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Dimethomorph (DMT) is a widely-used selective active fungicide that effectively controls downy mildew, crown rot, and late blight in crops. The extensive application of DMT raises concerns about its ecological impact on non-target organisms in the environment. However, there is limited understanding of the toxicological properties of DMT on these organisms. In this study, we utilized zebrafish as an animal model to assess the toxicity of DMT induced by exposure 5.5–72 hours post-fertilization (hpf). During this period, we monitored and evaluated the development of the zebrafish heart and vascular system. Additionally, embryo samples were collected to perform molecular-level detection of PCNA, oxidative stress, and related genes. The results showed a concentration-dependent decrease in survival rate and hatching rate, shortened body length, slowed heart rate, and pericardial edema, body curvature and reduced eye size as DMT exposure concentration increased. Furthermore, DMT exposure led to impairments in the development of the heart, vascular, along with change in the expression levels of relevant genes. It also caused a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in oxidative stress levels. Moreover, DMT disrupts the normal development of thyroid follicular cells, leading to a reduction in T3 levels. Thyroid hormone supplementation partially reverses the toxicity induced by DMT, increasing eye size, restoring body length, reducing spine curvature, and reducing pericardial edema. Therefore, we speculate that DMT likely affects the development of zebrafish embryos by disrupting normal thyroid follicle development.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) outbreaks have caused significant economic losses in the Chinese poultry industry since 2015. The relationships among viral structural proteins in infected hosts are relatively unknown. To explore the role of different parts of the fiber-1 protein in FAdV-4-infected hosts, we truncated fiber-1 into fiber-1-Δ1 (73–205 aa) and fiber-1-Δ2 (211–412 aa), constructed pEF1α-HA-fiber-1-Δ1 and pEF1α-HA-fiber-1-Δ2 and then transfected them into leghorn male hepatocyte (LMH) cells. After FAdV-4 infection, the roles of fiber-1-Δ1 and fiber-1-Δ2 in the replication of FAdV-4 were investigated, and transcriptome sequencing was performed. The results showed that the fiber-1-Δ1 and fiber-1-Δ2 proteins were the shaft and knob domains, respectively, of fiber-1, with molecular weights of 21.4 kDa and 29.6 kDa, respectively. The fiber-1-Δ1 and fiber-1-Δ2 proteins were mainly localized in the cytoplasm of LMH cells. Fiber-1-Δ2 has a greater ability to inhibit FAdV-4 replication than fiber-1-Δ1, and 933 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the fiber-1-Δ1 and fiber-1-Δ2 groups. Functional analysis revealed these DEGs in a variety of biological functions and pathways, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase–protein kinase b (PI3K–Akt) signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the Janus tyrosine kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak–STAT) signaling pathway, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) signaling pathway, and other innate immune pathways. The mRNA expression levels of type I interferons (IFN-α and INF-β) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) were significantly increased in cells overexpressing the fiber-1-Δ2 protein. These results demonstrate the role of the knob domain of the fiber-1 (fiber-1-Δ2) protein in FAdV-4 infection and provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the function of the fiber-1 protein of FAdV-4.

H5, H7, and H9 are pivotal avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes that cause substantial economic losses and pose potential threats to public health worldwide. In this study, a novel triplex fluorescence reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TLAMP) assay was developed in which traditional LAMP techniques were combined with probes for detection. Through this innovative approach, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV can be simultaneously identified and differentiated, thereby offering crucial technical support for prevention and control efforts. Three primer sets and composite probes were designed based on conserved regions of the haemagglutinin gene for each subtype. The probes were labelled with distinct fluorophores at their 3′ ends, which were detached to release the fluorescence signal during the amplification process. The detection results were interpreted based on the colour of the TLAMP products. Then, the reaction conditions were optimized, and three primer sets and probes were combined in the same reaction system, resulting in a TLAMP detection assay for the differential diagnosis of AIV subtypes. Sensitivity testing with in vitro-transcribed RNA revealed that the detection limit of the TLAMP assay was 205 copies per reaction for H5, 360 copies for H7, and 545 copies for H9. The TLAMP assay demonstrated excellent specificity, no cross-reactivity with related avian viruses, and 100% consistency with a previously published quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Therefore, due to its simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity, this TLAMP assay is suitable for epidemiological investigations and is a valuable tool for detecting and distinguishing H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV in clinical samples.

Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is highly pathogenic to broilers aged 3 to 5 weeks and has caused considerable economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. FAdV-4 is the causative agent of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) or hydropericardium syndrome (HPS). The virus targets mainly the liver, and HPS symptoms are observed in infected chickens. This disease was first reported in Pakistan but has now spread worldwide, and over time, various deletions in the FAdV genome and mutations in its major structural proteins have been detected. This review provides detailed information about FAdV-4 genome organization, physiological features, epidemiology, coinfection with other viruses, and host immune suppression. Moreover, we investigated the role and functions of important structural proteins in FAdV-4 pathogenesis. Finally, the potential regulatory effects of FAdV-4 infection on ncRNAs are also discussed.

Starting in 2015, the widespread prevalence of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) has led to considerable financial losses within China’s poultry farming industry. In this study, pathogenicity assessments, whole-genome sequencing, and analyses were conducted on 10 new isolates of the novel genotype FAdV-4 during a HHS outbreak in Guangxi Province, China, from 2019 to 2020. The results indicated that strains GX2019-010 to GX2019-013 and GX2019-015 to GX2019-018 were highly virulent, while strain GX2020-019 exhibited moderate virulence. Strain GX2019-014 was characterized as a wild-type strain with low virulence, displaying no pathogenic effects when 0.5 mL containing 106 TCID50 virus was inoculated into the muscle of specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens at 4 weeks of age, while 107 TCID50 and 108 TCID50 resulted in mortality rates of 80 and 100%, respectively. The whole genomes of strains GX2019-010 to GX2019-013, GX2019-015 to GX2019-018, and GX2020-019 showed high homology with other Chinese newly emerging highly pathogenic FAdV-4 strains, whereas GX2019-014 was closer to nonmutant strains and shared the same residues with known nonpathogenic strains (B1-7, KR5, and ON1) at positions 219AA and 380AA of the Fiber-2 protein. Our work enriches the research on prevalent strains of FAdV-4 in China, expands the knowledge on the virulence diversity of the novel genotype FAdV-4, and provides valuable reference material for further investigations into the key virulence-associated genetic loci of FAdV-4.

In this study, the quality and aroma components of Cyclocodon lancifolius fruit were examined at various stages of maturity to identify the optimal harvest maturity. The result showed that the appearance and nutritional quality of C. lancifolius fruit varied significantly at different maturities. With the increase of maturity level, the color of fruit skin changed from green to red-brown to purple-black, and the longitudinal diameter and fruit shape index showed a decreasing and then increasing trend, with maximum fruit shape index at maturity I. The weight, hardness, titratable acid content all trended upwards and then downwards, with maximum weight and hardness at maturity IV. The transverse diameter, soluble solids content and vitamin C content showed an increasing trend, with maturity V having the highest soluble solids content and vitamin C content. GC-MS analysis showed that the aroma components and contents of C. lancifolius fruit varied greatly with different maturities. Alcohols, terpenoids and alkanes were the main types of aromatic substances in C. lancifolius fruit. Among them, (E)-2-Hexenol and geraniol were the main aroma substances common to all maturities and contributed differently to the flavor of the fruits at different maturity stages, while herbal, floral and fruity aromas were the typical aroma characteristics of C. lancifolius fruit. Principal component analysis showed that the highest overall score for fruit quality was obtained for C. lancifolius fruit with maturity IV. In summary, the harvesting standard of C. lancifolius fruit was maturity III~V (140~150 days after flowering), and the best quality and flavor of fresh fruits were harvested at maturity IV (145 days after flowering).

