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This study examines the factors affecting women officials' intention to leave their chosen sport, including personal, work-related, and sociocultural factors. The empirical analysis is based on survey data of women officials in 69 different sports across Europe (n = 3,214). Overall, 10.7% of women expressed a turnover intention. Regression analyses indicate that this intention is higher for women who have more officiating experience (16–20 years), officiate at lower levels of sport (grassroots, junior), frequently experience abuse, and dislike the stress and time commitments of officiating, lack of support from the federation, and their lack of opportunity to progress. Younger women (≤24 years) with a mentor, who enjoy being part of a sport community and live in a more gender equal society are less likely to leave. The findings suggest that multiple factors are at work, which need to be addressed by sport managers to retain women in officiating roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: This study characterizes attitudes and decision-making around the desire for future children in young women newly diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer and assesses how clinical factors and perceived risk may impact these attitudes. METHODS: This is a prospective study in women

The relationship between food insecurity and transactional sex is well recognized, but less is known about this relationship among adolescents. We analyzed cross-sectional baseline data from 3,130 female secondary students aged 12-19 enrolled in a three-arm, cluster randomized controlled trial to examine the association between food insecurity and transactional sex. The explanatory variable was food security and the outcome was ever engaging in transactional sex. Over one quarter (28.7%) reported any food insecurity and 1.9% of all participants (9.6% of sexually active participants) reported ever engaging in transactional sex. In adjusted models, ever experiencing any food insecurity was associated with a higher prevalence of ever transactional sex (PR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.49) compared to little to no food insecurity. These results provide insight into potential predictors of higher-risk sexual behavior in Rwanda; they also provide policy-makers with populations with whom to intervene on upstream determinants of transactional sex, notably poverty and food insecurity.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies among reproductive women worldwide, contributing greatly on the incidence of female infertility and gynecological cancers. It is a complex health condition combining of multiple symptoms like androgen excess, uncontrolled weight gain, alopecia, hirsutism, etc. Conventionally PCOS was associated with obesity while it is often found among lean women nowadays, making the disease more critical to diagnose as well treatment. The disorder has an impact on several signal transduction pathways, including steroidogenesis, steroid hormone activity, gonadotrophin regulation, insulin secretion, energy balance, and chronic inflammation. Understanding the aetiology and pathophysiology of PCOS is difficult due to its multiple causes, which include environmental factors, intricate genetic predisposition, and epigenetic modifications. Despite research supporting the role of familial aggregations in PCOS outcomes, the inheritance pattern remains unknown. Henceforth, to reduce the burden of PCOS, it is inevitably important to diagnose at early ages as well as intervene through personalized medicine. With this brief background, it was imperative to elucidate the genetic architecture of PCOS considering BMI as an controlling factor. This study aims to investigate the genetic basis behind obesity-mediated PCOS, focusing on both obese and lean individuals. It uses a comprehensive bioinformatics methodology to depict pathways and functionality enrichment, allowing for cost-effective risk prediction and management. In the present research, the representative study participants (N = 2) were chosen from a cross-sectional epidemiological survey, based on their anthropometric parameters and confirmation of PCOS. Upon voluntary participation and written consent, biological fluids (whole blood and buccal swab) were taken from where DNA was extracted. The clinical-exome sequencing was performed by the Next-generation Illumina platform using the Twist Human Comprehensive Exome Kit. A comprehensive bioinformatics methodology was employed to identify the most important, unique, and common genes. A total of 26,550 variants were identified in clinically important exomes from two samples, with 5170 common and 2232 and 2322 unique among PCOS lean and obese phenotypes, respectively. Only 262 and 94 variants were PCOS-specific in lean and obese PCOS. Three filters were applied to shortlist the most potent variants, with 4 unique variants in lean PCOS, 2 unique variants in obese PCOS, and 5 common variants in both. The study found that leptin signalling impairment and insulin resistance, as well as mutations in CYP1A1, CYP19A1, ESR1, AR, AMH, AdipoR1, NAMPT, NPY, PTEN, EGFR, and Akt, all play significant roles in PCOS in the studied group. Young women in West Bengal, India, are more likely to have co-occurring PCOS, which includes estrogen resistance, leptin receptor insufficiency, folate deficiency, T2DM, and acanthosis nigricans, with obesity being a common phenotypic expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological science frequently treats the human psyche as isolated from the environment within which it exists. In this paper, I employ the Listening Guide method, a relational, embodied, dynamic form of qualitative inquiry, to conduct and analyze an interview with a young Turkish woman on her journey as she relocates to a city in Western Europe. Tracing the psychological logic within her narrative leads me to find that she holds together the psychologically incongruent processes of longing for vividly remembered places that are pervasively lost and rationalization regarding why they are not to be missed. Interpreting this discovery against the backdrop of her inner world, I find that for her, remembering and longing for places go hand in hand with her desire to envision, revitalize and reconstruct elements of remembered and felt places during the immigration journey. This research has implications for immigration studies as it demonstrates the psyche as embedded in places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDrug consumption among young women in Bangladesh is increasing day by day. The research aims to analyze the factors influencing young females to take drugs in Bangladesh. This exploratory study was carried out using a qualitative research method. Primary data were collected via in-depth interviews. Seventeen addicted young women from Bangladesh were chosen for this study by a snowball sampling technique. The data from the interviews were thoroughly examined. Intimate relationships with family and friends have the greatest impact on women’s drug use. Aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 and SDG target 3.5, the study underscores the critical need for gender-sensitive approaches to address the unique vulnerabilities faced by young women. The findings revealed several factors that significantly impacted drug consumption among young women in Bangladesh, including the influence of social groups and peers, family-related issues, inadequate awareness and education on drugs, the ready availability of drugs, and psychological factors such as stress and curiosity. Additionally, women who use drugs often face severe social stigma and gender-based violence, which deters them from seeking help and exacerbates their addiction. Limited access to health services due to economic and societal constraints further hinders their ability to receive proper care and support. Implementing strategies that address these gender-specific factors will not only help mitigate drug abuse but also contribute to improved public health outcomes and advance sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gender-based violence is a serious public health concern and affects a large number of women and girls in humanitarian emergencies. Despite this, there is a dearth of the summary data to address the issue. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the estimated pooled magnitude and factors associated with gender-based violence among refugees and internally displaced women in Africa. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, African Journals OnLine, PsycINFO, and EMBASE were among the databases that were used to search the primary articles. The reviewed papers were articles that evaluated the prevalence and contributing variables of gender-based violence against refugees and internally displaced women in Africa. We extracted the data using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which we exported into Stata version 14 for further analysis. The I2 test was applied to identify statistical heterogeneity. We used a random effect meta-analysis methodology because of the heterogeneity. A funnel plot and Egger's weighted regression test were used to examine publication bias. Results: This systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed 17 primary studies with a total of 6,161 refugees and internally displaced women in Africa. The findings of this study revealed that the estimated pooled prevalence of gender-based violence among refugees and internally displaced women was determined to be 48.20% (95% CI: 39.28, 57.12). Young age (AOR = 3.68, CI: 2.63, 5.14), alcohol consumption (AOR = 2.53, CI: 1.56, 4.11), and having no social protection (AOR = 3.21, CI: 2.22, 4.63) were factors significantly associated with gender-based violence. Conclusions and recommendations: The present study showed that almost half of refugees and internally displaced women residing in Africa were survivors of gender-based violence. Younger women, alcohol users, and those without social protection were more likely to experience gender-based violence. Therefore, it is recommended that accessible information about the consequences of gender-based violence and early intervention for survivors be provided, taking these factors into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions People involved in the criminal justice system are at increased risk of recurring intimate partner violent (IPV) victimisation. Experience of trauma is linked to a variety of negative outcomes, including repeated experiences, so it is important to identify factors that may distinguish non‐victims, single‐event victims and recurring victims at an early stage as this could hold potential for intervention efforts. Research studies have identified individual‐level risk factors for IPV victimisation but have not investigated psychopathy traits or sex differences.To examine sex differences in psychopathy scores and later IPV victimisation.Using the Pathways to Desistance study, a longitudinal study of 1354 adjudicated adolescent offenders, relationships between psychopathy checklist‐youth version (PCL‐YV) scores measured during the baseline wave, independent/control variables in wave 6 and self‐reported IPV victimisation in wave 7 were explored using multinomial regression models.Among justice‐involved young adults (average age 19), PCL‐YV scores differentiated between non‐victims, single‐event victims and recurring victims. Higher total scores and higher ratings on the antisocial behaviours facet of psychopathy significantly increased the relative risk of recurring victimisation by an intimate partner overall, and specifically of emotional or physical intimate partner violence. For the young women but not the young men, a higher scoring on the interpersonal manipulation facet of psychopathy specifically increased the relative risk of being a recurring victim of any intimate partner violence.Sex‐specific differences in relationships between high PVL‐YV scores and recurring IPV victimisation can be used to screen for risk of repeated trauma for justice‐involved young adults, which may change a trajectory of continued involvement in the criminal justice system to a trajectory of resilience and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While well-being does generally constitute a moderate predictor of school achievement, research on the predictive validity of cognitive ability for wellbeing in school contexts remains scant. The current study analyzed longitudinal relations between cognitive ability measured at age 13 (Grade 6) and wellbeing measured at age 18 (Grade 12, valid N = 2,705) in a Swedish sample, using several multivariate model techniques. The results indicate that cognitive ability was not a statistically significant predictor when several predictors were entered in a multiple regression model. However, gender was a significant covariate as girls and young women have a substantially lower degree of self-reported well-being. This casts light on the limitations of cognitive ability as a construct for some non-cognitive outcomes, at least in shorter and narrower spatial-temporal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divergent trends of breast cancer incidence by subtype have been reported in the United States and elsewhere; however, it remains unknown whether this trend has continued until the era of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Using high‐quality population‐based cancer registry data, representing 83% of the US population, this study examined breast cancer incidence rates by estrogen receptor (ER) status in women aged 20–84 years from 2004 to 2020. The incidence rate of ER‐positive cancer increased by 1.75% per year from 2004 to 2009 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26%–3.15%) and has slowed to a 0.87% annual increase (95% CI = 0.41%–1.03%) from 2009 to 2019, followed by a 10.2% reduction from 2019 to 2020. Trends were generally similar across race and ethnicity, although young women (20–49 years), Asian or Pacific Islander, and Hispanic women experienced steady increases until 2019. The incidence rate of ER‐negative cancer decreased by 3.13% annually (95% CI = −4.2% to −2.55%) from 2004 to 2012, and the decrease stabilized from 2012 to 2019 (annual percent change: 0.55%; 95% CI = −1.30% to 0.92%), followed by a 6.0% reduction from 2019 to 2020, with trends generally consistent by age and across racial and ethnic groups. The stabilization of the steep decline in ER‐negative cancer suggests a departure from the encouraging trajectories projected in earlier studies. Coupled with the deceleration in the rise of ER‐positive cancer, the latest trend signals a potential stabilization in the previous rise of the proportional burden of ER‐positive cancer. Understanding the impact of the pandemic on each subtype of breast cancer individually may provide a more comprehensive insight into its long‐term sequelae on survival and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim was to estimate direct medical costs of men and women patients by age group related to cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, strokes) in the province of Quebec, Canada from the economic perspective of the healthcare public system, encompassing five cost components: physician fees, hospitalization (hospital stay, intensive care stay), emergency visits and medication costs. Methods: This matched case-control study involved secondary data from a longitudinal cohort study (1997–2018) of 4584 white-collar workers. Participants were followed for a four-year period. We used an incremental cost method of difference-in-difference. Descriptive analyses using frequency counts, arithmetic means, standardized differences, chi-squared tests, and Student's T-tests were performed. Direct medical costs were estimated using mean and 95% bootstrap confidence interval. Results: Direct medical costs per case were CAD $4970 [4344, 5595] for all in the first year after the event. For men patients, direct medical costs were $5351 [4649, 6053] and $4234 [2880, 5588] for women in the first year after the event, $221 [–229, 671] for men and $226 [–727, 1179] for women in the second year, and $11 [–356, 377] for men and $-24 [–612, 564] for women in the third year. This decrease was observed for both men and women, with higher costs for men. Within the first year, physician fees dominated CVD-associated costs among both men and women cases younger than 65. However, hospital stay represented the costliest component among cases aged 65 and older, incurring higher costs in women compared to men. In the subsequent years, the distribution of costs showed variations according to sex and age, with either medication costs or physician fees being the predominant components, depending on the specific subgroups. Conclusions: CVD-associated direct medical costs varied by components, sex, age, and follow-up years. Patients with CVD incurred more than twice the medical costs as compared to patients without CVD of same age and sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the content of workout videos on TikTok. A sample of 297 TikTok workout videos was coded for demographic factors and body shape of content creators, as well as the presence of body positivity messaging, appearance-related messaging, and