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Objective: The goal of this study was to explore the messages young adults received from their parents about sexual morality. Background: Research on parent–child communication about sexuality has shown that parents are likely to convey moral messages about sex, however, little is known about the content of these messages. Method: Young adults (N = 350) were surveyed about parent–child communication as part of a larger study (N = 425). This paper focuses on perceptions of messages about sexual morality young adults believe they received from their parents while growing up. Results: Results indicate parents may unknowingly be providing gendered information reinforcing sexual scripts. Specifically, women are differentially taught about relationship structures (e.g., marriage), abstinence, consent, avoidance of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, contraception, and autonomy, while also receiving disproportionately more mixed, unclear messages than men. Conclusions: Emerging adult recollections on parent–child discussions tended to be general in scope and lacked the specificity that could inform sexual knowledge and behaviors. Implication s : These thematic messages related to sexual morality can be utilized to inform sexual education and parent education programs related to sexuality, sexual knowledge, and communication. Lack of comprehensive sexual education and parent–child discussions may have implications for health and well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This researchers examined how emerging‐adult siblings of people with schizophrenia navigate problem‐solving and decision‐making. Background: Navigating more complex problems is a critical part of emerging adult development, although it can be complicated by stress, conflict, lack of self‐efficacy, and lack of family support. Understanding the development of problem‐solving and decision‐making of emerging‐adult siblings of people with schizophrenia development of these key competencies can aid in understanding how they navigate adulthood while contending with a stressful family environment. Method: In‐depth interviews with 23 individuals between 18 and 30 years of age were conducted to explore problem‐solving, decision‐making, and family relationships. Results: Findings suggest that participants who had supportive family or romantic relationships felt as if they were able to resolve their problems. They were likely to use cognitive strategies or advice from other people to resolve their issues. Participants who experienced a lack of support appeared to have more difficulty problem‐solving and decision‐making. Conclusion: Emerging‐adult siblings of individuals with schizophrenia who had adequate family or spousal/partner support reported being more successful in formulating a problem‐solving strategy than participants as opposed to those who felt more isolated. Implications: The study has implications for future researchers, such as the examination of other developmental stages and the need to examine why some emerging‐adult siblings were able to develop supportive romantic relationships more easily than participants who had similarly conflictual or ambivalent familial relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate (a) the association between overparenting and emerging‐adult children's psychological maladjustment through basic psychological needs satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and (b) whether the associations, particularly the associations between overparenting and needs satisfaction, vary by cultures. Background: Research in Western countries suggests that overparenting may undermine emerging‐adult children's psychological well‐being. This raises the question of whether overparenting influences emerging adults in a similar way in the collectivistic cultures in Eastern countries where overparenting may be perceived differently. Method: Survey data were obtained from college students in the United States (N = 414, Mage = 20.38) and China (N = 612, Mage = 20.21). Results: Structural equation modeling yielded two major findings. First, largely in line with the view of cultural universalism, in both the United States and China, overparenting was linked to emerging adults' psychological maladjustment through lower basic needs satisfaction. Second, supporting the view of cultural relativism, the negative relations between maternal overparenting and needs satisfaction were stronger in the United States than in China. Conclusion: Overparenting was associated with emerging‐adult children's lower basic needs satisfaction and more well‐being problems; however, the strength of the association between overparenting and needs satisfaction varied across cultures. Implications.: The principle of universalism without uniformity applies to overparenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We examined whether emerging adults' sense of intimate safety with their parents and their adult attachment style would predict emerging adults' social connectedness. Additionally, we investigated whether their social connectedness would mediate the association between emerging adults' sense of intimate safety with their parents and their rumination and anger expression. Background: Social connectedness is essential to the psychological and relational health of emerging adults, particularly during the renegotiation of their relationships with their parents. Method: Two hundred sixteen emerging adults (80% female; 61% non‐Hispanic White) completed a survey of close relationship variables. Results: The results suggest that emerging adults' adult attachment style mediated the relationship between emerging adults' intimate safety with their parents and social connectedness. Additionally, social connectedness mediated the relationship between emerging adults' intimate safety with their parents and their rumination and anger expression. Conclusion: This research highlights the importance of emerging adults' sense of safety to be their authentic and vulnerable selves in parent–child relationships on emerging adults' development of social connectedness and their mental and relational health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-critical perfectionism (SCP) is a common personality trait among young adults that is associated with high levels of depression and low emotional disclosure. We tested (1) whether negative beliefs about emotions (NBE) mediated the relationship between SCP and emotional disclosure and (2) whether NBE and emotional disclosure sequentially mediated the relationship between SCP and depression in a young adult sample (N = 322). Structural equation modelling results indicated that NBE mediated the relationship between SCP and emotional disclosure, but NBE and emotional disclosure did not sequentially mediate the relationship between SCP and depression; NBE partially mediated the relationship between SCP and depression. NBE may warrant further investigation in the context of SCP and depression among young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains why more attention should be paid to promoting the postsecondary education of parents in and aging out of foster care. It reviews what is known about postsecondary educational attainment among parents in or aging out of foster care and these parents' unique challenges to pursuing postsecondary education. The paper describes the Healthy Teen Network Young Parents Logic Model as a framework to think about the needs of parents in and aging out of foster care, including needs related to postsecondary educational attainment. The paper applies the Young Parents Logic Model and highlights strategies to increase postsecondary educational attainment among young parents in the general population and youth aging out of foster care which can also benefit young parents in foster care or aging out. Using the Young Parents Logic Model as a framework, the paper presents policy and practice recommendations to increase postsecondary educational attainment among young parents in and aging out of foster care and with directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the association between bicultural competence and academic adjustment (i.e., engagement, efficacy, achievement) among 193 Latino youth (65.3% female; 89.1% U.S.