Abstract An enzyme-free sandwich amperometric immunosensor based on bimetallic Pt/Ag nanoparticle (Pt/AgNPs)-functionalized chitosan (Chi)-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as dual signal amplifiers and Chi-modified MWCNTs (MWCNTs-Chi) as substrate materials was developed for ultrasensitive detection of fowl adenovirus group I (FAdV-I). MWCNTs have a large specific surface area, and many accessible active sites were formed after modification with Chi. Hence, MWCNTs-Chi, as a substrate material for modifying glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs), could immobilize more antibodies (fowl adenovirus group I-monoclonal antibody, FAdV-I/MAb). Multiple Pt/AgNPs were attached to the surface of MWCNTs-Chi to generate MWCNTs-Chi-Pt/AgNPs with high catalytic ability for the reaction of H2O2 and modified active sites for fowl adenovirus group I-polyclonal antibody (FAdV-I/PAb) binding. Amperometric i–t measurements were employed to characterize the recognizability of FAdV-I. Under optimal conditions, and the developed immunosensor exhibited a wide linear range (100.93 EID50 mL−1 to 103.43 EID50 mL−1), a low detection limit (100.67 EID50 mL−1) and good selectivity, reproducibility and stability. This immunosensor can be used in clinical sample detection.

This article analyzed the laboratory indicators during the clinical diagnosis and treatment of two adolescents with mental disorders who developed rhabdomyolysis during hospitalization， so as to explore the risk of rhabdomyolysis occurring after mild to moderate exercise during treatment for adolescent with mental disorders and to provide references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

The high permeability and uncertainty of distributed photovoltaics have a great impact on the node voltage and power flow distribution and pose a new challenge to the safe operation of distribution network. How to effectively and accurately optimize and control distribution network containing distributed photovoltaics is an urgent problem to be solved. A model predictive control optimization method for distribution network containing distributed photovoltaics is proposed. In order to reduce the voltage deviation of nodes and power loss, the prediction information is continuously updated and the optimization model is constructed based on the model predictive control, and the rolling optimization control of distributed photovoltaics and energy storage devices is carried out. A modified IEEE 33-node system is used as an example to verify that the voltage deviation of nodes and power loss of distribution network are effectively reduced. The proposed method has the better optimization effect than the day-ahead optimization method does for fitting the actual resuts. Based on the model predictive control, the proposed method is helpful to the safe operation of distribution network under the distributed photovoltaics access, thus reducing the deviation between the control dispatch and the actual situation.

The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) causes enormous economic losses and poses a significant threat to public health; the development of vaccines against avian influenza is ongoing. To study the immunogenicity of hemagglutinin (HA) protein, we constructed a recombinant pET-32a-HA plasmid, induced HA protein expression with isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), verified it by SDS–PAGE and Western blotting, and determined the sensitivity of the recombinant protein to acid and heat. Subsequently, mice were immunized with the purified HA protein, and the immunization effect was evaluated according to the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer, serum IgG antibody titer, and cytokine secretion level of the mice. The results showed that the molecular weight of the HA protein was approximately 84 kDa, and the protein existed in both soluble and insoluble forms; in addition, the HA protein exhibited good acid and thermal stability, the HI antibody titer reached 6 log2–8 log2, and the IgG-binding antibody titer was 1:1,000,000. Moreover, the levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 in the immunized mouse spleen cells were significantly increased compared with those in the control group. However, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-18, TNF-α, and GM-CSF were decreased in the immunized group. The recombinant HA protein utilized in this study exhibited good stability and exerted beneficial immune effects, providing a theoretical basis for further research on influenza vaccines.

Avian orthoreviruses have become a global challenge to the poultry industry, causing significant economic impacts on commercial poultry. Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are resistant to heat, proteolytic enzymes, a wide range of pH values, and disinfectants, so keeping chicken farms free of ARV infections is difficult. This review focuses on the global prevalence of ARVs and associated clinical signs and symptoms. The most common signs and symptoms include tenosynovitis/arthritis, malabsorption syndrome, runting–stunting syndrome, and respiratory diseases. Moreover, this review also focused on the characterization of ARVs in genotypic clusters (I–VI) and their relation to tissue tropism or viral distribution. The prevailing strains of ARV in Africa belong to all genotypic clusters (GCs) except for GC VI, whereas all GCs are present in Asia and the Americas. In addition, all ARV strains are associated with or belong to GC I-VI in Europe. Moreover, in Oceania, only GC V and VI are prevalent. This review also showed that, regardless of the genotypic cluster, tenosynovitis/arthritis was the predominant clinical manifestation, indicating its universal occurrence across all clusters. Globally, most avian reovirus infections can be prevented by vaccination against four major strains: S1133, 1733, 2408, and 2177. Nevertheless, these vaccines may not a provide sufficient defense against field isolates. Due to the increase in the number of ARV variants, classical vaccine approaches are being developed depending on the degree of antigenic similarity between the vaccine and field strains, which determines how successful the vaccination will be. Moreover, there is a need to look more closely at the antigenic and pathogenic properties of reported ARV strains. The information acquired will aid in the selection of more effective vaccine strains in combination with biosecurity and farm management methods to prevent ARV infections.

