches Oxynoemacheilus zarzianus Freyhof & Geiger, 2017 and Eidinemacheilus proudlovei Freyhof, Abdullah, Ararat, Hamad & Geiger, 2016 from Tabin Stream, Sulaimani Prvovince, Kurdistan Region, Iraq for the first time. The description and measurements of this parasite are given in the present study. The prevalence and mean of intensity were also shown.

During April 2017 to the end of September 2017, a total of 34 Glyptothorax kurdistanicus were captured from Greater Zab River near Aski-Kalak Town, south east of Erbil City and some watersheds of Sharbazher area northeast of Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The study revealed the existence of five species of helminthes including two species of metacercaria of trematodes (Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum spathaceum), one species of cestode (Ligula intestinalis), one species of nematode (Procamallanus viviparous), and one species of acanthocephalan (Pomphoryhnchus spindletrucatus). Glyptothorax kurdistanicus in the present study is considered as a new host for all recorded parasitic helminthes in Iraq. Full description, prevalence and mean intensity of infection of these parasites were demonstrated in the present study.

Contracaecum is a genus of nematodes belonging to the family Anisakidae, that parasitise many fishes which act as an intermediate or paratenic hosts, while the piscivorous birds and mammals are definitive hosts. A total of 44 third larval stage of Contracaecum were collected from 13 infected freshwater fishes belonging to five different species in different water bodies in Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq from January to the end of December 2018. In this investigation, 966 fishes were collected including six species of Nemacheilidae, five species of Cyprinidae, three species of Leuciscidae, two species of Xenocyprididae, one species of each of Bagridae, Heteropneustidae, Mastacembelidae, Mugilidae, Siluridae and Sisoridae. This study revealed that five fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Luciobarbus barbulus, L. esocinus, L. xanthopterus and Mastacembelus mastacembelus) were infected with Contracaecum larvae with the prevalence of 2.05%, 0.92%, 1.92%, 19.35% and 1.06%, respectively. The Contracaecum larvae were morphologically studied by compound light microscope and the molecular analyses was done by amplification, sequencing and comparing different gene loci (ITS1, ITS2 and COX2) of isolated third larval stage of Contracaecum. The ITS1, ITS2 and COX2 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The sequences of ITS1, ITS2 and COX2 reveal that all Contracaecum larvae from all infected fishes represented exactly one species (Contracaecum rudolphii B) based on compering and identity percentage in Gene Bank database. Phylogenetic analysis of the genotype (for ITS1) was described. The genetic characterization of the Contracaecum larvae in the present study is available in the GenBank database and they were deposited in GenBank and their accession numbers were demonstrated.

During the current study, random samples of fishes were taken from 26 localities mostly in the Lesser Zab and Sirwan tributaries within Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq to survey the biodiversity of fish that are naturally found in water bodies of this province. The study was carried out during the period from January to the end of December 2018. A total of 2100 freshwater fishes, belonging to 35 species and eight families were collected. Among these fish species four native species are globally vulnerable. The study also demonstrated that Cyprinion macrostomum was the most abundant and wide spread species in this province, while Leuciscus vorax was scarce.

Winfried Amoaku,1 Konstantinos Balaskas,2,3 Tomas Cudrnak,4 Louise Downey,5 Markus Groppe,6 Sajjad Mahmood,7 Hemal Mehta,8 Quresh Mohamed,9 Bushra Mushtaq,10 Philip Severn,11 Athanasios Vardarinos,12 Yit Yang,13 Saad Younis14 1Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; 2NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College of London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK; 3University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 4Royal Eye Infirmary, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK; 5Hull and East Yorkshire Eye Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK; 6Ophthalmology, Stoke Mandeville, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK; 7Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; 8Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; 9Gloucestershire Eye Unit, Cheltenham General Hospital, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK; 10Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK; 11South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK; 12Eye Treatment Centre, West Suffolk Hospital, West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Bury St Edmunds, UK; 13Wolverhampton Eye Infirmary, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK; 14Ophthalmology, Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Abstract: The treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with ranibizumab is now very well established in terms of efficacy and safety. Recent clinical trials and real-world studies have demonstrated the advantages of a Treat-and-Extend (T&E) regimen, and many hospital departments are now in the process of adopting this new regimen in favor of the pro re nata regimen for initiating and continuing ranibizumab therapy for patients with wet AMD. The comprehensive spectrum of issues related to implementation of the regimen is covered qualitatively in ten didactic topics provided by a group of clinicians with direct experience of this regimen in their department. The topics include definition, new and previously treated eyes, management of high-frequency injections, maximum extensions, discontinuing T&E, bilateral cases, clerical, audit, and patient counseling. This article aims to provide a useful resource for the implementation of the T&E regimen. A quantitative summary of the visual outcomes in key publications is also provided in this article. This article should be a valuable resource for staff training. Keywords: ranibizumab, age-related macular degeneration, nAMD, Treat and Extend, anti-VEGF treatment