‐born) followed from their senior high school year (Mage = 17.58 years, SD = 0.53) to their fifth college semester (2016–2019). Latent growth analyses revealed that youth's overall bicultural competence trajectory was moderately high and stable across this period. Youth who maintained or increased bicultural competence levels over time (slopes) demonstrated greater self‐efficacy. Youth with greater high school bicultural competence (intercepts) demonstrated higher engagement but lower achievement. No other associations emerged. This study highlights that the promoting influence of bicultural competence may not extend to all indicators of academic adjustment but may depend upon the contexts and demands they navigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageist attitudes ingrained within societies lead to negative health outcomes for older generations. Face-to-face storytelling is one method that is effective in combating negative attitudes but may be limited in its reach. This pilot study aimed to explore if empathy evoked through digital storytelling influenced the attitudes about older adults held by younger people. The Listening Lounge exhibition displayed ten digital stories containing narratives from older adults. Surveys captured 85 young adult participants' responses following viewing a digital story. A mixed-methods approach explored participant attitudes of older adults and their experience of empathy. The results showed a statistically significant positive change in participants' attitudes post-viewing compared to pre-viewing the digital stories; regardless of initial positive attitudes toward older adults. Participants reported that attitudinal change occurred when the digital stories challenged their generalizations about older adults, and when they felt empathy toward the storyteller. Empathy was fostered by the digital story components, particularly tone of voice and story content, which enabled a deeper understanding of the older adult's experience. This pilot study provides foundational research into the use of digital storytelling and its ability to evoke empathy and positively influence attitudes. The findings from this study may inform replication of this research on a larger scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The lockdown was imposed in Italy on 9 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Restrictions severely limiting individual freedom were indispensable to protect the population and reduce virus diffusion. Italian people had never before experienced similar restrictions that undoubtedly tested psychological health. After 1 week, we developed an electronic survey to collect demographic data and information on the presence of pets and the type of interaction with them and to administer a self-assessment anxiety test. A total of 3905 subjects, pet owners and non pet owners, filled in the electronic survey; 652 (16.7%, mean age 21.6) of them were young subjects, adolescents, and university students. The study first showed the feasibility and success of the technological solution used, capable of providing, at a distance, structured information on the participants and quantitative data on the psychological condition. Second, it reported that 23.1% of the youths showed anxiety above an attention level during the lockdown, in line with other studies. Third, it indicated, based on the outcome of the self-assessment test, that the pet presence could have a positive effect in mitigating the psychological impact and encourage to continue and deepen these investigations. Fourth, it reported positive feedback from the participants on the procedure, found useful during the pandemic and for the post-pandemic future. The study highlights the importance of investing in these solutions based on mobile technology and useful both for mental health and to deepen the investigation of the impact of the pet presence on the human psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceptance and rejection by parents and peers play an important role in pre-adolescents' educational outcomes. Prior research focused on either parents or peers, did not encompass effects into adulthood, or considered either acceptance or rejection. This study investigated the relation between parental and peer acceptance and rejection, and their interplay, in pre-adolescence and educational attainment in early adulthood. A sample of 2229 pre-adolescents (Mage T1 = 11.11, SD = 0.56; 50.7% girls) was followed to early adulthood (Mage T5 = 22.29, SD = 0.65). Ordinal logistic regression showed that pre-adolescents' perceived parental acceptance was positively related to educational attainment in early adulthood, whereas peer rejection was negatively related, even when WISC score and socioeconomic status were considered. No interaction effects were found, revealing no "dual-hit effect" of being rejected by parents and peers, no "dual-miss effect" of being accepted by parents and peers, and no effects of acceptance in one context (i.e., parents or peers) buffering the negative effect of rejection in the other context. The findings underscore unique and long-term links of parental acceptance and peer rejection with early adults' educational attainment, underlining the importance of not only peers but also parents in adolescence. These insights can be used in promoting long-term educational outcomes through relationships with parents and peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life satisfaction is crucial for healthy development into adulthood. However, it is yet largely unknown how life satisfaction develops in the transition to adulthood. This study examined life satisfaction development in this transition and paid special attention to differences between boys, girls, children of immigrants, and nonimmigrants. Unique longitudinal data of seven waves (2010–2018) of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey Germany were used. Respondents (N = 3757, 54% girls, 78% nonimmigrants, Mage weighted = 14.6, SD = 0.6 at wave 1) were followed between ages 14 and 23 and multi-level random effect models were applied. Life satisfaction developed in a nonlinear way in the transition to adulthood (M-shape), with overall decreases between age 17 and 18 and between age 20 and 23. Girls reported lower life satisfaction levels in adolescence and more unstable trajectories than boys, where girls with immigrant backgrounds represented the least advantageous life satisfaction trajectory. Differences in life satisfaction between groups decreased from age 19 onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine common themes for marital readiness, to evaluate the generalization to broader samples consisting of single individuals, and to examine the factors associated with marital readiness. Background: Readiness for marriage is essential to the formation of a healthy marital union. Therefore, it is important to conceptualize marital readiness. Method: This study was designed using the exploratory sequential design, a mixed‐methods research approach. This research was carried out with a total of 1523 (865 female, 658 male) unmarried Turkish young adults in three study groups. In the data analysis, thematic analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and regression analysis were used. Results: Six themes were determined as the factors to which single young adults attach importance for marital readiness. These themes were financial readiness, emotional readiness, interpersonal relationship readiness, family life and family role