Interferon-alpha inducible protein 6 (IFI6) is an important interferon-stimulated gene. To date, research on IFI6 has mainly focused on human malignant tumors, virus-related diseases and autoimmune diseases. Previous studies have shown that IFI6 plays an important role in antiviral, antiapoptotic and tumor-promoting cellular functions, but few studies have focused on the structure or function of avian IFI6. Avian reovirus (ARV) is an important virus that can exert immunosuppressive effects on poultry. Preliminary studies have shown that IFI6 expression is upregulated in various tissues and organs of specific-pathogen-free chickens infected with ARV, suggesting that IFI6 plays an important role in ARV infection. To analyze the function of avian IFI6, particularly in ARV infection, the chicken IFI6 gene was cloned, a bioinformatics analysis was conducted, and the roles of IFI6 in ARV replication and the innate immune response were investigated after the overexpression or knockdown of IFI6 in vitro. The results indicated that the molecular weight of the chicken IFI6 protein was approximately 11 kDa and that its structure was similar to that of the human IFI27L1 protein. A phylogenetic tree analysis of the IFI6 amino acid sequence revealed that the evolution of mammals and birds was clearly divided into two branches. The evolutionary history and homology of chickens are similar to those of other birds. Avian IFI6 localized to the cytoplasm and was abundantly expressed in the chicken lung, intestine, pancreas, liver, spleen, glandular stomach, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and trachea. Further studies demonstrated that IFI6 overexpression in DF-1 cells inhibited ARV replication and that the inhibition of IFI6 expression promoted ARV replication. After ARV infection, IFI6 modulated the expression of various innate immunity-related factors. Notably, the expression patterns of MAVS and IFI6 were similar, and the expression patterns of IRF1 and IFN-β were opposite to those of IFI6. The results of this study further advance the research on avian IFI6 and provide a theoretical basis for further research on the role of IFI6 in avian virus infection and innate immunity.

Abstract Among the common methods used for antibody immobilization on electrode surfaces, which is the best available option for immunosensor fabrication? To answer this question, we first used graphene-chitosan-Au/Pt nanoparticle (G-Chi-Au/PtNP) nanocomposites to modify a gold electrode (GE). Second, avian reovirus monoclonal antibody (ARV/MAb) was immobilized on the GE surface by using four common methods, which included glutaraldehyde (Glu), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), direct incubation or cysteamine hydrochloride (CH). Third, the electrodes were incubated with bovine serum albumin, four different avian reovirus (ARV) immunosensors were obtained. Last, the four ARV immunosensors were used to detect ARV. The results showed that the ARV immunosensors immobilized via Glu, EDC/NHS, direct incubation or CH showed detection limits of 100.63 EID50 mL−1, 100.48 EID50 mL−1, 100.37 EID50 mL−1 and 100.46 EID50 mL−1 ARV (S/N = 3) and quantification limits of 101.15 EID50 mL−1, and 101.00 EID50 mL−1, 100.89 EID50 mL−1 and 100.98 EID50 mL−1 ARV (S/N = 10), respectively, while the linear range of the immunosensor immobilized via CH (0–105.82 EID50 mL−1 ARV) was 10 times broader than that of the immunosensor immobilized via direct incubation (0–104.82 EID50 mL−1 ARV) and 100 times broader than those of the immunosensors immobilized via Glu (0–103.82 EID50 mL−1 ARV) or EDC/NHS (0–103.82 EID50 mL−1 ARV). And the four immunosensors showed excellent selectivity, reproducibility and stability.

Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an antiviral factor that plays an important role in the host innate immune response against viruses. Previous studies have shown that IFITM3 is upregulated in various tissues and organs after avian reovirus (ARV) infection, which suggests that IFITM3 may be involved in the antiviral response after ARV infection. In this study, the chicken IFITM3 gene was cloned and analyzed bioinformatically. Then, the role of chicken IFITM3 in ARV infection was further explored. The results showed that the molecular weight of the chicken IFITM3 protein was approximately 13 kDa. This protein was found to be localized mainly in the cytoplasm, and its protein structure contained the CD225 domain. The homology analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the IFITM3 genes of different species exhibited great variation during genetic evolution, and chicken IFITM3 shared the highest homology with that of Anas platyrhynchos and displayed relatively low homology with those of birds such as Anser cygnoides and Serinus canaria. An analysis of the distribution of chicken IFITM3 in tissues and organs revealed that the IFITM3 gene was expressed at its highest level in the intestine and in large quantities in immune organs, such as the bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen. Further studies showed that the overexpression of IFITM3 in chicken embryo fibroblasts (DF-1) could inhibit the replication of ARV, whereas the inhibition of IFITM3 expression in DF-1 cells promoted ARV replication. In addition, chicken IFITM3 may exert negative feedback regulatory effects on the expression of TBK1, IFN-γ and IRF1 during ARV infection, and it is speculated that IFITM3 may participate in the innate immune response after ARV infection by negatively regulating the expression of TBK1, IFN-γ and IRF1. The results of this study further enrich the understanding of the role and function of chicken IFITM3 in ARV infection and provide a theoretical basis for an in-depth understanding of the antiviral mechanism of host resistance to ARV infection.

The GX2020-019 strain of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) was isolated from the liver of chickens with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome in Guangxi Province, China, and was purified by plaque assay three times. Pathogenicity studies showed that GX2020-019 can cause typical FAdV-4 pathology, such as hydropericardium syndrome and liver yellowing and swelling. Four-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens inoculated with the virus at doses of 103 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), 104 TCID50, 105 TCID50, 106 TCID50, and 107 TCID50 had mortality rates of 0, 20, 60, 100, and 100%, respectively, which were lower than those of chickens inoculated with other highly pathogenic Chinese isolates, indicating that GX2020-019 is a moderately virulent strain. Persistent shedding occurred through the oral and cloacal routes for up to 35 days postinfection. The viral infection caused severe pathological damage to the liver, kidney, lung, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen. The damage to the liver and immune organs could not be fully restored 21 days after infection, which continued to affect the immune function of chickens. Whole genome analysis indicated that the strain belonged to the FAdV-C group, serotype 4, and had 99.7–100% homology with recent FAdV-4 strains isolated from China. However, the amino acid sequences encoded by ORF30 and ORF49 are identical to the sequences found in nonpathogenic strains, and none of the 32 amino acid mutation sites that appeared in other Chinese isolates were found. Our research expands understanding of the pathogenicity of FAdV-4 and provides a reference for further studies.

Objective To observe the difference of hypotensive effect of sarcubitril/valsartan between hypertensive patients with increased left atrial diameter (LAD) and with normal LAD. Methods A total of 80 patients who were diagnosed as essential hypertension in Nanjing First Hospital from June 2021 to January 2022 were selected, and they all did not take antihypertensive drugs in the past two weeks. According to the size of LAD, they were divided into first group (LAD≥40 mm, n=50) and second group (LAD＜40 mm, n=30) . After enrollment, all patients were given a daily dose of 100 mg of sarcubitril/valsartan. If the blood pressure reached the standard after 1 week［systolic blood pressure (SBP) ＜140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ＜90 mmHg］, continue to use 100 mg of sarcubitril/valsartan. If not, increase the dose to 200 mg of sarcubitril/valsartan per day. If the blood pressure reaches the standard after 2 weeks, continue to use 200 mg dose. If the blood pressure does not reach the standard, add it to 400 mg dose per day or add other kinds of antihypertensive drugs according to the patient's individualized situation. The changes of blood pressure level and the rate of reaching the standard of blood pressure in the two groups for 4 weeks (28th day) were observed and compared. Results Compared with second group, the decrease of SBP ［7th day: (11.06±1.36) mmHg vs (7.53±1.31) mmHg, P＜0.01; 14th day: (19.70±2.62) mmHg vs (13.80±1.92) mmHg, P＜0.01］ and the decrease of DBP ［7th day: (5.76±2.63) mmHg vs (4.47±1.31) mmHg, P=0.014; 14th day: (10.02±3.17) mmHg vs (8.23±2.84) mmHg, P=0.013］ were significant higher in the first group. After four weeks, there was no significant difference in SBP, DBP levels and the distribution of proportion of combined use of antihypertensive drugs between the two groups (P＞0.05) . Conclusion Compared with hypertensive patients with normal LAD, sarcubitril/valsartan has a better effect on blood pressure reduction in patients with increased LAD is more superior, and the blood pressure reduction range is very obvious in the first two weeks after use.