other relevant themes. The results suggest that TikTok workout content is often presented in a time-lapse format with little verbal instruction, which may make it difficult for viewers to perform the exercises. The majority of the videos depicted young women with athletic bodies and other characteristics associated with culturally based beauty ideals, and approximately half of the videos included non-White content creators. Approximately a quarter of the videos in the sample included objectification and a smaller proportion of the sample included messages about inner positivity. Overall, the TikTok platform may provide underrepresented individuals opportunities to seek out workout content from a more diverse group of instructors; however, the fact that many of these videos including objectifying depictions of the content creators is concerning. Further experimental work is needed in order to more fully elucidate the effects of TikTok workout videos on viewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion Sexual assault is pervasive in today's society, with the numbers of those reporting it increasing. In Ireland, 50% of women will experience some form of sexual violence in their lifetime. We sought to describe the incident details of females presenting to the Sexual Assault Treatment Unit (SATU) network in the Republic of Ireland and to determine associations between incident characteristics and: (1) victim age, (2) presence of injury, (3) victim‐perpetrator relationship, and (4) number of assailants.This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study of all females who attended between 2017 and 2023. Descriptive bivariate analysis was performed.There were 5942 female attendances, with an average age of 26 years. The largest age group was women between 18 and 25 years (38.1%, n = 2263). Forensic examinations were performed in 76.6% (n = 4549). Assailants were male in 92% (n = 5469) of incidents, with multiple assailants disclosed in 7.3% (n = 435). Strangers or recent acquaintances were the assailant in 38.5% (n = 2290) of incidents, and close associates in 22.9% (n = 1359). Incidents occurred at the survivor's home in 22% (n = 1306) of incidents, and in the assailant's home in 22.6% (n = 1342). Drug use within 24 h was reported in 15.1% (n = 897) of cases, and alcohol use in 72% (n = 4276). Drug‐facilitated assault was suspected by 16.1% (n = 955). Injuries (genital and extra‐genital) occurred in 30.3% (n = 1800) of attendances and were more likely to be seen in those who disclosed ingesting alcohol (Relative risk [RR] 1.325, P < 0.001) or drugs (RR 1.111, P = 0.04) in the 24 h preceding the incident, in those who presented within 24 h (RR 1.646, P < 0.001), those aged 18 years or older (RR 1.07, P = 0.003), and those where the incident occurred outdoors (RR 1.24, P < 0.001).This study, one of the largest on female attendances to a national SATU network, offers detailed insights into demographics, incident details, and circumstances. Most were young women, mainly 18 years and older, many of whom were full‐time students. Forensic examinations were the primary reason for attendance, underscoring the network's key role in evidence collection. The study also identified factors linked to a higher risk of injury detection, such as immediate post‐incident attendance, being over 18, outdoor incidents, perpetration by a stranger, and prior alcohol or drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations has designated 2025 as the "Quantum Year" to acknowledge the potential impact of quantum technology on various aspects of society. This declaration is expected to accelerate research and development in quantum computing, communication, and metrology. The International Year of Quantum (IYQ) Steering Committee is planning global initiatives and events for 2025 to raise public awareness about quantum science and technology. The Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies is a partner for this event. In addition, the S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences in Kolkata, India, organized a conference on Women in Quantum Science and Technologies to celebrate the centenary of the Bose-Einstein statistics paper. The conference aimed to address the challenges faced by women in science and promote gender equality in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Younger women rely on altering cardiac output (Q̇$\dot{Q}$) to regulate blood pressure (BP). In contrast, older women rely more on altering vascular tone. However, evidence suggests that the ability to alter systemic vascular conductance (SVC) is diminished in older women. In the present study, cardioselective β‐blockade was utilized to diminish the relative contribution of Q̇$\dot{Q}$ to BP regulation and thereby evaluate age‐related vascular limitations in women at rest and during large muscle dynamic exercise. Younger (n = 13, mean age 26.0 years) and older (n = 14, mean age 61.8 years) healthy women performed submaximal bouts of semi‐recumbent cycling exercise at varying intensities while receiving an intravenous infusion of esmolol, a β1‐antagonist, or saline control in a repeated‐measures crossover design. Q̇$\dot{Q}$ was attenuated during esmolol infusion, with greater reductions during exercise (moderate, –1.0 (95% CI, –1.6 to –0.5) L/min, P < 0.001; heavy, –2.0 (95% CI, –2.6 to –1.5) L/min, P < 0.001) than seated rest (–0.5 (95% CI, –1.1 to 0.0) L/min, P = 0.048), and this reduction was not significantly different between age groups (P = 0.122). Older women exhibited a greater attenuation in mean arterial pressure (MAP) during esmolol (–7 (95% CI, –9 to –4) mmHg, P < 0.001) relative to younger women (–2 (95% CI, –5 to 0) mmHg, P = 0.071). These changes coincided with a greater reduction of SVC in the younger women during esmolol (–15 (95% CI, –20 to –10) mL/min/mmHg, P < 0.001) compared to older women (–3 (95% CI, –9 to 2) mL/min/mmHg, P = 0.242). Together, these findings provide evidence that older, postmenopausal women have a diminished ability to adjust SVC in order to regulate MAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I discuss the legacy of the art historical trope of the female nude in perpetuating colonial narratives that inform young women’s understanding not only of the idealized female body, but also what is perceived as ‘good’ drawing in the contemporary art classroom. Theoretically informed by phEmaterialism (feminist new materialism and post-humanism in education), I review the skin as a post-human assemblage to diffract heteronormative and raced colonial imaginings of the female skin. I discuss the PhEminist Skins project, a collaboration with six young women artists (the YWAs), where critical engagement with creative methods, such as life drawing, mobilized the agency of the skin and created opportunity for creative activism. I further share how the methods developed by the YWAs instigated the creation of The Centre for Creative Explorations, a creative research centre that explores alternative pedagogical approaches to the decolonial endeavour in secondary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid changes in the North American socio-cultural/political and dating landscape, there exist questions about whether the sexual double standard and the inequality (e.g., of pleasure) in sex still exist for young women today. In this study, we explored the discourses that shape young women's navigation of and talk about heterosexuality, or heterosex. Young, heterosexual women of diverse demographic and relationship backgrounds aged 18–24 (N = 28) attended one of five online focus groups. Informed by feminist post-structuralism and discursive psychology, we analyzed women's talk about doing heterosex. Many participants mobilized a discourse of expectations of compulsory heterosex practices in casual and committed contexts. Within that discourse, young women were positioned as both constrained and regulated in their sexual lives and as needing to comply with unwanted sex. Risks of non-compliance included the risk of being perceived as being defective and/or "bad." Participants' talk also linked coercion, assault, and other male-perpetrated violence against women with how heterosex is done in today's context. Our findings suggest that despite #MeToo and other exposés of rape culture, young women remain constrained by heterosexual norms. However, their language, ability, and willingness to challenge the current situation concerning heterosex is more sophisticated than previously observed. These advancements are promising, as they suggest the importance of continued research and activism in this area and carry several practical implications, including for sex education programming and counselling and support services in sessions with young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: High breast density is a risk factor for breast cancer and can reduce the sensitivity of mammography. Given the influence of breast density on patient risk stratification and screening accuracy, it is crucial to monitor the prevalence of extremely dense breasts within local populations. Moreover, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding breast density prevalence in Switzerland. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of breast density in a selected Swiss population. Methods: To overcome the potential variability in breast density classifications by human readers, this study utilized commercially available deep convolutional neural network breast classification software. A retrospective analysis of mammographic images of women aged 40 years and older was performed. Results: A total of 4698 mammograms from women (58 ± 11 years) were included in this study. The highest prevalence of breast density was in category C (heterogeneously dense), which was observed in 41.5% of the cases. This was followed by category B (scattered areas of fibroglandular tissue), which accounted for 22.5%. Conclusions: Notably, extremely dense breasts (category D) were significantly more common in younger women, with a prevalence of 34%. However, this rate dropped sharply to less than 10% in women over 55 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study sought to determine if inequities exist in Hispanic women's pregnancy intentions and birth outcomes by metropolitan status. In the U.S. pregnancy intentions and birth outcomes of young Hispanic women are a significant public health problem as they are often overlooked on health issues such as pregnancy and childbirth. Data were from the 2015 to 2019 National Survey of Family Growth and focused on the first pregnancies of Hispanic women aged 18 to 24 years old who were not pregnant at the time of the interview and answered the nativity question. Multivariable multinomial regression was used to evaluate how metropolitan status affects pregnancy intentions and birth outcomes. Additionally, multivariable multinomial regression was used to evaluate how metropolitan status affects each pregnancy intention-birth outcome combination. There was no significant association solely between metropolitan status and pregnancy intention (i.e. unintended pregnancy). Metropolitan Hispanic women reported more miscarriages than live births. Hispanic women in the suburbs were more likely to miscarry during an intended pregnancy than those in urban. These findings can improve family planning services for rural women by identifying the specific factors that affect pregnancy intentions and developing targeted interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND There are gaps in uptake of adherence to, and persistence in the use of preexposure pro-dephylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention among cisgender women. METHODS We conducted a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial involving adolescent girls and young women in South Africa and Uganda. Participants were assigned in a 2:2:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous lenacapavir every 26 weeks, daily oral emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide (F/TAF), or daily oral emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (F/TDF; active control); all participants also received the alternate subcutaneous or oral placebo. We assessed the efficacy of lenacapavir and F/TAP by comparing the incidence of HIV infection with the estimated background incidence in the screened population and evaluated relative efficacy as compared with F/TDF. RESULTS Among 5338 participants who were initially HIV-negative, 55 incident HIV infections were observed: 0 infections among 2134 participants in the lenacapavir group (0 per 100 person-years; 95°/0 confidence interval [CI], 0.00 to 0.19), 39 infections among 2136 participants in the F/TAP group (2.02 per 100 person-years; 95°/0 CI, 1.44 to 2.76), and 16 infections among 1068 participants in the F/TDF group (1.69 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 0.96 to 2.74). Background HIV incidence in the screened population (8094 participants) was 2.41 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 1.82 to 3.19). HIV incidence with lenacapavir was significantly lower than background HIV incidence (incidence rate ratio, 0.00; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.04; P<0.001) and than HIV incidence with F/TDF (incidence rate ratio, 0.00; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.10; P<0.001). HIV incidence with F/TAF did not differ significantly from background HIV incidence (incidence rate ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.55 to 1.28; P=0.21), and no evidence of a meaningful difference in HIV incidence was observed between FITAF and F/TDF (incidence rate ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.67 to 2.14). Adherence to F/TAF and F/TDF was low. No safety concerns were found. Injection-site reactions were more common in the lenacapavir group (68.8%) than in the placebo injection group (F/TAF and F/TDF combined) (34.996); 4 participants in the lenacapavir group (0.296) discontinued the trial regimen owing to injection-site reactions. CONCLUSIONS No participants receiving twice-yearly lenacapavir acquired HIV infection. HIV incidence with lenacapavir was significantly lower than background HIV incidence and HIV incidence with F/TDF. (Funded by Gilead Sciences; PURPOSE 1 ClinicalTrials.gov numben NCT04994509.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence on cash transfers as a population-level intervention to support healthy cognitive aging in low-income settings is sparse. We assessed the effect of a cash transfer intervention on cognitive aging outcomes in older South African adults. We leveraged the overlap in the sampling frames of a Phase 3 randomized cash transfer trial [HIV Prevention Trial Network (HPTN) 068, 2011-2015] and an aging cohort [Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community (HAALSI), 2014-2022] in rural Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. In 2011/12, young women and their primary caregivers were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive a monthly cash transfer or control. In 2014/2015, 862 adults aged 40+ y living in trial households were enrolled in the HAALSI cohort, with cognitive data collected in three waves over 7 y. We estimated the impact of the intervention on rate of memory decline and dementia probability scores. Memory decline in the cash transfer arm was 0.03 SD units (95% CI: 0.002, 0.05) slower per year than in the control arm. Dementia probability scores were three percentage points lower in the cash transfer arm than the control arm (ß = -0.03; 95% CI: -0.05, -0.001). Effects were consistent across subgroups. A modestly sized household cash transfer delivered over a short period in mid-to later-life led to a meaningful slowing of memory decline and reduction in dementia probability 7 y later. Cash transfer programs could help stem the tide of new dementia cases in economically vulnerable populations in the coming decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) use on the incidence of acne in adolescents and young women. Methods: A narrative review was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and SciELO assessing the incidence of acne in adolescents and young women using LNG-IUD (13.5, or 19.5 mg, or 52 mg). Cohort, cross-sectional studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses were included, without a date limit. Studies that didn't evaluate women in the age of interest were excluded. Only articles in English were selected. Results: Nine articles were included in this narrative review. Only clinical trials, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies were evaluated. Two cross-sectional studies evaluated the incidence of acne in women using any contraceptive methods, with the incidence of acne being 36% in women aged 17 to 47 using LNG-IUD in one study. In another study, acne incidence ranged from 2 to 8% in women using any contraceptive methods, with higher rates in younger women and LNG-IUD users. The incidence of acne varies and participants between 16 to 35 years were more likely to report new acne or worsening of pre-existing acne. In a prospective cohort study of women between 16 and 24 years, acne was a common adverse effect, with 44% in the first year. Conclusion: The data indicate variability in the incidence of acne among LNG-IUD users, with a