readiness, sexual readiness, and social responsibility readiness. Conclusion: The Marital Readiness Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. The variables of age, ideal marital age, and the ideal amount of time needed to get to know a partner before marriage were revealed to be related to marital readiness. Implications: Mental health professionals can benefit from the results of this research when designing marriage preparation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, people are experiencing unprecedented cumulative loss and grief. Guided by life course theory, we used inductive qualitative analysis and explored young adults' (N = 86) written accounts of their earliest and most significant losses associated with COVID-19, as well as their coping mechanisms. Overall, participants experienced substantial loss, especially losses related to their education and social life/events. We discuss five subthemes related to approaches to coping and five subthemes related to barriers to coping. Our findings are relevant to informing strategies that support adapting to significant loss in early adulthood, beyond the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the relationship between parent–child attachment and overparenting during emerging adulthood. Background: Overparenting, a form of developmentally inappropriate parenting that features parental over‐involvement and autonomy‐constraining behavior, has been found to relate to a variety of negative child outcomes; however, there is currently a great need for research that attempts to explain why parents engage in overparenting. Method: Cross‐sectional data were collected from 213 parent–emerging‐adult‐child dyads. Parents completed questionnaires assessing attachment toward their child and overparenting. Emerging‐adult children completed questionnaires assessing attachment toward their parent. Results: Multiple regression results showed parents' attachment anxiety with their children positively predicted overparenting, and parents' attachment avoidance negatively predicted overparenting. Additionally, a positive association was observed between children's attachment avoidance with their parents and overparenting. Conclusion: Overall, the results show that parents were practicing overparenting largely as a function of their own attachment needs rather than their child's attachment characteristics. Implications: The results indicate that those who engage in overparenting may in fact be regulating their own affect as opposed to considering their emerging‐adult child's developmental needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a relationship exists between individuals' character strengths and the amount of success they have engaging people on social media. We used the Values in Action Character Strengths Assessment (Peterson & Seligman, 2004) to measure positive psychology traits of young adults and gathered objective data to assess their levels of social media engagement on Instagram. We hypothesized that the key positive psychology traits of appreciation of beauty and excellence, creativity, and social intelligence would predict success in social media engagement. Regression analyses indicated that only social intelligence was a predictor of higher levels of social media engagement (ß = .38, p < .001). This means that individuals who possessed more social intelligence received more likes, comments, and follows on their social media accounts. We also conducted additional exploratory analyses on the remaining 21 positive psychology traits to supplement our hypothesis-guided analyses. As an exploratory study, replication of this study is necessary and it would be useful to expand this research to additional populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine whether psychological needs satisfaction mediated the association between helicopter parenting and emerging adults' prosocial tendencies. There were 288 participants with an average age of 19.72 (SD = 1.77) who completed an online survey including measures of maternal and paternal helicopter parenting; satisfaction of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness; as well as the prosocial outcomes of empathic concern, perspective-taking, and helping others. There was an indirect effect of maternal helicopter parenting on empathetic concern, perspective-taking, and prosocial behaviors through autonomy. There was also an indirect effect of both maternal and paternal helicopter parenting on empathetic concern through relatedness. Helicopter parenting was associated with less autonomy and sense of relatedness, which were both associated with fewer prosocial tendencies among emerging adults. There were no other direct or indirect effects of maternal or paternal helicopter parenting on emerging adults' prosocial tendencies. Given that satisfaction of psychological needs has been found to promote intrinsically motivated behavior and facilitate the internal regulation of behavior that is extrinsically motivated in prior research, the relationship between helicopter parenting and decreased psychological needs satisfaction found in this study is concerning. If helicopter parenting shifts emerging adults' motivation for prosocial behavior from more intrinsic to extrinsic sources, then they may engage in fewer prosocial behaviors and may not experience the sense of well-being typically associated with doing them. Highlights: No direct relationship was found between helicopter parenting and various prosocial tendencies, but an indirect effect was found through psychological needs satisfaction. Maternal helicopter parenting was associated with decreased empathetic concern, perspective-taking, and prosocial behaviors in emerging adults through its negative impact on their sense of autonomy. Both maternal and paternal helicopter parenting were associated with decreased empathetic concern among emerging adults due to its negative association with their sense of relatedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the relationship between homophobic bullying, parental psychological control and sensation seeking among adolescents and young adults and to examine the mediating role of sensation seeking. The participants included 394 adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 20 years attending the 3rd, 4th and 5th years of two public high schools in Italian cities. Participants completed the Homophobic Bullying Scale, the Dependency—oriented and Achievement—oriented Parental Psychological Control, and the Sensation—Seeking Scale. The results showed that parental psychological control predicted bullying toward gay and lesbian people. However, the two dimensions of sensation seeking (thrill and adventure seeking, and disinhibition) represented two mediators in the relationship between parental psychological control, both achievement and dependency—oriented, and homophobic bullying. Highlights: Psychological parental control may play a key role in the genesis of homophobic bullying during adolescence and young adulthood. Sensation seeking may encourage homophobic bullying in adolescence and young adulthood. Sensation seeking may play a key role in the relationship between parental control and homophobic bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study models young people’s moderate drinking decision-making using the Model of Goal-Directed Behaviour (MGB), thus presenting insights into young people’s desires and intentions to drink responsibly. Testing the applicability of the MGB to quantitatively analyse responsible drinking, the explanatory sphere of the MGB is extended. An online survey resulted in 1522 completed questionnaires from respondents aged between 18 and 25 years. Collected data were analysed with structural equation modelling (SEM) using SPSS AMOS21 (IBM, New York, NY, USA) software. The key finding of this study is that an individual’s desire to drink moderately is the most important predictor