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Bottle conditioning of beer is an additional fermentation step where yeast and fermentable extract are added to the beer for carbonation. During this process, yeast must overcome environmental stresses to ensure sufficient fermentation in the bottle. Additionally, the yeast must be able to survive for a prolonged time, as a decline in viability will lead to alterations in the product. Here, we investigated the effects of bottle conditioning on beer using six different yeast strains from the brewing, wine making, and distilling industries over 120 days. The ale and lager strains resulted in a beer possessing typical characteristics of a pale ale-style beer, whereas sparkling wine and distilling yeast strains resulted in aromas that were uncharacteristic, which was expected. In addition, we observed that the various strains had different propensities to survive during bottle conditioning. Proteomic analysis was performed to ascertain protein abundance changes and reveal biological processes that potentially enabled specific yeast strains to survive longer during secondary fermentation. Our results showed that proteins associated with oxidoreductase activity and mitochondrial ribosomes were increased in the yeast strain with superior survival and were able to respond to cellular stress more effectively, whereas proteins associated with cell wall modulation were increased in the strain with poor survival characteristics. Overall, we demonstrated the impact of yeast selection on bottle conditioning and the biological processes involved in yeast physiology under these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The application of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) to murine lungs is challenging due to the spongy nature of the tissue. Lungs consist of interconnected air sacs (alveoli) lined by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells, which requires inflation to maintain its natural structure. Therefore, a protocol that is compatible with both lung instillation and high spatial resolution is essential to enable multi‐omic studies on murine lung disease models using MALDI‐MSI. Methods and results: To maintain the structural integrity of the tissue, murine lungs were inflated with 8% (w/v) gelatin for lipid MSI of fresh frozen tissues or 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde neutral buffer for N‐glycan and peptide MSI of FFPE tissues. Tissues were sectioned and prepared for enzymatic digestion and/or matrix deposition. Glycerol‐free PNGase F was applied for N‐glycan MSI, while Trypsin Gold was applied for peptide MSI using the iMatrixSpray and ImagePrep Station, respectively. For lipid, N‐glycan and peptide MSI, α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid matrix was deposited using the iMatrixSpray. MS data were acquired with 20 μm spatial resolution using a timsTOF fleX MS instrument followed by MS fragmentation of lipids, N‐glycans and peptides. For lipid MSI, trapped ion mobility spectrometry was used to separate isomeric/isobaric lipid species. SCiLS™ Lab was used to visualize all MSI data. For analyte identification, MetaboScape®, GlycoMod and Mascot were used to annotate MS fragmentation spectra of lipids, N‐glycans and tryptic peptides, respectively. Conclusions: Our protocol provides instructions on sample preparation for high spatial resolution MALDI‐MSI, MS/MS data acquisition and lipid, N‐glycan and peptide annotation and identification from murine lungs. This protocol will allow non‐biased analyses of diseased lungs from preclinical murine models and provide further insight into disease models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteomics, the temporal study of proteins expressed by an organism, is a powerful technique that can reveal how organisms respond to biological perturbations, such as disease and environmental stress. Yet, the use of proteomics for addressing ecological questions has been limited, partly due to inadequate protocols for the sampling and preparation of animal tissues from the field. Although RNAlater is an ideal alternative to freezing for tissue preservation in transcriptomics studies, its suitability for the field could be more broadly examined. Moreover, existing protocols require samples to be preserved immediately to maintain protein integrity, yet the effects of delays in preservation on proteomic analyses have not been thoroughly tested. Hence, we optimised a proteomic workflow for wild-caught samples. First, we conducted a preliminary in-lab test using SDS-PAGE analysis on aquaria-reared Octopus berrima confirming that RNAlater can effectively preserve proteins up to 6 h after incubation, supporting its use in the field. Subsequently, we collected arm tips from wild-caught Octopus berrima and preserved them in homemade RNAlater immediately, 3 h, and 6 h after euthanasia. Processed tissue samples were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to ascertain protein differences between time delay in tissue preservation, as well as the influence of sex, tissue type, and tissue homogenisation methods. Over 3500 proteins were identified from all tissues, with bioinformatic analysis revealing protein abundances were largely consistent regardless of sample treatment. However, nearly 10% additional proteins were detected from tissues homogenised with metal beads compared to liquid nitrogen methods, indicating the beads were more efficient at extracting proteins. Our optimised workflow demonstrates that sampling non-model organisms from remote field sites is achievable and can facilitate extensive proteomic coverage without compromising protein integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues that new "learning" paradigms are needed to assess new kinds of educational practices. Uses Instruction Model-Learning Model Questionnaire and the Student Evaluation of Teaching Effectiveness to compare traditional vs. interactive teaching methods in a graduate (n=94) public policy analysis course; finds neither effectively measures learning promoted under the new paradigm or the efficacy of interactive teaching methods. (DB)

Materialism is a global phenomenon. Yet, its measures stem mainly from the US and are not necessarily applicable abroad. Having failed to replicate in Costa Rica, this study adapts Richins' (2004) short-form Material Values Scales to Latin American conditions. Items were adjusted as to direction, object, and response options. Data (N = 1,207) reflected the country's adult population in age, gender, education, and social class. The revised scales' reliability, dimensionality, and external validity were all robust, supporting their local applicability. The revised scales should help academics and practitioners understand local consumers. This study is among few to address materialism in Latin America, a growingly-important yet under-researched market. This study is also the first to explicitly address materialism's measurement in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]