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Social expectations for the development of sustainable core competencies of learners require innovative changes in teaching and learning methods in university education. Project learning enables proactive and cooperative learning so that meaningful learning can take place in preparation for real situations in which learners face unpredictable situations and those involving complex problems. This study focuses on these team project classes, analyzes the contextual behavioral aspects of actual learners during the learning process of team project classes conducted in universities, and examines their characteristics. As a result, the study confirmed that the process of discussion among students to define the purpose of the project activity is a learning process in itself. It is also serves as an extension of their perspective that goes beyond the scope of their experience through their interactions, rather than the application or utilization of learned knowledge. In addition, unlike the general expectation that cooperative interaction will be based on consensus, agreement, and active communication, the cooperative process of students discussing the subject and direction of the project outcome is conducted through tacit recognition of individual differences and agreement on these differences. Moreover, through actual experience, students reflected on the need to focus on the meaning that was missing due to common sense and conventional wisdom, and which goes beyond the logic of identity confined within the range of ordinary experience that was the basis of prediction. Through this, they were able to make progress in redefining the problem. Finally, the study confirmed that the instructor's feedback, which was implemented during the actual project activity process, can function as a tool and and as leverage in the process of the students' problem-solving abilities by supporting the problem-solving that occurred in real situations, unlike in general knowledge. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to the vitalization of team project learning as basic research material to determine what kind of experiences are possible for actual learners in the team project learning process.

Malva sylvestris (Malvaceae), known as common mallow, is native to Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. It was intentionally introduced to Korea as an ornamental plant in the early 20th century, and has become partly naturalized in several areas including the woods (Jung et al. 2017). Among nine microcylic Puccinia species attacking the Malvaceae plants, three species of P. heterospora, P. malvacearum, and P. modiolae have been reported on M. sylvestris (Classen et al. 2000, Colenso 1885, McKenzie 1998 and Melo et al. 2012). Only P. modiolae has been found on Alcea rosea and M. verticillata, and not M. sylvestris in Korea (Lee et al. 2022; Ryu et al. 2022). In August 2022, rust disease symptoms of a Puccinia fungus were observed on some overgrown seedlings of M. sylvestris, which were neglected in containers after sales at a wholesale nursery (36°50′19.8″N, 128°55′28.7″E) in Bonghwa, Korea. Typical rust spots were observed around 60% (on 111 seedlings of the 186 seedlings of M. sylvestris). The brown spots were produced on round chlorotic haloes on the adaxial leaf surface, and brown to dark brown pustules on the abaxial. Subepidermal spermogonia on the adaxial, were obovoid, and 112.1–160.0 × 88.7–149.3 μm in size. Telia were golden-brown to dark brown, round, mostly grouped, and 0.30–0.72 mm in diameter, and mainly hypophyllus. Fusoid teliospores were two-celled, rarely one- or three-celled, 36.2–92.3 × 10.6–19.3 μm in size, with many anomalies appearing notched at apex; wall was yellowish or almost colorless, smooth, 1.0–2.6 μm thick at the sides, and up to 6.8 μm thick at the apex; pedicel was hyaline, thick wall, persistent, and (39.3–)60.4–154.6(–189.9) μm long. Based on these morphological features together with the results of the phylogenetic analyses (e-Xtra 2) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (LSU) sequences according to the method described by Ryu et al. (2022), the fungus was identified as an autoecious P. modiolae, recently reported on M. verticillate and A. rosea in Korea (Lee et al. 2022; Ryu et al. 2022). A representative sample was deposited in the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency Herbarium (PQK220818). Pathogenicity tests were done using three host plants: M. sylvestris, M. verticillate and A. rosea. Three to four leaf discs with basidiospore-bearing telia were placed on the upper surfaces of healthy young leaves of the seedlings. Three replicates of each host plant set including an untreated control were tested. The plants were kept in an isolated glass house. At ten to twelve days after inoculation, typical telial spots of P. modiolae were recovered, but not in the control plants, showing all three tested species were highly susceptible (e-Xtra 1). The ITS and LSU sequences obtained from the genomic DNAs of each newly recovered rust spot were consistent with that of the inoculum (accession no. OQ542745). The previous A. rosea isolate (OP369290 by Ryu et al. 2022) also showed the pathogenesis on M. sylvestris and M. verticillata by the same tests, mentioned above (e-Xtra 1). To date, only one collection of P. modiolae on M. sylvestris has been reported in Louisiana, the United States (Aime and Abbasi 2018). The results of this study show that P. modiolae is firstly confirmed as the causal rust fungus of M. sylvestris and the same causal agent of M. verticillate and A. rosea rust disease, recently reported in Korea.