of young people’s responsible drinking intentions. Our use of MGB provides further evidence that there is a strong distinction between consumer desires and intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study combined theory from the fields of communication, behavioral ecology, and ecological psychology to examine how relevant factors about food influence the timing and trajectory of our decision-making after exposure to food advertisements. Young healthy adult participants (N = 108) completed a forced-choice, speeded decision-making latency task before and after viewing a set of advertisements. Results suggested that participants were more appetitively motivated by more energy-dense foods (i.e., higher calorie per gram) using direct food cues (i.e., were directly available to the senses, were visible), but after exposure to advertisements, this predisposition was less pronounced. Advertisement food cues were also important in decision-making, especially in coalition with the food cues used in the decision-making task stimuli. This study supports an optimal foraging perspective being expanded to human behavioral contexts in a modern landscape. Food advertising and packaging cues interacted with energy density level of food to provide information relevant to biological imperatives, which significantly altered food consumption decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of life satisfaction for health and well-being, there is a paucity of longitudinal studies tracking changes in life satisfaction in ethnic minority youth. In a sample of 674 Mexican-origin youth, the present research examined life satisfaction trajectories from middle (age 14) to late adolescence (age 17) and from late adolescence to young adulthood (age 21). On average, life satisfaction did not change significantly from age 14 to 17, and then decreased from age 17 to 21 (d =.30), perhaps reflecting difficulties transitioning into adult roles. Drawing on ecological systems theory, we examined both proximal (i.e., family) and distal (i.e., social-contextual) environmental factors (measured via self- and parent-reports) that may account for between-person variation in life satisfaction trajectories. Youth with more positive family environments in middle adolescence (age 14) had higher mean life satisfaction from middle adolescence to young adulthood (age 21). In contrast, youth with more negative family environments and who experienced greater economic hardship and more ethnic discrimination in middle adolescence (age 14) had lower life satisfaction during this period. Many of these factors also predicted change in life satisfaction from middle (age 14) to late adolescence (age 17), but not from late adolescence to young adulthood (age 21). This research extends the current understanding of life satisfaction during a critical developmental period in an understudied population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term outcomes for adolescents who struggle in first-year university remain unexplored. This 7-year longitudinal study aimed to identify distinct groups of adolescents based on their characteristics/behaviors in first-year university, and then assess whether these groups differ in psychosocial adjustment trajectories (i.e., mental health, positive relationships) throughout the emerging adult period, as well as in graduation rates, employment characteristics, and reflections on time spent at university. Participants (N = 1017; 71% female; Year 1 Mage = 19 years) enrolled in a Canadian university completed a survey annually for 7 years. Four groups in Year 1 were identified: Good Students who exhibited no difficulties; Sensation-Seeking who prioritized social engagement and substance use over academic engagement but reported no psychological adjustment difficulties; Struggling Students who had the most difficulties; and Club Involved who exhibited high club involvement. The Struggling Students Group continued to have more psychosocial adjustment difficulties than the other groups during and after university, were more likely to drop out of university, and to later have less job satisfaction. This group requires the most support. Consideration also should be given to the Sensation-Seeking Group, as they reported a lack of academic motivation (and regret about that later) and also were more likely to drop out of university. At the same time, they may be more difficult to target given that they did not report psychosocial difficulties. Overall, the findings highlight the need for early support and discourage a 'one-size fits all' method for promoting psychosocial adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural-ecological frameworks posit that there are harmful effects of social stratification on developmental outcomes. In particular, awareness of aspects of social stratification in society and interpersonal experiences of discrimination, more generally and within specific contexts, may differentially influence outcomes across life stages; yet, few studies have examined the distal effects during adolescence on early adult developmental outcomes. The current study fills this gap by examining distal mechanisms linking adolescents' (Time 1: ages 13–15) awareness of and perceived general and school discrimination to young adults' (Time 3: ages 23–25) socioeconomic attainment (i.e., educational attainment, occupational prestige, earned income) through adolescents' (Time 2: ages 16–18) academic adjustment (i.e., grades and educational expectations). The study also examined variation by adaptive culture (i.e., English and Spanish language use behavior, familism values) and youth gender. Data are from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (N = 755 Mexican-origin adolescents and their foreign-born parents; 51.5% male adolescents; Time 1 M age = 14.20 years). The results revealed that adolescent's awareness of societal discrimination (Time 1) related to adolescents' higher grades (Time 2), which, in turn, related to higher educational attainment and occupational prestige in early adulthood (Time 3). For young women, but not men, sources of perceived discrimination within the school context during adolescence related to lower educational attainment. Additional variation by adaptive culture and gender was also found. Implications discussed are related to positive development among Mexican-origin youth in immigrant families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Within the UPPS‐P model of impulsive personality, negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, and sensation seeking dimensions have been linked to unique etiological mechanisms and outcomes. Yet, additional research is needed exploring direct relations among dimensions to determine how these relations may contribute to the nature of impulsive personality and its correlates. The current study used network analysis to clarify relations among UPPS‐P dimensions and assess global robustness of these relations across young adulthood. Method: Participants included a longitudinal sample of 525 college students (48% male, 18–26 years) who completed the UPPS‐P once per year for three consecutive years. Results: Network structure was globally robust with particularly strong relations emerging between positive and negative urgency, as well as between lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance, across waves. Lack of premeditation consistently emerged as a central dimension. Additional analyses suggested lack of premeditation and sensation seeking as most robustly related with retrospectively reported frequency of alcohol use. Conclusions: Results suggested general robustness in the relations among impulsive personality dimensions, with relations involving lack of premeditation being particularly important for characterizing impulsive personality's nature. Sensation seeking and lack of premeditation may warrant particular focus when linking impulsive