Nikolaos Dervenis, Saad Younis Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess whether specific characteristics of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) affect structural and functional outcomes and number of injections needed in ranibizumab (0.05 mL of 10 mg/mL Lucentis solution)-treated wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. Patients and methods: This retrospective case series included 62 newly diagnosed wet AMD patients treated with three monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections followed by monthly follow-up and pro re nata retreatment. The presence of dome-shaped pigment epithelial detachment (PED), disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and subretinal and intraretinal fluid was associated with changes in Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity, central macular thickness (CMT), and number of injections needed during the 6-month follow-up. Results: The presence of PED was associated with lower values of CMT at presentation (399 µm [±132 µm] vs 310 µm [±51 µm], P=0.005). The presence of RPE disruption was associated with worse visual acuity in month 6 (0.36 [±0.22] vs 0.61 [0.45], P=0.027) and fewer injections (4.23 [±0.92] vs 3.55 [±0.60], P=0.007). The presence of intraretinal fluid at presentation was associated with worse visual acuity outcomes in month 4 (P=0.045) but not in month 6. Conclusion: The dome-shaped PED was associated with lower CMT at presentation, but it did not affect response to treatment. RPE disruption was associated with worse functional outcomes with fewer injections. Intraretinal fluid at presentation may suggest delayed response to treatment. Individualized SD-OCT analysis could lead to individualized approach to wet AMD patients. SD-OCT can offer imaging biomarkers to assess the prognosis of anti-VEGF treatment in AMD patients. Keywords: AMD, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, prognosis, anti-VEGF, ranibizumab

Joanna DaCosta,1,2 Saad Younis1 1Ophthalmology Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Western Eye Hospital, 2Barts Health NHS Trust, Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, UK Abstract: This report describes a case of reversible topiramate-induced maculopathy in a 32-year-old female patient with IgG4-related disease. The patient presented with decreased vision associated with anterior uveitis and cystoid macula edema, which was unresponsive to oral and topical steroids. Following topiramate cessation, both cystoid macula edema and vision improved. The ocular side effects of topiramate and putative pharmacological mechanisms for topiramate-induced maculopathy in the context of IgG4-related disease are discussed. This report highlights that neurologists and ophthalmologists should be aware that patients presenting with topiramate-associated maculopathy should be advised to discontinue topiramate promptly to prevent irreversible loss of vision. Keywords: IgG4 disease, maculopathy, topiramate

This study presents the first record of the monogenean parasite Dactylogyrus dulkeiti Bychowsky, 1936 on gill filaments of the crucian carp Carassius auratus in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Fifty two fishes were collected from Dukan Lake that is located in the northwest of Sulaimani City from April to the end of July 2015. The prevalence of this parasite was 7.69% and the mean of intensity was 8.5. The description and measurement of this parasite has been discussed in details in the current work. The aim of the studyis to indicate the parasitic fauna of an exotic species of fish that introduced in Dukan Lake in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

The momogenean Dactylogyrus scrjabinensis Osmanov, 1958 was identified on the gills of the cyprinid fish Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) from Sirwan river, southeast of Sulaimani governorate, Kurdistan region, during the period from April to August 2014, in the present study for the first time in Iraq. The full details of description and measurements of this parasite are given. The prevalence and intensity of infection were 3.94% and 3.66 respectively.

Joanna DaCosta,1,2 Saad Younis1 1The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom; 2Barts Health National Health Service Trust, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom Abstract: Vitreomacular traction and vitreomacular traction with macular hole are conditions associated with visual disturbance and decreased visual acuity. Recent studies have demonstrated that ocriplasmin is effective and safe in specific patient groups with vitreomacular traction, and hence is recommended as a treatment option. We present here a case report of a patient treated with intravitreal ocriplasmin associated with severe loss of vision and delayed resolution of vitreomacular traction. This report highlights that it is important for patients to be made fully aware of the risks of intravitreal ocriplasmin and the prognosis for visual improvement. Keywords: ocriplasmin, macular hole, visual loss, vitreoretinal

There is an environmental risk developed around Al-Najef oil refinery area, which is located in southern west of Iraq, because this refinery does not contain a wastewater treatment unit and the polluted raw effluents are discharged directly to the surrounded areas. This research aims to isolate and identify some of a locally indigenous bacterial isolates which are capable to degrade of hydrocarbons. Water samples of effluents were collected and transported to laboratories of environmental researches centre - Ministry of Science &Technology –Baghdad .Water samples of effluents were cultivated on mineral salts media containing crude oil as source of carbon and energy. Five bacteria were isolated, three of them were found to have no ability to degraded hydrocarbons, and only two showed high potential to utilize crude oil (biodegradation). The two active isolates were identifying based on morphological, macroscopicallyand biochemical characterizes which were Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Alicagenesfaecalis. The pure culture of the tow isolates were cultivated on wastewater samples of the final effluents, where an increase of the biomass were observed by measuring the optical density (O.D) of the mineral salts medium. The results showed that, biodegradation of crude oil where consumed period less than consumed period of final effluents and, Alcaligenes faecalis has high potential of biodegradation than that of pseudomonas aeroginosa.