higher prevalence observed in younger women. Further research should focus on the effects of LNG-IUD on acne in young populations, with rigorous study designs and consideration of previous contraceptive use. SHORT CONDENSATION: The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) is an important tool in the prevention of unplanned pregnancies in adolescents and young women. Acne is a possible adverse effect that could lead to discontinuation of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores young people's experiences of puberty and their perspectives on parent-child sexual communication in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal. In-depth individual interviews, focus group discussions, and participatory visual research methodology were employed with 18 and 19-year-old young women (n = 30) and young men (n = 16) attending three primary health care facilities and a local high school in Jozini municipality. The findings suggest a complex interplay between unequal gender and socio-cultural norms that results in divergent puberty experiences and ambiguous and inconsistent patterns of parent-child sexual communication. Young people referred to their parents as gudlists, a local colloquialism for someone who is evasive, vague, ambiguous and indirect. Lack of open parent-child sexual communication hinders discussion of healthy sexuality, neglecting the sexual and reproductive health education and needs of young people. Reflective of their desire for change, young women in particular contest current parenting norms and suggest returning to cultural practices linked to traditional forms of courtship and sexual communication among young Zulu people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender inequalities in health-related quality of life (QoL) are generally few and small, even in large surveys. Many generic measures limit assessment to QoL overall and its physical and psychological dimensions, while overlooking internationally important environmental, social, and spiritual QoL domains. Unique cross-cultural legacy data was collected using four WHOQOL-100 surveys of adults living in 43 cultures world-wide (17,608 adults; ages 15–101). It was first used to examined gender profiles of its five QoL international domains, and their component facets. Few significant gender differences (p <.001) were found. Women reported higher spiritual QoL than men on faith, and spiritual connection facets specifically. Men reported higher physical and psychological QoL domains than women. We aimed to identify those QoL dimensions that contribute to women's overall QoL in health, as this information could inform gender inequalities interventions in health. Environmental QoL explained a substantial 46% of women's overall QoL and health (n = 5,017; 17 cultures) (stepwise multiple regression adjusted for age, education, and marital status covariates). Five environmental QoL facets contributed significantly to this result; home environment offered most explanation. Age band analysis was conducted to understand when interventions might be best timed in the lifespan to improve women's QoL. Younger women (< 45 years) reported the poorest QoL across the lifetime, and on every domain. After 45, all domains except physical QoL increased to very good at about 60, and high levels were sustained beyond 75, especially environmental QoL. Global findings show that assessing environmental, social, and spiritual QoL domains are key to fully understanding women's QoL and health. These assessments should be prioritized in surveys that aim to improve international conservation, and public health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory and field research has reported that the appearance of infants causes observers to smile. The current study examined whether this smiling response is modulated by the observer's task and evaluative dimension. Thirty‐nine young nulliparous women were asked to rate the cuteness or beauty levels of 6‐month‐old infants' faces using a 7‐point scale in different blocks. Facial electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded of participants' facial muscles related to both smiling (the zygomaticus major [ZM] and orbicularis oculi [OO]) and frowning (the corrugator supercilii [CS]). The results showed that cuteness and beauty ratings were highly correlated with each other (r =.90), indicating that these evaluations were based on similar attractiveness‐related physical features. Facial EMG responses on the smiling muscle sites, ZM and OO, increased significantly from the baseline when participants rated the faces' cuteness, and the responses were larger than when participants rated the faces' beauty. CS activity was not found to have any effect. The perceived cuteness level of the infant faces did not affect the facial EMG responses. Moreover, the magnitude of the smiling response was shown to be much smaller than that associated with voluntary smiling. These findings suggest that facial expressions while viewing infant faces do not exhibit a fixed pattern but are modulated by observers' tasks and that considering cuteness, which is based on more affective evaluations than beauty, can enhance smiling responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mother–offspring communication is especially crucial for social species in order to synchronize activities essential for early survival including nursing, resting, maintaining proximity during group movements between food or water sources, and locating one another if separated in a large social group. One of the most social ungulate species in North America is the American Bison (Bison bison), formerly known as buffalo. Adult female bison associate with their young for over a year and communication between mother and offspring is likely essential for establishing and maintaining a bond upon which the life of a calf depends. One goal of this study was to quantify and compare the acoustic form of vocalizations of adult female, subadult, and calf bison and to determine how age classes differed in call structure. The other goal was to identify the contexts in which bison vocalized. Vocalizations of 101 bison (53 adult females, 15 subadults, 33 calves) in a semi-free-ranging herd in Montana were analyzed and found to be pulsatile sounds, unlike vocalizations of bison bulls or domestic cows and calves. Vocalizations of bison cows, subadults, and calves differed significantly in total duration, numbers of pulses, pulse duration, and pulse rate. Seven distinct call contexts were identified. The majority of calls were "moving-on calls" (39%), when a cow called and her calf ran to her side and the 2 moved on together, and "contact calls" (21%) when a cow called and her calf called back but neither changed their location. "Imprinting calls" and "nursing calls" were also identified. Mother–offspring acoustic communication in bison appears especially critical for coordinating movements. Understanding the role of acoustic communication in maintaining the bond between bison mothers and their offspring can contribute to the humane management and welfare of this iconic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female development includes significant morphological changes across the breast. Yet, whether differences in breast surface area (BrSA) modify breast skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity at rest and after exercise in the heat remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between BrSA and skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity in 20 young to middle‐aged women (27 ± 8 years of age) of varying breast sizes (BrSA range: 147–502 cm2) at rest and after a submaximal run in a warm climatic chamber (32C${\mathrm{C}}$ ± 0.6C;${\mathrm{0}}{\mathrm{.6C;}}$ 53% ± 1.7% relative humidity). Skin stiffness above and below the nipple and tactile sensitivity from the nipple down were measured. Associations between BrSA and both skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity at rest were determined via correlation analyses. Effects of exercise and test site were assessed by a two‐way ANOVA. Skin stiffness was positively correlated with BrSA 3 cm above the areola edge (r = 0.61, P = 0.005) and at the superior areola border (r = 0.54, P = 0.016), but not below the nipple (P > 0.05). The area 3 cm below the areola was also significantly stiffer than all other test sites (P < 0.043). Tactile sensitivity did not vary with BrSA (P > 0.09), but it varied across the breast (i.e., the area 3 cm below the areola was more sensitive than the inferior areola edge; P = 0.018). Skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity across the breast decreased after