personality with frequency of alcohol use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated how patterns of mothers' depressive symptoms across their child's childhood relate to children's psychosocial adjustment at adolescence and young adulthood and to cognitive functioning at adolescence. Depressive symptoms were measured in 1273 mothers when their children were 1, 5, 10, and 14.6 years of age. Children (53.5% male; n = 1024) completed the Youth Self-Report at adolescence (M = 14.6 y), and the Adult Self-Report in young adulthood (M = 20.5 y; n = 817) to assess internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Adolescents also completed standardized cognitive tests to assess verbal and mathematical skills. Growth mixture modeling analyses identified four patterns of maternal depressive symptom trajectories: infrequent (55%), increasing at adolescence (20%), decreasing at adolescence (14%), and chronic severe (11%). Results indicated that exposure to maternal depression of any duration, severity or time period during childhood portended higher levels of externalizing and attention problems at both adolescence and adulthood and higher levels of internalizing problems at adulthood. Adolescents whose mothers had chronic severe depressive symptoms had lower language, vocabulary, reading comprehension and mathematical test scores than youth whose mothers had stable infrequent depressive symptoms. Findings illustrate the significance and long-term ramifications of mothers' depressed mood for their children's mental and psychosocial health into adulthood. Findings also demonstrate that the lower cognitive abilities among children of severely depressed mothers persist beyond childhood and pertain to a broad range of cognitive abilities. Highlights: 1 in 10 Chilean mothers experienced frequent depression throughout their child's childhood. Adolescents whose mothers had chronic severe depression had more frequent internalizing problems than other groups. Exposure to maternal depression of any severity or duration during childhood portended worse adjustment at adulthood. Chronic severe maternal depression related to adolescents' poorer verbal and math abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of long‐acting aripiprazole increased time to first hospitalization compared with usual care in young‐adult patients with early‐phase schizophrenia, a randomized trial has found. The findings suggest that long‐acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics should receive more consideration as a treatment option in early stages of schizophrenia, the researchers concluded. Study results were published online July 15, 2020, in JAMA Psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has documented that a significant portion of youth are exposed to bias victimization. However, less is known about whether experiencing certain types of bias victimization (e.g., sexual orientation bias) is more or less likely to be related to a more extensive bias victimization history (i.e., experiencing multiple types of bias victimization) and whether exposure to multiple types of bias victimization explains any relationships between specific types of bias victimization and negative outcomes. To address these gaps, the current study explores relationships between exposure to multiple types of bias-motivated victimization, trauma symptomatology and perceived social support. Participants were 854 youth and young adults (60.9% female) from three higher risk communities who completed a survey on personal experiences with bias-related victimization. The average age of participants was 16.6 years; 28.5% of the sample described themselves as Black or African American; 13.4% as Hispanic or Latino (any race); 45.3% as White, and 12.8% as another race. Sixty-nine percent of the sample described their sexual orientation as heterosexual; 8.9% as gay, lesbian, or homosexual; 12.5% as bisexual; and 9.5% as another sexual orientation. Sixty-three percent of participants reported at least one type of bias victimization in their lifetime, and more than one in three youth (38.7%) experienced two or more types of bias victimization in their lifetimes (18.1% two types, 12.1% three types, and 8.5% four or more types). Experiencing multiple types of bias victimization was related to higher trauma symptomatology and less perceived social support. Experiencing multiple types of bias victimization attenuated or eliminated the association between individual types of bias victimization and well-being. The findings contribute to a growing body of research demonstrating the damaging mental health effects of occupying multiple marginalized statuses, and points to the cumulation of bias victimization experiences as an important factor contributing to significant differences in well-being and support among youth and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the association between childhood physical maltreatment and aggression has been verified by many studies, the mechanisms of this relationship are still unclear, particularly in China. The present study delineated characteristics of childhood physical maltreatment among Chinese young adults and estimated the relationship between childhood physical maltreatment and aggression. Data were obtained from 809 college students aged 17 to 22 years. All participants completed measures of childhood physical maltreatment, aggression, resilience, and self-esteem. Rates of physical abuse and neglect were 27.81% and 64.88%, respectively; while there were significant gender differences in childhood physical maltreatment, gender did not moderate the relationship between childhood physical maltreatment and aggression. Childhood physical maltreatment was positively associated with aggression; moreover, resilience and self-esteem mediated this relationship. Findings suggest that childhood physical maltreatment is an important public health issue; it not only has direct effects on aggression, but also has indirect effects on aggression via resilience and self-esteem. Increasing resilience and self-esteem should be applied in interventions to reduce aggression of childhood physically maltreated young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the first results of the CONECT-ID project, which addresses young people's digital identities from the perspective of hyperconnectivity based on their perception of time in digital leisure. Its main objective is to analyse young people's time management and their hyper-connected perception of time. To do so, a qualitative study was performed using discussion groups with 130 participants organised in groups of respondents aged 12 to 16 and 16 to 18. Analysis was then performed using the NVivo software program. The results showed a difference in use and tools between the age groups. Both sets of groups claim to lose the concept of time, in particular the older ones. Younger respondents report having less availability of screens and more parental controls, while in contrast older ones state that they use the time management strategy less as self-regulation. School controls refer to students not being allowed to take mobile phones to school or use them there. It is apparent that the construction of young persons' identity is a continuum between different virtual spaces and times and face to face situations. Young people with less parental control over time management require more self-management and self-regulation mechanisms. The results found warrant focussing pedagogical discourse on designing and promoting quality educational actions that make it possible to go beyond setting limits. This can be achieved by working on establishing healthy interpersonal relationships, social and communication skills, and time management in a range of settings that provide lasting benefits beyond mere entertainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time and way in which one lives should be addressed from a