A total of 194 specimens of the predatory leech Helobdella stagnalis were collected from Sarchnar Stream, in Sulaimaniyah City along year of 2022 from January to the end of December. The seasonal distribution and occurrence, time of egg laying and hatching in relation with some physico-chemical factors were studied, including air and water temperatures, dissolved oxygen, pH, FCO2, HCO3-, Cl-, Ca+2 and Mg+. The temperature and dissolved oxygen were the most effective factors on leech's population density as well as time of egg lying and juvenile hatching. The highest density was in Autumn, while the lowest was recorded during Summer. Cocoons were seen to laid in late winter and maximum juvenile numbers were recorded during Spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How the dynamics of classical and quantum correlations due to the Unruh effect are reflected in the properties of tripartite entropic uncertainty is investigated. It is found that, despite the quantum correlations disappearing at the limit of infinite acceleration, the uncertainty about the measurement outcome is at its minimum. This is due to the three‐qubit system still containing classic correlations at that stage of acceleration. Additionally, the decrease in the entropic uncertainty when the measured qubit interacts strongly with the scalar field can be attributed to the increase in classical correlations. Furthermore, it is found that the entropic uncertainty is fully anti‐correlated to classical correlations, and minimal uncertainty can be obtained even in the absence of quantum correlations. A tremendously tight constraint that effectively defined the properties of tripartite entropic uncertainty based on the difference between the total correlation and the Holevo quantities is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the synthesis of new quinoline derivatives and their effectiveness against bacteria. Quinolines are important in the development of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. The researchers created five derivatives and tested their antimicrobial activity. Two of the compounds showed promising results against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The article also provides details on the synthesis process and characterization of three specific compounds. The authors acknowledge the University of Technology, Iraq, and the University of Tübingen/Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Germany, for their laboratory facilities. [Extracted from the article]

Clinostomum is a trematode genus in the family Clinostomidae. The mentioned trematode species is parasitizing many fish species as intermediate hosts, while piscivorous birds and mammals are the main definitive hosts. Total of 58 metacercariae of Clinostomum larvae were dissected out from 25 infected fish specimens from eight different species from a number of water bodies of Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. In this investigation, 959 fish specimens were collected. These includes five cyprinid species: Capoeta trutta (Heckel), C. umbla (Heckel), Carasobarbus kosswigi (Ladiges), Cyprinion macrostomum Heckel and Garra rufa (Heckel), two leuciscid species: Alburnus sellal Heckel and Squalius lepidus Heckel and the mugilid fish Planiliza abu (Heckel). The prevalence of infection for each of these species was 1.8%, 5%, 20%, 1.5%, 1.7%, 4.9%, 4.9% and 1.3%, respectively. The morphology of the Clinostomum metacercariae was studied by using a compound microscope; their ultra-morphology was evaluated with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and the molecular analysis were performed by amplifying, sequencing and comparing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S rDNA gene loci from isolated Clinostomum metacercariae. The obtained sequences confirmed that all metacercariae of the Clinostomum, collected during the present study, represented with C. complanatum (Rudolphi, 1814) based on percent identity with sequences in the GenBank subject database. The molecular characterisations of the C. complanatum metacercariae in the present study were deposited in GenBank NCBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is concerned with studying the consent in contracting by electronic means with any person in general، and with a professional in particular، in the light of the French civil code، amended by the ordinance No.2016-131 dated February 10، 2016 concerning reforms of the law of contract، general regime and proof of obligations. The study is aimed at the benefit of the Iraqi law from the special rules of the new French law of contract as exemplary rules، concerning the expression of the consent in contracting by electronic means، particularly with a professional. The problem of the study lies in how to fill the gaps in both the Iraqi civil law No.40 of 1951، and the law of electronic signature and electronic bargains No.78 of 2012 regarding the up-to-date requirements and modalities of the consent in contracting by electronic means، and its components of the offer and acceptance. To achieve this aim، the study adopts the comparative analytical methodology of legal research. The most significant findings that the study reached are the considerable shortage of the legal regulation and the rules concerning the consent in contracting by electronic means in the Iraqi civil law، as compared to the detailed regulation of this topic in the French law of contract. Finally the study suggested many recommendations to the Iraqi legislator to follow suit the new rules of the French law of contract particularly the article (1127).

The solution of nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential equations plays a significant role in analyzing many nonlinear events that occur in chemistry, physics, mathematical biology, and a variety of other fields of science and engineering. A physical event can be represented by a differential equation, an integro-differential equation since many of these equations cannot be solved directly or it is difficult to solve. Numerical approaches that are useful combinations of numerical integration must frequently be used. This work presents a method for solving the type of nonlinear Fredholm integro-differential equation (NFIDE) of the second kind. The Leibnitz rule is used with the Haar wavelet collocation method in this paper to solve NFIDE numerically. Some techniques are used to transfer the equation into an algebraic system through an operational matrix. The convergence analysis had been proved through this work and the numerical experiments had been given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method based on MATLAB programming.