exercise by ∼37% (P < 0.001) and ∼45% (P = 0.008), respectively. These findings expand our fundamental understanding of the mechanosensory properties of the female breast, and they could help to inform sportswear innovation to better meet the support needs of women of different breast sizes at rest and following exercise. What is the central question of this study?How do differences in breast surface area impact skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity in healthy women before and after running in the heat?What is the main finding and its importance?We found a new relationship between breast morphology and skin stiffness, such that skin stiffness increased linearly with breast surface area in the upper breast. Furthermore, skin stiffness and tactile sensitivity decreased after exercise in the heat. These findings expand our fundamental understanding of breast mechanosensory properties and they could help to inform sportwear innovation to meet the support needs of women of different breast sizes better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human development and family planning programs since the 1970s have led to a fast‐rising prevalence of modern contraceptive means at the global level. However, countries with rising but still low levels of contraceptive use experienced an increasing number of societal upheavals, including armed conflicts, sudden and high‐intensity natural disasters, as well as dramatic effects of health epidemics. This may challenge the continued diffusion of modern means of birth regulation as well as their adherent use. To better understand the role of societal upheavals in the contraceptive transition, we provide a narrative literature review of their multidimensional pathways of influence in the contraceptive decision‐making process. The review suggests four main findings. First, well‐known contemporary barriers to contraceptive use become more salient during societal upheavals. Second, historical barriers reemerge predominantly. Third, societal upheavals exert specific effects on the contraceptive transition, such as through birth replacement, the repopulation of communities, and the sexual vulnerability of girls and young women. Fourth, there are more pathways leading to a reduced (rather than a heightened) contraceptive prevalence. The conclusion discusses the implications of those insights for the contraceptive transition, provides a critical perspective of the literature, and draws avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional narratives of sport posit winning as the defining goal in ways that can feel and be exclusionary to young people and result in a lack of enjoyment and subsequent decision to avoid or discontinue involvement in sport. This is particularly true for girls and young women who participate in sport at lower rates and quit at higher rates than boys and young men. Shifting the focus of sport away from winning can open space for a wider range of girls and young women to see themselves as athletes. Scholars have highlighted how story in the form of counter-narratives can play a role in changing readers' perspectives. However, no attention has been paid to fictional representations of athletes engaging in non-competitive sport and how these depictions might invite girls and young women to imagine themselves differently in sporting spaces. This paper employs thematic inductive analysis to examine three, girl-centric young adult sports novels that work as counter-narratives to examine what happens when winning is not the central goal of participation in sport. Specifically, it explores what fictional young women athletes gain through their participation in non-competitive sport and what young adult readers might gain in their engagement with these titles. Findings reveal how participation in non-competitive sport gives the fictional athletes a sense of full personhood, confidence and pride in what their bodies can do, and connection with something larger than themselves. These titles can show readers that their engagement in sport is desirable, that non-competitive sport is beneficial to them, and that their engagement in sport is possible, that non-competitive sport is for them. The paper suggests that stories of non-competitive sport have the potential to open equitable access by inviting more young people, particularly those who have not seen themselves in stories of sport, to engage as athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore depressive, anxiety, and mental-health related somatic symptoms among young breast-cancer survivors by considering symptoms before and after cancer onset. Materials and Methods: The study sample included females from the prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Symptoms were assessed with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 at the age of 31 and 46 years. We studied both subscales of depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms and single symptoms in secondary analyses. Results: Thirty-one cases and 3.077 controls were included. Females diagnosed with breast cancer 3-8 years before the 46-year follow-up had increased depressive (p = 0.005) and somatic symptoms (p = 0.028) at the 46-year follow-up compared with the 31-year follow-up. This was not observed among those diagnosed <3 or >8 years before or among controls. Females diagnosed with breast cancer reported more lack of strength or energy compared with controls at the 46-year follow-up (p = 0.047). Among females who did not report feeling that the future is hopeless at the 31-year follow-up, significantly more females diagnosed with breast cancer reported this feeling at the 46-year follow-up compared with controls (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Depressive and somatic symptoms increased significantly among young females at 3-8 years after breast-cancer diagnosis compared with the time before the cancer diagnosis. Psychosocial measures of support for breast-cancer survivors should be provided over the long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and dysmenorrhea (DM) are common gynecological problems. Objective: To systematically review the needs, quality of life (QOL), and effectiveness of self‐management strategies among young women (12–25 years) with DM or HMB. Search Strategy: Relevant terms were searched through PubMed, EBSCO, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Ovid between 2010 and 2022. Selection Criteria: Qualitative and quantitative studies published in peer‐reviewed journals, females aged 12–25, exploring DM or HMB, reporting supportive care needs, quality of life, self‐treatment strategies, and/or treatment‐seeking behavior. Data Collection and Analysis: Abstracts were reviewed for eligibility by two researchers. Included studies were extracted and assessed for quality independently by two authors, with discrepancies resolved through consensus or the involvement of a third researcher. Data extracted included study details, menstrual history, symptoms, self‐care strategies, and quality of life. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklists were used for quality assessment. Main Results: The search returned 285 190 studies, of which 55 were eligible for inclusion. Prevalence rates of HMB and DM were in the ranges 4%–63% and 42%–94%, respectively. Over 80% of young women with DM and HMB experienced physical and psychological problems, including pelvic pain, sleep issues, mood disturbance, diarrhea, and nausea. Academic performance and daily activities were severely affected. Most (>62%) named their mothers as their primary source of information, and friends as the secondary source (10%–65%). Few studies explored needs, but they could be inferred and fell under school‐related and social needs. QOL was poorer in those who had DM than those who did not. Pain was the most common issue that drove young women to find treatment. More than 70% used medication to reduce pain. More than half chose home remedies (e.g., heat therapy, massages, herbal tea, hot drinks). No studies provided information about the efficacy and dosage of medication and herbal remedies. Conclusions: HMB and DM have a large impact on daily living, with large areas of unmet need. Limited access to information impairs the management of symptoms and consequent QOL. Synopsis: Heavy menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea significantly affect daily life, leaving numerous unmet needs. Insufficient information hinders symptom management, leading to compromised quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singlehood has received increasing attention from academic researchers in recent decades. However, when it comes to