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Aluminum liners used in cylinders are hazardous for human health. In this study, we use a plastic PA liner inside cylinders to solve this problem. Plastic PA liners are widely used in the manufacturing industry in the production of food and beverage containers. We covered the aluminum boss with a plastic liner material and wound the composite fibers over the liner material. To reinforce the dome area, we used low strength / high elongation plastic liner. To predict the performance of the developed product, we conducted structural analyses utilizing the 3D laminated solid element. We verified the soundness of the product by testing the prototype.

Nanoscale engineering of carbon materials is immensely demanded in various scientific areas. We present highly ordered nitrogen-doped carbon nanowire arrays via block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly under an electric field. Large dielectric constant difference between distinct polymer blocks offers rapid alignment of PMMA-b-PAN self-assembled nanodomains under an electric field. Lithographic patterning of the graphene electrode as well as straightforward thermal carbonization of the PAN block creates well-aligned carbon nanowire device structures. Diverse carbon nanopatterns including radial and curved arrays can be readily assembled by the modification of electrode shapes. Our carbon nanopatterns bear a nitrogen content over 26%, highly desirable for NO2 sensing, as the nitrogen element acts as adsorption sites for NO2 molecules. Aligned carbon nanowire arrays exhibits a 6-fold enhancement of NO2 sensitivity from a randomly aligned counterpart. Taking advantage of well-established benefits from device-oriented BCP nanopatterning, our approach proposes a viable route to highly ordered carbon nanostructures compatible to next-generation device architectures.

The effect of water vapor on the initial nucleation and growth mechanisms of metallo-organic chemical vapor deposited (MOCVD) copper films from copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate (Cu(hfac)2) on a pre-deposited Cr substrate has been investigated. A relatively low growth rate with a long incubation period was observed in the absence of water vapor. When an optimum water vapor flow rate was introduced into the system, enhanced growth rate was observed without degrading electrical properties of the copper film. However, XRD analysis of the initial deposited film revealed that the film mainly consisted of copper oxide (Cu2O). The oxygen in the copper oxide films deposited from Cu(hfac)2 on pre-deposited Cr substrates is originated from the water vapor and not from the hfac ligand. Initial nucleation and growth of the deposited film is initiated by the reaction between the vapor phase precursor and water vapor forming copper oxide (Cu2O) at the surface and the oxide is then reduced to metallic copper by either a disproportionation reaction or by hydrogen molecules. The optimum water vapor flow rate is thus believed to be the driving force for the enhanced growth rate and a reduced nucleation delay without degrading the film resistivity.

The aim of this study was to determine whether extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) could affect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. After MCF10A human breast epithelial cells were exposed to 1 mT of 60 Hz ELF-MF for 4 hours, intracellular ROS level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio were measured. The cells exposed to ELF-MF did not evidence statistically significant changes in the above-mentioned biological parameters as compared to either the incubator controls or sham-exposed cells. By way of contrast, the IR-exposed cells exhibited marked changes in ROS level, SOD activity, and GSH/GSSG ratio. When we assessed morphological changes and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, only the IR-exposed cells were positive. According to our results, it could be concluded that ELF-MF has no effect on intracellular ROS level, SOD activity, and GSH/GSSG ratio under our exposure condition.

110 Copyright c 2015 The Korean Fracture Society. All rights reserved. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received December 1, 2014 Revised December 15, 2014 Accepted January 2, 2015 Address reprint requests to: Byoung Keun An, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21 Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea Tel: 82-32-460-8201ᆞFax: 82-32-468-5437 E-mail: abgajs0710@naver.com