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Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of lymphedema in patients treated with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and delineate complex decongestive therapy (CDT) outcomes. Methods and Results: We retrospectively analyzed 24 patients with mTOR inhibitor-induced lymphedema and 7 lymphedema patients (control) not treated with mTOR inhibitors, who visited the lymphedema clinic of the department of rehabilitation medicine from March 2016 to December 2019. We comprehensively reviewed clinical features, medication history, associated diseases, lymphoscintigraphy, lower extremity computed tomography venography (LE CTV), and the effect of CDT. By using ImageJ program, we measured the cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle and subcutaneous fat of mid-thigh image in LE CTV and compared them to a control group not treated with mTOR inhibitors. Seventeen patients on sirolimus and seven patients on everolimus were included, with an approximately equal distribution of stages 2 and 3 lymphedema, and most with pitting edema. Ten patients had breast or gynecological cancer and underwent lymph node dissection. Lymphedema developed after mTOR inhibitor initiation, not postoperatively. Lymphoscintigraphy revealed decreased lymph node uptake and dermal backflow. LE CTV revealed subcutaneous honeycomb-shaped trabecular areas in the affected limbs of seven patients. Patients treated with mTOR inhibitors had a larger mean subcutaneous fat CSA and a smaller mean muscular CSA than controls. Lymphedema improved or remained unchanged after initial CDT. Daily CDT adequately controlled 11 cases, but exacerbation occurred in 5 of 7 poorly compliant patients, and cellulitis occurred in 6 patients. Conclusion: Physicians should identify mTOR inhibitor-related lymphedema early and discuss medication alternatives and CDT with patients.

We developed a microdisplay-based microscope projection photolithography (MDMPP) technique in which a liquid crystal (LC) microdisplay is used as a reconfigurable photomask for a microscope projector. The LC microdisplay provides a significant advantage in terms of cost and speed since patterns can be generated through software instead of redesigning and fabricating glass photomasks. The constructed MDMPP system could produce line patterns as narrow as 2.4 um, smaller than that specified by the diffraction limit, with the aid of a 4X objective lens. The achievement of a linewidth smaller than the theoretical limit may be ascribed to a combination of overexposure and the underetching effect, in addition to the good optical performance of the system. In a diffraction experiment performed with fabricated slits, the application of the MDMPP technique helped provide various patterns of the slits, demonstrating the potential usefulness of the MDMPP system in undergraduate optics courses. We expect that MDMPP can contribute to the field of physics education and various areas of research, such as chemistry and biology, in the future., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables

In this paper, a new dual-hop transmission scheme based on MIMO-OFDM is proposed in order to enhance the performance of cooperative scheme. This paper proposes improved cooperative dual-hop scheme which handles transmission schemes for three areas of the cell by changing transmission symbols. Since performance of wireless communication depends on channel states of cell area, the transmission can have flaws because of deep fading or heavy shadowing. Therefore, in order to overcome these flaws, a cooperative dual-hop scheme is used to construct virtual MIMO system and get spatial diversity gain. In addition, the usage of CDD and STBC scheme redeems the cooperative dual-hop scheme by obtaining high reliability.

Donor-type point defects such as a Se vacancy or cation antisite in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films were controlled by Se annealing of CIGS film. The photoluminescence intensities originating from such defects were reduced by Se annealing at 300 °C. The short-circuit current of the CIGS solar cell with the Se annealing increased but the fill factor and open-circuit voltage were degraded due to the out-diffusion of Cu from the bulk to the CIGS surface. With a NaF overlayer on the CIGS film the Cu concentration at the CIGS surface was decreased by Se annealing at 300 °C. The literature has demonstrated that the Cu concentration is reduced by applying both NaF and KF together on the CIGS film. However, we found that the application of a NaF overlayer also greatly reduced the Cu concentration at the CIGS surface. In addition, the Na concentration increased greatly at the CIGS surface, forming a desirable surface layer with a lower valence band maximum. As a result, in addition to the increase of short-circuit current, the fill factor and open-circuit voltage increased significantly. The origin of the improvement in cell performance is described by analyzing the point defects from low-temperature photoluminescence, the valence band maximum from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the reverse saturation current from diode curves, and the carrier lifetimes from time-resolved photoluminescence.