Alcea rosea, in the family Malvaceae, is a biennial plant native to China and is grown typically for gardening in Korea (Lee 2003). Seven microcyclic Puccinia species have been reported on A. rosea: P. heterogenea, P. heterospora, P. lobata, P. malvacearum, P. platyspora, P. sherardiana, and P. modiolae (Demers et al. 2015; Aime and Abbasi 2018). In early May 2022, characteristic symptoms of rust were observed on four of ten seedlings of A. rosea purchased at a wholesale nursery (36°50′19.8″N, 128°55′28.7″E) in Bonghwa, Korea. Rust spots were present on almost 90% of the 1,000 seedlings of A. rosea in that nursery during our survey in late May. Through a distribution survey from June to July 2022, similar symptomatic leaves were additionally collected from the leaves of A. rosea grown in gardens at five sites in Gimcheon (two sites), Gumi (one), Seongju (one), and Busan (one). Spots were yellow-orange the center surrounded by chlorotic haloes on the adaxial leaf surface, and reddish-brown or dark brown pustules on the abaxial leaf surface. Over time, the spots enlarged and coalesced, causing the decay of large sections of the leaves, and heavily infected leaves fell early. Spermogonia, produced at the center of the chlorotic spot on the adaxial leaf surface, were subepidermal, obovoid, and 113.2–164.5 × 97.6–153.3 μm in size. Telia were reddish-brown to dark brown, round, mostly grouped, 0.28–0.61 mm in diameter, and mainly formed on the abaxial leaf surface but sometimes on the adaxial leaf surface also. Teliospores were two-celled, but rarely one- or three-celled, and were fusoid and 37. 6–110 × 12.4–21.5 μm in size; the wall was yellowish or almost colorless, smooth, 1.2–2.6 μm thick at the sides, and up to 7.4 μm thick at the apex. The morphological characteristics were similar to those of P. modiolae, although the teliospores in our study were longer than those observed by Aime and Abbasi (2018). For phylogenetic analysis, genomic DNA was extracted from the teliospores of each regional specimen. Partial 18S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and partial 28S sequences were amplified using primers NS1, ITS4, ITS5, and LR11. The PCR products were sequenced (Celemics, Seoul, Korea) and deposited in GenBank. The ITS-partial large subunit (LSU) sequence and 28S sequences had 100% homology with other P. modiolae sequences deposited in GenBank (accession numbers are shown in Fig. 2). In the phylogenetic trees of the ITS and LSU sequences, the isolates collected in this study were grouped with the reference sequences of P. modiolae, including the Korean isolate (ON631218) recently reported on Malva verticillata by Lee et al. (2022). For the pathogenicity test, the teliospores with germinating basidiospores were suspended in sterile distilled water and smeared on the upper surface of asymptomatic A. rosea leaves in August. The inoculated plants were sprayed with distilled water and kept in the dark with saturated moisture for 24 h in an isolated glass house of the Animal & Plant Quarantine Agent. After 2 weeks, typical rust spots and telia of P. modiolae were observed on the leaves of the inoculated plants, but not in the control plants, which were only sprayed with distilled, sterilized water and otherwise treated similarly to the inoculated plants. The results of this study show that the casual fungus is P. modiolae, which has been commonly found in A. rosea in Korea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. modiolae in A. rosea in Korea.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) plays a critical role in regulating physiological symptoms in human, thus, it is important to detect TSH with high sensitivity and specificity is urgently needed in the human serum sample. In this paper, we proposed a strategy to detect TSH antigen using a membrane-based microwave-mediated analytical device developed for highly responsive electrochemical immunoassay with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format. Experimental assay was done with different TSH antigen concentrations. It was found that the immunoassay was able to detect TSH antigen as low as 0.2 mIU/L. The total detection time from preparation of samples to measurement was within 60 min. The specificity of this immunoassay was proven that against unspecific proteins as the almost low signal was obtained for all tested solutions. Finally, exploratory experiments using standard human serum samples with TSH antigens were carried out prior to a successful trial using clinical human serum samples. Our results indicate that this membrane-based microwave-mediated analytical electrochemical immunoassay device could be used as a new platform for low cost, sensitive, specific, swift, and point-of-care diagnosis of TSH. Moreover, the advance system could define a powerful point-of-care tool in the next generation of technology for detecting and signaling biomarkers at early stages by using electrochemical immunosensor.