socio-educational point of view, an essential aspect for any young person in social difficulties to be able to achieve a full life, with legitimate aspirations and opportunities. The main objective of this research was to identify how young people in social difficulties use and manage their time, drawing on the words of the professionals who are responsible for their care, guardianship, guidance, and education. We also sought to identify the socio-educational intervention actions that are being carried out in different social resources to help young people to manage their time. For this purpose, a qualitative study was carried out using an open self-administered questionnaire to survey thirty professionals from the Community of Madrid, including social educators, teachers, social workers, and psychologists. The results indicate that, in the professionals' opinion, young people do not use their time adequately and, mostly, they have no control over it, mainly due to personal situations that act as conditioning factors. There are also some notable achievements in time management acquired by these young people. Finally, the professionals' testimonies suggest the use of different socio-educational intervention actions with young people to work on good habits and social values; protection, support, and guidance; as well as the proper management of leisure time. A line of future research opens up to study the effect of these actions on these young people's independence and social inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study examined whether the transition from university to work, a major developmental milestone in young adulthood, was related to stability and change in self-esteem.Method: Self-esteem was assessed in the last year of their master's program (T1) of 163 27-year old students and 14 months later, when they had graduated and half of them had started a full-time job (T2). Daily diaries were used to assess the occurrence of achievement- and affiliation-related experiences on 14 consecutive days at T1 and T2. We compared the full-time job beginners and a comparison group without a full-time job with regard to their mean-level change, rank-order stability and correlated change of self-esteem and daily experiences.Results: First, job beginners increased in self-esteem, but the difference to the mean-level change of the comparison group was only small. Second, self-esteem was less stable among job beginners than among the comparison group. Third, the changes in achievement-related daily experiences and self-esteem correlated positively in the job-beginner group but not in the comparison group.Conclusions: The findings underline the role of daily experiences during life transitions for individual differences in self-esteem change. The discussion calls for accounting for unique transition experiences to advance theory and research on self-esteem development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the benefits of commercial exergames, in the practical application, players might not be spending sufficient time in physical activity levels compatible with health outcomes. We adopted a design-based exergame approach to build a bike exergame called Greedy Rabbit. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of Greedy Rabbit on players' physical activity metrics and situational interest. Method: Sixty undergraduate students were assigned to two groups: an experimental group playing Greedy Rabbit (N = 41) and a control group playing a placebo version of Greedy Rabbit (N = 19). The physical activity metrics measured were maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and cadence. Results: The experimental group reported higher scores for all physical activity metrics and for two dimensions of situational interest (instant enjoyment and attention demand). Furthermore, the physical activity metrics increased more during the exergame for the experimental group, reaching the standard guidelines for vigorous physical activity. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a design-based bike exergame might be a good option to enhance players' health-related physical activity outcomes and situational interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are the leading source of free sugars in Australian children's and adults' diets. This study explores drivers of consumption among parents and young adults to inform interventions.Methods: Eight focus groups (n = 59) stratified by gender, age/life stage and SES were analysed thematically.Results: Daily SSB consumption was normalised. Participants drank SSBs to avoid perceived energy/sugar deficits, to treat themselves and as a function of familial influence. Frequent consumption was considered acceptable if "in moderation" and/or "balanced" with exercise/diet; however, there was a large disconnect between this language of moderation and actual consumption practices. Participants acknowledged that social norms had changed over time. There was little evidence of accurate knowledge of sugar content for any beverage type. Participants relied heavily on packaging and labelling, much of which conveyed a health halo effect. While participants could list health effects of excess consumption, they were considered long-term or of low personal relevance. Awareness of health recommendations was low.Conclusions: Consumers' adoption and use of concepts such as "treat," "moderation" and "balance" reflect both food and beverage industry marketing and public health messaging. However, the disconnect between this language and knowledge and consumption practices is problematic. SO WHAT?: SSB consumption is very high with serious implications for health. Curbing consumption among young adults and parents has potential to change the health trajectories for current and future generations. There is a clear need to increase health literacy around SSB consumption. Simple consumption guidelines, clearer sugar content labelling and health warnings offer potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to adulthood is increasingly characterized by complex paths into the world of work and family, especially for young women. Yet how work and family combine to influence stress among young adult women is not well understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we leverage new extensions to latent class analysis (LCA) to identify common combinations of work and family circumstances among young adult women, their earlier life and contemporaneous correlates, and associations with two stress measures: a multi-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Epstein–Barr Viral (EBV) antibody titers, a well-validated biomarker of stress-related immunity impairments. We identify seven different common combinations of latent work–family combinations among young adult women ranging from well-compensated professional workers with and without children, mothers without paid employment, and delayed transitions to work and family. Completing a college degree was associated with a higher likelihood of membership in classes marked by professional work irrespective of motherhood, while being raised in a community with greater female labor opportunities was generally associated with membership in child-free classes. Mothers and child-free women in "pink-collar" work with low wages and decision-marking freedom reported higher stress compared to women in "white-collar" work with higher wages and decision-making freedom. These differences are mostly attenuated following adjustments for poverty-related stressors and work–family conflict. While prior work has emphasized the health benefits for women of combining work and family, our research suggests these benefits may be limited to women of higher socioeconomic status with flexible, well-compensated jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with low concreteness-experiential thought (CET) tend to have exacerbated depressive symptoms. Interventions