Conventional CdTe solar cells have a CdS window layer, in which an absorption loss of photons with more than 2.4 eV occurs through the CdS layer. A thinner CdS layer was applied to enhance light transmission and a ZnO buffer layer with a band gap of 3.3 eV was introduced to suppress shunting through the thinner CdS window layer. A 100-nm thick ZnO layer sputter-deposited at 300 °C had uniform coverage on a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) after a subsequent high-temperature process. The ZnO layer was effective in preventing shunting through the CdS window layer so that the open-circuit voltage and fill factor of the CdTe solar cells were recovered and the short-circuit current was enhanced over that of the conventional CdTe solar cell. In the ZnO/CdS/CdTe configuration, the short-circuit current was further improved throughout the visible wavelength region by replacing the Cu-metal contact with a Cu solution contact. As a result the short-circuit current from 21.7 to 26.1 mA/cm 2 and the conversion efficiency of the CdTe solar cell increased from 12 to 15% without antireflective coating. Our result indicates that the Cu solution back contact is a critical factor for achieving a higher cell efficiency in addition to ZnO buffer layer.

Ternary earth-abundant Cu2SnS3 (CTS) absorbers were synthesized from a Cu/SnS2 stacked precursor by direct annealing in a S atmosphere and by pre-annealing at lower temperature followed by sulfurization. The existing S within the chosen Cu/SnS2 precursor allows avoiding the interface voids commonly generated from a metal precursor. We found that direct annealing of the S-containing precursor at 570 °C in a S atmosphere also generated voids mostly in the middle of the film because a CuS layer is formed on the precursor surface resulting in the discharge of excess S from the SnS2 layer. To eliminate the voids in the CTS film, we developed a two-step annealing process that consists of pre-annealing at 400 °C in N2 and sulfurization at 570 °C in a S atmosphere. The developed process yields a void-free CTS film with a smooth surface and tightly-connected grains. The phase evolution in the CTS films was analyzed by X-ray and Raman spectroscopy, and reaction pathways to form a dense Cu2SnS3 film from the Cu/SnS2 precursor are revealed. Our study demonstrated that appropriate design of annealing could grow a large-grain and dense CTS absorber required for a cost-effective thin film solar cell. Photoluminescence analysis confirmed that the CTS film grown by the two-step annealing process exhibited fewer deep-level defects compared to the film grown by direct annealing in a S atmosphere. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell based on the developed absorber is higher than that of a device using a CTS absorber synthesized by direct sulfurization. However, low values of the open-circuit voltage and fill factor indicate that fine control of the CTS composition is necessary to improve the device performance.

Low-temperature fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) film is essential for flexible CIGS solar cells. A large-grained CIGS film was synthesized with a Se-deficient Cu/In,Ga)2Se3 stacked precursor by reacting at 500 °C in a vacuum and was then subsequently annealing in Se environment. The CIGS solar cell with the as-prepared CIGS film had a poor cell performance due to a very low Ga composition at the CIGS surface. The surface Ga composition was controlled to 0.2 by supplying In, Ga, and Se in a temperature range of 350 to 500 °C. From an analysis of the photoluminescence spectra, we found that the point defects, Se vacancy and In-in-Cu antisite, in the CIGS film were greatly reduced by annealing below 450 °C. The short-circuit current was pronouncedly increased in the CIGS cells. The open-circuit voltage depended on both the Ga composition and Cu composition at the CIGS surface. In particular, a low Cu composition at the CIGS surface was essential for the higher performance solar cells. Our results indicated that CIGSs film synthesized at high temperature must be annealed at 350 °C or below to reduce undesirable point defects.

In the modern fashion industry, efficiency has been increasing thanks to development of computer graphics, IT technology, and digitalization. Unlike the past when fashion design heavily depended on handwork, digitalization of fashion industry makes fabrication time shorter and enables designers to adopt comprehensive expression, generating high value-added product. The Apparel CAD, an example of the digitalized fashion industry, has been developed from 2D system into a system providing 3D simulation. Digital clothing can be determined as an activity of designers using the tool in order to fabricate pattern and simulate its designed clothes in the virtual space of computer. In this study, physical properties of eight materials, which can be utilized on a par with current fashion trend, have been specified. For more sophisticated investigation, external appearance of the material was investigated by 3D scanning. In order to examine the physical properties of fabric specimens, KES(Kawabata Evaluation System) measurements and other physical property measurements were made. With the results, virtual material and clothes were simulated via CLO 3D, one of 3D apparel CAD systems. Then, virtual fabrics and clothes of similar types were generated and analyzed.