A repeated usable electrode sensor for the measurement of glucose in urine has been developed. For improvement of the selectivity in measuring glucose in urine, we fabricated the Pt electrode coated with multilayered composite of glucose oxidase (GOX) and ascorbate oxidase (AOX). This simple layer structure could deliver more electrons from glucose oxidation without interference from ascorbic acids by first oxidizing the ascorbic acids present in urine. Results showed that our newly developed Pt electrode is capable of quantifying the concentrations of glucose in urine in the range between 0 and 1000 mg/dL, as well as maintaining its detection stability during 200 times of repeated measurements. This repeatable use of the sensor is attributable to the solidified structure of AOX and GOX layer.

The increase in worldwide trade has caused the quality maintenance of commercialized agriproducts to be crucial in keeping its economic value. In recent years, methyl bromide (MB) has been used dominantly during quarantine and pre-shipment, despite it being an environmental hazard with global repercussions. Through this study, it was shown that Arabidopsis thaliana’s 2 h exposure to the MB treatment displayed no signs of phytotoxicity, whereas its 4 h exposure significantly interfered with growth. The transcriptomic analysis found the molecular modifications in A. thaliana after the MB fumigation with the up-regulation of genes specifically relative to the abiotic and oxidative stress, and the down-regulation of auxin transporter genes. Some important gene expressions were verified by RT-qPCR and their expression patterns were similar. Oxidative stresses via the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in relation to MB phytotoxicity were confirmed with the increased malondialdehyde in MB-4h-treated A. thaliana. Uneven distribution of auxins via lower expression of auxin transporter genes was also determined using UPLC-ESI-QqQ MS. Application of two ROS scavengers such as N-acetyl-cysteine and L -glutathione minimized MB phytotoxic effect in A. thaliana. Therefore, MB caused severe oxidative stress, and alternatives regarding the use of MB should be considered.

Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are used as fixatives between layers of a display. PSAs&rsquo, function is an important factor that determines the performance of the display. Of the various display types available, the touch screen panel (TSP) of smart devices is firmly related to the relative permittivity of the elementals. Therefore, adjusting the relative permittivity of the PSA is indispensable for driving the TSP. Accordingly, selected acrylic pre-polymers were polymerized and the pre-polymer was blended and cross-linked with monomers with different chemical structure to adjust the relative permittivity. The monomers were hexametyldisiloxane (HMDS), N-vinylcaprolactam (NVC), tert-butyl acrylate (TBA), and isooctadecyl acrylate (ISTA). The gel fraction and transmittance as a function of the monomers show a similar result to the pure acrylic PSA. However, the gel fraction value decreased to about 90% and the transmittance decreased to about 85%, due to the immiscibility between nonpolar HMDS and acrylic PSA. On the other hand, the adhesion properties were improved when NVC was added because of the polarity of the nitrogen group. In addition, the relative permittivity of the PSA decreased regardless of the monomer chosen. There was, however, a difference in the optimal content of each monomer, and NVC decreased from 4 phr content to about 3.4 in reducing relative permittivity. Through the above results, it was confirmed that NVC having a nitrogen group is most advantageous in lowering adhesion properties and relative permittivity, and necessitates further research based on the findings.