aimed at increasing CET have been shown to influence depressive symptoms. The present study examined the effects of increasing CET on depressive symptoms and its protective factors. A two-armed experimental intervention was conducted with 86 healthy university students in Japan. They were randomly allocated to the intervention and waitlist groups. Participants in the intervention group engaged in an unguided and web-based (UW) intervention to increase CET (UW-CET). This intervention included a one-off session, to explain the rationale behind increasing CET via a psychoeducation video, and a five-session training on CET over a week. We assessed depressive symptoms, thought styles, and protective factors, such as mindfulness and goal striving, both pre- and-post-assessment and at the one-month follow-up. Participants in the intervention group had marginally increased CET in the follow-up assessments; however, participants in the waitlist group did not. Furthermore, participants in the intervention showed marginally increased mindfulness tendencies and strivings toward their personal goals, but their depressive symptoms were not affected. The present study did not include any active control conditions. Additionally, the sample consisted of only healthy university students. The findings suggest that the UW-CET can marginally increase adaptive thinking, such as CET, and promote positive psychological aspects in healthy young adults; however, the effect is small. The findings may also help expand clinical implementations to prevent depression in young adults. • Increasing concrete-experiential thoughts (CET) is helpful for young adults. • It is unclear if CET intervention promotes protective factors against depression. • A two-arms experimental intervention was conducted on healthy young adults. • The intervention promoted participants' mindfulness and goal striving. • Intervention group participants' depressive symptoms did not decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the study exploring recall of physical activity in young people using qualitative interviewing. Challenge in measuring physical activity; Limited ability of children to cope with the cognitive task of physical activity recall; Improvement of recall through interview techniques derived from cognitive psychology.

Adolescence is a critical developmental period in the lifespan, one of significant biological, neurological, psychological, social, emotional, and cognitive change. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is lengthy, gradual and increasingly complicated, particularly for youth with lived experience in foster care and others who have experienced significant adversity. This paper highlights a research-informed policy and practice framework for supporting healthy adolescent development; introduces a new youth self-assessment instrument that measures positive constructs of well-being; and provides recommendations for child welfare systems to better prepare young people to succeed and thrive as they transition to adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latest studies point out the importance of emotional competencies in young people's education. Music is closely linked to people's personal development and the evidence suggests that there are differences in young people who participate in group music-making activities and young people who do not. In the present study we analysed the socioemotional profile of sample of Spanish adolescent musicians who sang in choirs or played in bands. A total of 660 adolescent musicians and 655 non-musicians participated in the study, which evaluated emotional competencies, life satisfaction, motivation to study and capacity of leadership. At the same time, an ad hoc questionnaire was also administered to the musicians to obtain their academic musical profile. The results of the study show statistically significant differences between musicians and non-musicians in all measured variables, and suggest that, in line with previous research, belonging to a musical ensemble, such as choirs and bands, is related with the development of many skills as well as self-perception. Furthermore, it promotes the development of socioemotional competencies, motivation and leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to validate the "Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs) - Attitude Scale" for the Portuguese university population, allowing the evaluation of the attitude of young people to oral emergency contraception (OEC). Translation, adaptation, and validation of the same for the Portuguese population. A study was carried out using a sample of 457 university students, and their psychometric characteristics were evaluated by developing studies of reliability and validity. The sample consisted mostly of female youth (61.71%), with a mean age of 21.14 years. After performing the psychometric studies, it was possible to obtain values of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.820, for the Scale of Attitudes towards the use of Emergency Oral Contraception (EACOE) and for factor 1 (Fear of misuse) - 0.83; Factor 2 (Easy Access) - 0.826 and Factor 3 (Health Concerns) - 0.691. The scale was adequate and easy to use to assess young people's attitudes about EOC, which is fundamental to the perception of young people's predisposition to their use, which may prove to be harmful to the adoption of protective behaviors within the scope of the experience of their sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selfies are self-taken self-portrait photographs captured with mobile phones, and they are among the most common forms of self-expression on the photo-based social network Instagram. Selfies display their subject's face or body to social media followers and friends, making them particularly appearance-oriented images. As with other social networks such as Facebook and Twitter, Instagram posts garner feedback in the form of "likes" and comments from online audiences. When applied to selfies, such feedback can be interpreted as aggregated evaluations of their subject's physical appearance. We employ objectification theory to explore how value placed on selfie feedback among young women relates to markers of body image disturbance, including body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and bulimia action tendencies. We conducted an online survey of 177 English-speaking young adult (18–30 years-old) female Instagram users who were recruited through MTurk and who post selfies to examine the relationship between investment in selfie feedback and body image disturbance. We found that women who reported higher investment in selfie feedback were more likely to express body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness through the indirect influence of body surveillance, but this effect did not extend to bulimic tendencies. Our findings suggest that young adult female Instagram users who value audience responses to their selfies are more likely to exhibit disordered eating attitudes and intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the considerable institutional changes schools have made to accommodate the individual needs of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND), as underpinned by key principles of inclusion, there is still international concern about the mainstream experiences pupils with SEND have in school settings. This study helps us understand the schooling experiences of pupils with behavioural difficulties and learning difficulties by investigating whether they have a sense of belonging and positive social relations and whether these vary according to the level of inclusiveness of the school ethos at the institution they attend. Perceived social relations and feelings of belonging of 1,440 (282 SEND) young adolescents from three secondary mainstream settings that differ in inclusivity, were analysed using a self-reporting questionnaire. Findings