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells fabricated on soda-lime glass (SLG) exhibited high efficiency due to the supply of Na from the SLG substrate. As a simple doping method, Na can be supplied into CIGS films using a Na compound deposited on Mo electrodes. In this study, the authors compared the properties of CIGS thin films grown on a NaF layer deposited on Mo-coated Na-free glass with those of CIGS films on Mo-coated SLG by a standard through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and low-temperature photoluminescence analyzes. After NaF deposition on the Mo film, an amorphous interlayer was detected at the CIGS/MoSe2 interface, and the MoSe2 layer that formed on the Mo surface was thin. The photoluminescence study showed that NaF doping did not effectively prevent the formation of deep donors in the CIGS film, whereas Na supplied by SLG effectively prevents their formation. We concluded that the poor performance of CIGS solar cells incorporating a NaF precursor is due to the amorphous layer at the CIGS/Mo interface and different luminescence characteristic with standard CIGS films, resulting in a low minority carrier

Nowadays, wireless communication system is actively used in everyday life. The most important thing is the performance improvement. In the MIMO-OFDM system can provide multiplexing gain or diversity gain. These gains are obtained in proportion to the increase of the number of antennas. However, the use of the multiple antennas has the problems. Therefore, this paper proposes a cooperative system for improving of performance in the bad communication environment area.

In order to achieve high data rate and increase the spectral efficiency, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system has been proposed. However, multiple antennas are limited by size and cost. Therefore, recently developed cooperative diversity scheme, which profits the transmit diversity only with the existing hardware by constituting a virtual antenna array, can be a solution. However, most of the introduced cooperative techniques have a common fault of decreased transmission rate because the destination should receive the decodable compositions of symbols from the source and the relay. In this paper, we propose a cooperative cyclic delay diversity (CDD) scheme that use hierarchical modulation. This scheme is free from the rate loss and allows seamless cooperative communication., {"references":["H. Sampath, S. Talwar, J. Tellado, V. Erceg and A. Paulraj, A\nfourth-generation MIMO-OFDM broadband wireless system: design,\nperformance, and field trial results, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 40, no. 9,\npp. 143-149, Sep. 2002.","J.-H. Kim and H.-K. Song, Performance improvement of cooperative\nMB-OFDM system based coming home network, IEEE Trans. Consum\nElectron., vol.53, no.2, pp.442-447, May 2007.","A. Sendonaris, E. Erkip and B. Aazhang, User cooperation diversity--Part\nI: System description, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, no. 12,\npp.1927-1938, Nov. 2003.","J. N. Laneman, D. N. C. Tse and G. W. Wornell, Cooperative diversity in\nwireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior, IEEE Trans.\nInfo. Theory, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3062-3080, Dec. 2004.","J.-H. Song, J.-H. Kim and H.-K. Song, Space-time cyclic delay diversity\nencoded cooperative transmissions for multiple relays, IEICE Trans.\nCommun, vol. E92-B, no. 6, pp. 2320-2323, June 2009.","E.-H. Lee and H.-K. Song, An improved transmission rate in cooperative\ncommunication based on OFDMA system, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol.\nE96-A, no. 7, pp. 1667-1670, July 2013.","V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani and A. R. Calderbank, Space-time block codes\nfrom orthogonal designs, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 45, no. 5, pp.\n1456-1467, July 1999.","S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmitter diversity scheme for wireless\ncommunications, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, pp.\n1451--1458, Oct. 1998.","A. Dammann, F. Said, M. Dohler and A. H. Aghvami, Performance\ncomparison of space-time block coded and cyclic delay diversity\nMC-CDMA systems, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 12, no. 2, pp.\n38--45, April 2005.\n[10] ETSI, EN 301 958, V1.1.1, Digital video broadcasting (DVB): Interaction\nchannel for digital terrestrial television (RCT) incorporating multiple\naccess OFDM, March 2002."]}

Recently, efforts have been made to enhance educational competency based on Computational Thinking (CT) in relation to informatics education at home and abroad. Although many informatics teachers training programs are steadily operated in order to cultivate the education capacity in response to the changing demands of the times, this is done without acceptance of an opinion process of informatics teachers’ educational needs. Therefore, this study analyzed recognition and educational needs based on the competency model developed for the informatics teachers in secondary school. Educational needs were analyzed using Borich’s needs formula. The results of the study are as follows: First, the average of Required Competency Level (RCL) of each competency-unit was higher than average of Present Competency Level (PCL) and there were statistically significant differences between RCL and PCL. Secondly, the educational need of each competency-unit was highest in ‘Informatics Teaching and Learning Strategy Establishment and Operation’. Thirdly, the educational needs of Knowledge domain showed the highest educational needs in the competencies of the ‘Informatics Teaching and Learning Strategy Establishment and Operation’ obtaining more than 7 points. Finally, the educational needs of Skill domain took the 1st to 3rd priorities and indicated higher in the competencies of the same competency-unit as Knowledge domain.