understanding the lives and experiences of single women in small rural communities, research is sorely lacking. In such communities, singles may have limited opportunities for finding companionship. These tight settings create the perfect environment for social control through gossip. This has damaging effects on young women who find their social lives and sexual activities under the microscope, as well as their expressions of sexuality. Drawing on interviews conducted with young women in small fishing villages in Iceland, this paper examines the lives of single women in small Icelandic communities, particularly when it comes to their social space, love life, and sexual activities as well as gossip about them. The findings reveal patterns of social exclusion against single women in these communities. Moreover, the study uncovers gendered slut-shaming practices and power dynamics that emerge between local and non-local inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Shakespeare Authorship Question and Philosophy: Knowledge, Rhetoric, Identity" by Michael Dudley is a book that explores the debate surrounding the true authorship of Shakespeare's works. Dudley examines the arguments put forth by Stratfordians and Oxfordians, using philosophical concepts and thinkers such as Hegel, Foucault, Barthes, and Chomsky to understand why belief in William Shakspere of Stratford has persisted. The book offers analytical tools and case studies to evaluate the authorship debate, and Dudley argues that the Oxfordian paradigm shift can increase empathy and emotional connection with Shakespeare as a fellow human being. The book also highlights the challenges faced by the Oxfordian community in maintaining collegiality and academic standards. [Extracted from the article]

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Background/Objectives. A notable decline in physical activity from late adolescence to early adulthood affects young women especially. This study aimed to investigate adherence to an unsupervised virtual-guided high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise program among young women in Spain. Methods. A total of 106 participants were recruited and randomized to the Women's Involvement in Steady Exercise (WISE) trial exercise program, administered remotely via a mobile app, and a control group. The primary outcome was adherence measured through daily steps. Secondary variables were patient-reported outcomes of physical activity, quality of sleep, and quality of life, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Health Lifestyle and Personal Control Questionnaire (HLPCQ), respectively. The assessments were performed over 6 months, before the intervention (T0), at the halfway of the program (T1), and at the end (T2). Results. Daily steps revealed a decrease from baseline to final assessment in both groups. Secondary outcomes indicated a shift in physical activity levels, showing a transition from low to moderate and high activity perception. While sleep quality deteriorated post-intervention, quality of life showed no changes. Conclusions. The WISE trial highlights the potential and challenges of an unsupervised virtual-guided HIIT program for young women. While an improvement in physical activity levels was noticed, it also led to a decrease in daily steps and poorer sleep quality. These findings suggest a complex relationship between exercise and lifestyle factors, which could potentially have the greatest impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, the young philologist Yoani Sánchez was "possibly the most famous living Cuban not named Castro" and one of the world's most famous bloggers. Although, at the time, very few people in Cuba had access to the internet, a legion of volunteers worldwide translated her Generation Y blog into eighteen languages, reaching millions of internauts globally every month. In many parts of the world, the press and political figures viewed Sánchez with awe, describing her as a "girl genius" and a "rock star." This view was not unreasonable—a thirty-four-year-old woman who built her computer from scratch in a country ruled undemocratically by old military men—Sánchez's writing constituted a daily defiance of the Cuban state. Yet, questions remained: What made Sánchez different? Why did so much attention flow to Sánchez rather than the numerous hunger strikers in and out of Cuban jails during this period? Why did global media pick Sánchez to speak for and translate Cuba to the world and with what effects? Here, Frances Negrón-Muntaner investigates how multiple forms of translation, of language but also of form, education, ideology, color, and gender, in a context of capitalist and technological change allowed Sánchez to play a pivotal and mediating role that changed her, Cuba, and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although family scholars have long relied on longitudinal data, electronic methods of data collection like web‐ and app‐based surveys have greatly increased the amount of data with many repeated measures at short intervals, sometimes called intensive longitudinal data. The authors provide a conceptual overview of this type of data, paying particular attention to the appropriate frequency for the intervals, and discuss some of the unique contributions to Life Course Theory that can be generated with such data. They illustrate two analytic techniques that especially benefit from an intensive longitudinal design—sequence analysis and between‐within regression—by applying these methods to intensive longitudinal data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life Study that represent a "micro life course" of pregnancy risk (partnering, pregnancy desire, sex, and contraception) during the transition to adulthood. Their sequence analysis shows that singlehood, hormonal contraception, or partnered abstinence dominated most young women's micro‐life courses. Black/African‐American young women's micro life courses were similarly dominated by singlehood but were even more frequently dominated by partnered abstinence than their non‐Black/African‐American peers'. However, Black/African‐American women's micro life courses were less stable, potentially explaining their higher undesired pregnancy rates. A between‐within regression model shows that Black/African‐American coital contraceptors were less likely than their non‐Black/African‐American peers to use withdrawal (rather than condoms). They conclude by suggesting some potential ways that intensive longitudinal data capturing micro‐life courses can contribute to important outstanding research questions in family research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory and field research has reported that the appearance of infants causes observers to smile. The current study examined whether this smiling response is modulated by the observer's task and evaluative dimension. Thirty‐nine young nulliparous women were asked to rate the cuteness or beauty levels of 6‐month‐old infants' faces using a 7‐point scale in different blocks. Facial electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded of participants' facial muscles related to both smiling (the zygomaticus major [ZM] and orbicularis oculi [OO]) and frowning (the corrugator supercilii [CS]). The results showed that cuteness and beauty ratings were highly correlated with each other (r =.90), indicating that these evaluations were based on similar attractiveness‐related physical features. Facial EMG responses on the smiling muscle sites, ZM and OO, increased significantly from the baseline when participants rated the faces' cuteness, and the responses were larger than when participants rated the faces' beauty. CS activity was not found to have any effect. The perceived cuteness level of the infant faces did not affect the facial EMG responses. Moreover, the magnitude of the smiling response was shown to be much smaller than that associated with voluntary smiling. These findings suggest that facial expressions while viewing infant faces do not exhibit a fixed pattern but are modulated by observers' tasks and that considering cuteness, which is based on more affective evaluations than beauty, can enhance smiling responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the causal effects of grandmothers' geographical proximity on labour supply decisions of married women with young children by leveraging a novel data set from Turkey. We deal with the reverse causality and endogeneity problems arising from mothers' and grandmothers' joint location and labour supply decisions by implementing a two‐stage least squares estimation method using the number of alive grandmothers as an instrument. We