The susceptibility of Lasioderma serricorne to phosphine (PH3), ethyl formate (EF) and their combination (PH3 + EF) was evaluated in this study. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were subjected to treatment with fumigants to determine the 90% lethal concentration time (LCt90) values. Treatment with PH3 for 20 h resulted in LCt90 values of 1.15, 1.39, 14.97 and 1.78 mg h/L while treatment with EF resulted in values of 157.96, 187.75, 126.06 and 83.10 mg h/L, respectively. By contrast, the combination of PH3 + EF resulted in LCt90 values of 36.05, 44.41, 187.17 and 35.12 mg h/L after 4 h. These results show that, through treatment with PH3 + EF, control can be achieved at lower concentrations than for treatment with EF alone and at lower exposure times than for treatment with PH3 alone. The sorption rates of the fumigants on cured tobacco leaves were determined for filling ratios of 2.5%, 5.0% and 10.0% (w/v). Cured tobacco leaves were treated with either 2 mg/L PH3, 114 mg/L EF or 0.5 mg/L PH3 + 109 mg/L EF. Treatment with PH3 showed sorption rates of 0.0%, 7.1% and 14.3%. EF, however, showed higher sorption rates of 64.9%, 68.5% and 75.5%, respectively, for the indicated filling ratios. When PH3 and EF were combined, the sorption rate of PH3 was 0.0%, while the sorption rates of EF were lower (9.1%, 12.0% and 23.2%) than treatment with only EF. EF required a ventilation time of longer than 22 h to desorb from cured tobacco leaves. Therefore, PH3 + EF can effectively control L. serricorne in cured tobacco leaves, with sufficient ventilation time required after treatment for the safety of workers.

In this letter, a novel method for achieving high direction-finding (DF) accuracy that is below 0.1° root mean square error (RMSE) in phase interferometer systems is proposed. To do this, unambiguous array spacing with maximum phase-difference error is first obtained, and then the set of array spacing with both the longest baseline and the maximum phase-different error is selected. An example to achieve an accuracy below 0.1° RMSE in the frequency range of 6–18 GHz with a field of view of 120° is provided to validate the proposed method. Simulation results show that 0.026° RMSE DF accuracy is achieved.

In Korea, the classification of the Sitophilus weevil group occurring in stored grains has been confused, resulting in its misidentification in most references reporting Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus). However, we recently found and identified rice weevil (S. oryzae) populations in stored rice grains in the rice processing complex in South Korea. Here, we report the distribution of rice weevil in South Korea and summarize morphological and molecular characteristics, as well as provide a pictorial identification key for Sitophilus weevils occurring in stored grains.

Airborne signal intelligence (SIGINT) systems must be capable of locating radio signal sources. Direction finding (DF) to support this capability is an important factor. There are some practical considerations to be taken when designing the array configuration of a DF system for airborne SIGINT systems. This paper summarizes the practical factors when designing the array configuration of the DF system for airborne SIGINT. In particular, it focuses on four areas: antenna consideration factors when installing the DF system for airborne SIGINT from a practical point of view, array configuration methods for airborne communications intelligence and electronic intelligence, and a numerical analysis to select the optimum antenna position for airborne SIGINT.

본 연구는 대학생의 인터넷 중독과 감각처리특성과의 관련성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대학생 174명을 대상으로 2015년 8월부터 2016년 4월까지 인터넷중독과 감각처리특성에 대한 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구도구는 인터넷 중독을 알아보기 위해 인터넷 중독 검사(Internet Addiction Test, IAT)를 사용하였고, 감각처리특성은 청소년/성인 감각프로파일(Adolescent/ Adult Sensory Profile, AASP)을 사용하였다. 인터넷 중독과 감각처리특성과의 관련성을 알아보기 위하여 피어슨 상관분석을 사용하였다. 연구결과 인터넷 중독 집단과 인터넷 정상사용 집단은 감각처리특성 중 감각찾기와 감각예민 영역에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 또한 인터넷중독 집단은 감각찾기와 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과 대학생의 인터넷 중독은 감각찾기 성향이 높을수록 인터넷 중독이 높게 나타난다. 대학생의 정신건강을 유지하고 성공적인 대학생활을 영위하기 위해 인터넷 중독을 예방하는 시스템이 필요하다. 또한 감각처리특징에 대한 이해를 기반으로 한 상담 및 중재프로그램 개발이 필요할 것이다.

This study investigated the effect of different photoperiods (14L: 10D, 12L:12D and 10L:14D) on the gonadal development and GtH mRNA expression in the pituitary of damselfish. The results showed that gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly lower in shot photoperiod (10L:14D), in comparison with other photoperiodic group during the spawning season. After 60 days treatment, histological analysis of gonad tissue showed that the gonad of 10L:14D and 12L: 12D treatment groups were resting phase with spermatogonia and perinucleolus stage oocytes but the gonad of 14L:10D treatment group was still ripe phase with spermatozoa and mature stage oocyte. The FSHβ and LHβ mRNA expression in pituitary drastically decreased shot photoperiod treatment from July (spawning period). These results suggest that photoperiod is considered to be the most effective environmental factor in controlling the reproductive cycle of damselfish.