Outbreaks of bacterial gill disease (BGD) occurred among cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Chungbuk province of Korea. Gram-negative, filamentous and yellow-pigmented bacteria were isolated from the diseased fish. The morphological, physiological, biochemical, and antigenic properties of the Korean isolates were consisted with those of Flavobacterium branchiophilum (ATCC 35035T and ATCC 35036) isolated from salmonid fish in Japan and Oregon, USA. It was concluded that the Korean isolates were identified as F. branchiophilum.

A novel self-align method has been developed for the fabrication of 980 nm ridge waveguide laser diodes. It utilizes the facts that (1) the thickness of photoresist on the ridge top is substantially less than that in its vicinity and (2) their respective exposure times differ accordingly. Except for replacing the second photolithographic step with a simple flood-exposure, the fabrication procedure is identical to that for conventional ridge waveguide laser diodes. No additional materials or processing steps are required. As a result, the laser fabrication is significantly simplified with excellent reproducibility.

Advanced InformationTechnology brings not only good effects but also bad effects to people’s lives. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between Korean Information Culture Index (KICI) and the Internet and mobile phone addiction for Korean adolescent. KICI represents a quantitative value that measures people’s information literacy levels. Thus, KICI measures how well people use the Internet, whereas the Internet and mobile phone addiction levels represent how badly people use them. In order to achieve our research goal, we firstly diagnose KICI and the Internet and mobile phone addiction level of Korean adolescent by using our questionnaire. Next, we analyze the relationships between KICI and the two addiction levels with regression analysis to see how KICI affects the two addictions. We also find out which questions are more influential to Korean adolescent in KICI measurement. Finally, we propose a better educational way to improve KICI level and to decrease the two addiction levels for Korean adolescent.

One of the major challenges in deep submicron semiconductor era is to control the increase of variations due to decreasing in feature size. Currently, Design for Manufacturing (DFM) method enables to optimize layouts reducing the influence of process variations on circuit [1]. In this paper, we investigated the process margin analysis methods which are related to process defects of high aspect ratio (HAR) contact and short failures between lines. From this methodology, yield limiting process failures are identified and nano-scale defects in cells are virtually monitored without destructive method. This novel simulation methodology makes it possible to estimate the number of void defects of floating gate in Flash memory and predict Breakdown Voltage (BV) of the capacitor in DRAM. As a result, the defect level which is related yield has been decreased from 42% to 2.1% in 60nm Flash device and BV of capacitor has been virtually monitored in 80nm DRAM device.

This paper proposes a new sustaining driver for AC PDPs(Plasma Display Panels) with reduced sustain voltage by half, which improves the performance of conventional circuits such as TERES(TEchnology of REciprocal Sustainer). In the TERES circuit, the sustain voltage is the half of general sustaining driver, however, there is no energy recovery circuit. In the proposed circuit, energy recovery circuit is added and zero voltage switching or zero current switching is performed in switching devices. Although the energy recovery circuit is added, the number of active switching elements is the same as that of the TERES circuit. The operations of the proposed circuit are analyzed for each mode and its validity is verified by the simulations and experimentation.

material is receiving an increased amount of attention for solar cell applications as an absorber layer because it consists of inexpensive and abundant materials (Zn and Sn) instead of the expensive and rare materials (In and Ga) in solar cells. We were able to achieve a cell conversion efficiency to 4.7% by the selenization of a stacked metal precursor with the Cu/(Zn + Sn)/Mo/glass structure. However, the selenization of the metal precursor results in large voids at the absorber/Mo interface because metals diffuse out through the top CZTSe layer. To avoid the voids at the absorber/Mo interface, binary selenide compounds of ZnSe and were employed as a precursor instead of Zn and Sn metals. It was found that the precursor with Cu//ZnSe stack provided a uniform film with larger grains compared to that with /ZnSe stack. Also, voids were not observed at the /Mo interface. A severe loss of Sn was observed after a high-temperature annealing process, suggesting that selenization in this case should be performed in a closed system with a uniform temperature in a environment. However, in the experiments, Cu top-layer stack had more of an effect on reducing Sn loss compared to top-layer stack.