argue that grandmothers' proximity can increase mothers' labour supply through their free and flexible childcare services. On the other hand, geographically close grandmothers can reduce mothers' labour supply by imposing the traditional gender norms prevalent in Turkey or requiring them to take on elderly caregiving duties. The overall effect depends on the relative size of these opposing factors. Our findings suggest that living in the same neighbourhood as grandmothers increases the probability of labour force participation and the employment rates of women with young children by 18.2 ppt and 16.4 ppt, respectively. These results are mostly driven by the non‐village sample. The 'traditional gender norm' channel explains the insignificant impact of grandmothers' proximity on the labour market outcomes of mothers who have been raised in villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual harassment and other forms of transit crime are everyday occurrences for women and girls around the world. The absence of safety hampers the ability of numerous women to engage freely in school, employment, and public activities without being alert. This research explores women's safety experiences, particularly focusing on young women in diverse rural and urban environments. We utilized chi-square analysis and regression models to analyze data obtained from a survey distributed to railway passengers in 2022 across neighboring municipalities in southern central Sweden. Findings show that being young makes women more likely to be victimized. Although rural women feel safer than their urban counterparts, they are more often willing to take precautionary measures before taking a trip (e.g., more often traveling with someone in the evening or avoiding certain stations). These findings call for gender-age-sensitive mobility policies, taking into account the intersectionality of transit safety, and reflecting women's and girls' safety needs in particular rural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC) is an aggressive malignancy affecting younger women. Despite ovarian cancer subtypes having diverse molecular and clinical characteristics, the mainstay of treatment for advanced stage disease remains cytotoxic chemotherapy. Late stage CCOC is resistant to conventional chemotherapy, which means a suboptimal outcome for patients affected. Despite detailed genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic characterisation, subtype‐specific treatment for CCOC has shown little progress. The unique glycogen accumulation defining CCOC suggests altered metabolic pathway activity and dependency. This study presents the first metabolomic landscape of ovarian cancer subtypes, including 42 CCOC, 20 high‐grade serous and 21 endometrioid ovarian carcinomas, together comprising the three most common ovarian carcinoma subtypes. We describe a distinct metabolomic landscape of CCOC compared with other ovarian cancer subtypes, including alterations in energy utilisation and cysteine metabolism. In addition, we identify CCOC‐specific alterations in metabolic pathways including serine biosynthesis and ROS‐associated pathways that could serve as potential therapeutic targets. Our study provides the first in‐depth study into the metabolome of ovarian cancers and a rich resource to support ongoing research efforts to identify subtype‐specific therapeutic targets that could improve the dismal outcome for patients with this devastating malignancy. © 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We evaluated the incidence, timing, and risk factors for second primary non-breast cancers (SPNBC) among young breast cancer (BC) survivors. Methods: This study included participants of the Young Women's BC Study (YWS) who were diagnosed with stage 0-III BC between 2006 and 2016 and age 40 or younger at diagnosis (N = 1,230). Patient characteristics, treatment information, and clinical events were collected via serial surveys. Tumor and treatment data were obtained from medical record review. Five- and 10-year risks of SPNBCs were estimated via the cumulative incidence function, considering death, metastasis, or second primary BC as competing events. Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard models estimated subdistribution hazard ratios (sHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for SPNBC risk based on risk factors including demographics, germline genetics, primary BC characteristics, and treatments. Results: Among 1,230 women, over a median follow-up of 10.1 years, 47 patients (4%) developed an SPNBC. Types of malignancy included melanoma (n = 10), thyroid (n = 10), ovarian (n = 4), sarcoma (n = 4), uterine (n = 3), rectal (n = 3), bladder (n = 2), cervical (n = 2), head/neck (n = 2), lung (n = 2), lymphoma (n = 2), pancreatic (n = 2), and renal (n = 1). Five and 10-year cumulative incidence were 1.4% and 3.2%, respectively. Median time between primary BC and SPNBC was 7.3 years. No patient factors, primary tumor characteristics, or treatments were statistically significantly associated with SPNBC in univariable or multivariable models. Conclusion: In this population, five-year cumulative incidence was higher than that reported among healthy women under 50 years of age, highlighting the importance of long-term surveillance for new non-breast cancers in young adult BC survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the fabrication and contestation of a false exile narrative in early modern France. At its centre was Ina, a young woman found on the streets of Paris in the winter of 1692. Claiming to be a Chinese princess who had ended up penniless in France after a long sequence of misfortunes, she gained the attention of members of the Parisian elite but was subsequently shown to be a fraud by Louis Le Comte, a Jesuit and former missionary in China. Ina had refashioned herself as an exile, pretending to be abandoned in a foreign land, far from her home, family and culture. This was not normally a desirable situation, but in her case, ‘faking’ the status of a lonely royal exile was an innovative strategy through which certain tendencies of the late seventeenth‐century French elites – including religious impulses to charity and fascination with China – were leveraged to improve (temporarily) her standing in French society. However, the concurrence of her imposture with the intensification of the Chinese Rites controversy turned the debate over her authenticity into a proxy for a broader struggle over Jesuit expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Younger premenopausal women are more prone to developing ovarian metastases (OM) of gastric cancer (GC) than metastases of other organs; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we perform single-cell RNA sequencing on 45 tumor samples from 18 GC patients with OM. Interestingly, fibroblasts in OM of GC express high levels of estrogen receptor (ER) and midkine (MDK), interacting with tumor cells through activating ER-MDK-LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) signaling axis. Functional experiments demonstrate that estrogen stimulation induces MDK secretion by ovarian fibroblasts, and binding of MDK to LRP1 increases GC cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, in vivo, estrogen stimulation remarkably augments ovarian engraftment and metastasis of LRP1+ GC cells. Collectively, our findings reveal that ER+ ovarian fibroblasts secrete MDK under estrogen influence, driving OM of GC via the MDK-LRP1 axis. Our study holds the potential to catalyze innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at intercepting and managing OM in GC. Ovarian metastases of gastric cancer are more likely to occur in young premenopausal women. Here authors show that estrogen regulates ovarian fibroblasts to promote ovarian metastasis of gastric tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 33-year-old young woman with a rare female appendage tumor of suspected Wolffian origin was initially diagnosed with a benign lesion after the resection of a tubal lesion due to the benign cytomorphology of the tumor tissue. However, 1 year after surgery, she was diagnosed with stage IV fallopian tube cancer due to a recurrence, which presented with substantial ascites and invasion of multiple organs, including the bilateral ovaries, intestines, pelvic peritoneum, greater omentum, and appendix. After tumor cytoreduction, the patient responded well to treatment, which included a regimen of platinum-based drugs combined with docetaxel, aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole, antihormonal therapy, and targeted therapy with bevacizumab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]