demonstrated that pupils with SEND are not a homogeneous group, as pupils with behavioural difficulties were found to have less of a sense of belonging, and social relations than those with learning difficulties. It was also found that the sense of belonging of both groups is associated with their positive perceived relations with teachers and their inclusiveness of school ethos. These findings contribute as they offer ways of enhancing the sense of belonging of pupils with behavioural and learning difficulties in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of social behavior could be affected by stressful parenting. The mineralocorticoid receptor, one of the two main receptors for the stress hormone cortisol, plays a vital role in adequate responses to stress. Therefore, the effects of stressful parenting on social development (i.e., empathic concern, perspective taking and prosocial behavior) may be moderated by functional genetic variation in mineralocorticoid receptor haplotypes (a combination of alleles). A group of 343 adolescents (44.3% females) was followed from the age of 13 until 24 years. Growth curve analyses showed lower levels of prosocial behaviors and a slower increase in empathic concern and perspective taking in adolescents who reported more stressful parenting. In contrast, relatively higher levels of prosocial behavior, empathic concern and perspective taking were present in combination with stress resilient mineralocorticoid receptor haplotypes. Despite sex differences in social development with earlier social development for girls, no consistent sex differences were found with regard to mineralocorticoid receptor haplotypes. The current study showed that genetic variation in mineralocorticoid receptor impacts the social development during adolescence and young adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People's motivation to engage in studying and working is an important precursor of participation and attainment. However, little is known about how motivation and the lack of motivation develops normatively across adolescence and young adulthood. Furthermore, there is no comparison of motivation and amotivation development across sequential age-graded transitions such as the mid-schooling transition in adolescence and the school-to-work transition in young adulthood. The current study explored trajectories of motivation and amotivation development in Finland, using piecewise growth curve modelling to analyze five waves of data (age 15–22 years) from a sample of 878 youth (52% male). Indicators of amotivation (disinterest, futility and inertia) decreased, whilst the indicator of motivation (attainment value) increased across both transitions. Reductions in disinterest and inertia were steeper for youth transferring into vocational education at the mid-schooling transition and for youth transferring from an academic track to higher education at the school-to-work transition. Amotivation and motivation shifted most at the school-to-work transition, signaling the importance of this period for motivation development. Overall, the results suggest that young people became more motivated and less amotivated as they aged from adolescence through young adulthood, in line with normative maturational and gradual social changes and transfer into increasingly personalized environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study of coping has far-reaching implications for understanding psychopathology and resilience, as well as for the treatment of psychological disorders. Developmental work has examined how the ability to cope changes across time in children and adolescents; however, work in emerging adulthood is still lacking. Coping is thought to emerge from basic biological and psychological processes, such as temperament and gender, which may influence the trajectory of coping use over time.Method: Using a sample of college students (N = 1,000), our 4-year longitudinal study with yearly assessments sought to (a) examine the trajectory of coping styles in emerging adulthood and to (b) examine the influence of temperament and gender on these coping trajectories.Results: Our findings suggest that young adults' use of avoidance strategies decreased slightly over college, whereas the use of approach strategies and social support seeking remained stable. Temperament (BIS/BAS) and gender were related to certain coping styles at baseline and appeared to have an influence on some of these trajectories over time, though these associations were complex.Conclusions: This work may inform intervention research attempting to promote adaptive coping because it may help identify young adults most in need of such interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pattern of research findings indicates that excessive devotion to a favorite celebrity is linked to attitudes and behaviors that are psychologically unhealthy and may predict low life satisfaction. This study examines whether four common measures of life satisfaction (i.e., curiosity, meaning in life, gratitude, and flexibility) predict admiration for celebrities in two university samples and one community sample of young adults. Our results showed significant correlations between celebrity admiration and two measures of life satisfaction (curiosity and gratitude). We also found that the predictors of life satisfaction correlate with each other in ways that are consistent with previous research in positive psychology. Our research suggests an inverse relationship between celebrity admiration and life satisfaction. In addition, the results contribute to establishing the validity of four contemporary life satisfaction measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This aim of the research was to study the differences between first-borns and later-born in terms of personality and risk-taking behaviour. For the purpose of this study, between subject design was utilised. A sample size of 120 was selected, comprising of adolescents and young adults falling in the age group of 16 to 25. A self-developed demographic sheet, The Eysenck Personality Inventory and The Dospert Scale were used to study the three parameters. In the sample population, it was found that neuroticism was significantly different across birth orders (p<0.05). However, no such difference was revealed while considering the dimension of extraversion. Similarly, risk-taking propensity was also not found to be significantly different (p>0.05). Male and female subject did not differ significantly in four out of five domains of risk-taking behaviour. Significant difference was found between the genders in case of recreational domain of risk-taking behaviour. Future research can take into account a wider sample size, geographical area, and more subsets of the variables and finally can take up a more multicultural study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recurrent critique towards socialization theory is its emphasis on stability and disregard for change. Some case studies in the YARG project, particularly that of Ghana, do indeed point to the central role and influence that young adults ascribe to their primary socialization agents. In these contexts, personal religiosity is described as being in accordance with the values of parents and family, making religious transmission from one generation to another appear like a seamless affair. However, data from these contexts also point to how secondary socialization agents, such as peers, media and secular education, play a central role for how young adults maintain their personal religiosity. The aim of this paper is to analyze how young adults in Ghana, India and Poland describe the role of primary socialization agents on their religiosity, but also, to critically discern this influence as against that of secondary socialization agents. This article builds on both survey and interview data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]