Currently, big data platforms are widely applied across various industries. These platforms are characterized by large scale, diverse forms, high update frequency, and rapid data flow, making it challenging to directly apply existing risk quantification methods to them. Additionally, the composition of big data platforms varies among enterprises due to factors such as industry, economic capability, and technical proficiency. To address this, we first developed a risk quantification assessment process tailored to different types of big data platforms, taking into account relevant laws, regulations, and standards. Subsequently, we developed RiskTree, a risk quantification system for big data platforms, which supports automated detection of configuration files, traffic, and vulnerabilities. For situations where automated detection is not feasible or permitted, we provide a customized questionnaire system to collect assets and data processing procedures. We utilize a knowledge graph (KG) to integrate and analyze the collected data. Finally, we apply a random forest algorithm to compute risk index weights, risk values, and risk levels, enabling the quantification of risks on big data platforms. To validate the proposed process, we conducted experiments on an educational big data platform. The results demonstrate that the risk index system presented in this paper objectively and comprehensively reflects the risks faced by big data platforms. Furthermore, the proposed risk assessment process not only effectively identifies and quantifies risks but also provides highly interpretable evaluation results.

Avian reovirus (ARV) infection is prevalent in farmed poultry and causes viral arthritis and severe immunosuppression. The spleen plays a very important part in protecting hosts against infectious pathogens. In this research, transcriptome and translatome sequencing technology were combined to investigate the mechanisms of transcriptional and translational regulation in the spleen after ARV infection. On a genome-wide scale, ARV infection can significantly reduce the translation efficiency (TE) of splenic genes. Differentially expressed translational efficiency genes (DTEGs) were identified, including 15 upregulated DTEGs and 396 downregulated DTEGs. These DTEGs were mainly enriched in immune regulation signaling pathways, which indicates that ARV infection reduces the innate immune response in the spleen. In addition, combined analyses revealed that the innate immune response involves the effects of transcriptional and translational regulation. Moreover, we discovered the key gene IL4I1, the most significantly upregulated gene at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Further studies in DF1 cells showed that overexpression of IL4I1 could inhibit the replication of ARV, while inhibiting the expression of endogenous IL4I1 with siRNA promoted the replication of ARV. Overexpression of IL4I1 significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of IFN-β, LGP2, TBK1 and NF-κB; however, the expression of these genes was significantly upregulated after inhibition of IL4I1, suggesting that IL4I1 may be a negative feedback effect of innate immune signaling pathways. In addition, there may be an interaction between IL4I1 and ARV σA protein, and we speculate that the IL4I1 protein plays a regulatory role by interacting with the σA protein. This study not only provides a new perspective on the regulatory mechanisms of the innate immune response after ARV infection but also enriches the knowledge of the host defense mechanisms against ARV invasion and the outcome of ARV evasion of the host’s innate immune response.

Acenaphthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that is a widely distributed environmental pollutant that accumulates in organisms and leads to health risks in humans. Although acenaphthene is reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms, its effects of acenaphthene on the livers of these organisms have not been evaluated. Here, zebrafish were used as an experimental model. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 mg/L acenaphthene for 72 h while adult zebrafish were exposed to 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg/L acenaphthene for 28 days. We investigated the mechanism by which acenaphthene causes liver toxicity in zebrafish. The results showed that acenaphthene affected the early development of zebrafish and led to mitochondrial damage by promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress. The expression of genes related to inflammation and apoptosis was analyzed, observing up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6. The pro-apoptotic genes p53, Caspase-3, and Bax and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were up-regulated, while the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 was down-regulated. In addition, we investigated the effects of acenaphthene on liver metabolism. When exposed to acenaphthene, the glycogen content of the liver decreased, while lipid accumulation increased together with alterations in related indicators of liver metabolism. In conclusion, acenaphthene induced oxidative stress through ROS production, leading to mitochondrial damage and activation of pathways associated with inflammation and apoptosis, resulting in hepatotoxicity. This affects normal liver metabolism. Our results revealed the mechanism of hepatotoxicity in zebrafish acenaphthene, and provided new evidence for a more comprehensive understanding of the hepatotoxicity of acenaphthene.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a nucleic acid amplification technique that can be used to amplify target genes at a constant temperature, and it has several advantages, including convenience, specificity and sensitivity. However, due to the special interpretation methods of this technology for reaction results, all the previously reported LAMP detection methods have been restricted to identifying a single target, which limits the application of this technology. In this study, we modified conventional LAMP to include a quencher-fluorophore composite probe complementary to the F1c segment of the inner primer FIP; upon strand separation, a gain in the visible fluorescent signal was observed. The probes could be labeled with different fluorophores, showing different colors at the corresponding wavelengths. Therefore, this multiplex LAMP (mLAMP) assay can simultaneously detect 1–3 target sequences in a single LAMP reaction tube, and the results are more accurate and intuitive. In this study, we comprehensively demonstrated a single-reaction mLAMP assay for the robust detection of three cattle viruses without nonspecific amplification of other related pathogenic cattle viruses. The detection limit of this mLAMP assay was as low as 526–2477 copies/reaction for the recombinant plasmids. It is expected that this mLAMP assay can be widely used in clinical diagnosis.

Benoxacor (BN) is a highly effective antidote of dichloroacetamide herbicides generally used to protect crops from herbicidal damage. As a commonly used agrochemical, this herbicide antidote is continuously discharged in watercourses thus causing toxicity to aquatic organisms, and ultimately leading to contamination of the food chain. To date, its potential toxicity to the cardiac development of aquatic organisms has not been evaluated. In the present study, we have selected the zebrafish as a model to study the impact of BN on embryonic developmental and cardiac toxicity. The zebrafish embryos were exposed in 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L BN from 5.5 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf). The results indicated that the exposure to BN led to increased mortality and diminished heart and hatching rates in the embryos. BN exposure also brought pericardial edema (PE) and linear stretching of heart. Besides, exposure to BN induced an excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the zebrafish embryos and abnormal activities of the antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, exposure to BN caused serious cardiac toxicity of the embryos, accompanied by abnormality of heart development- and apoptosis-related genes. Surprisingly, astaxanthin (ASTA), as a common antioxidant, was found to be able to partially rescue the cardiac toxicity caused by BN, which indicated that ROS are probably the major reason for the resulting cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Our results suggest the need for a comprehensive safety evaluation of the regular consumption of benoxacor, which provides scientific basis for the development of health standards and assessment of potential risk in aquatic organisms or even human.

Pendimethalin (PND) is one of the best sellers of selective herbicide in the world and has been frequently detected in the water. However, little is known about its effects on cardiac development. In this study, we used zebrafish to investigate the developmental and cardiac toxicity of PND. We exposed the zebrafish embryos with a serial of concentrations at 3, 4, and 5 mg/L at 5.5–72 h post-fertilization (hpf). We found that PND exposure can reduce the heart rate, survival rate, and body length of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we identified many malformations including pericardial and yolk sac edema, spinal deformity, and cardiac looping abnormality. In addition, PND increased the expression of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde and reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase (Antioxidant enzymes); We examined the expression of cardiac development-related genes and the apoptosis markers, and found changes of the following marker: vmhc, nppa, tbx5a, nkx2.5, gata4, tbx2b and FoxO1, bax, bcl-2, p53, casp-9, casp-3. Our data showed that activation of Wnt pathway can rescue the cardiac abnormalities caused by PND. Our results provided new evidence for the toxicity of PND and suggested that the PND residual should be treated as a hazard in the environment.

Sulfometuron methyl (SM) is a widely used herbicide and thus leading to accumulation in the environment. The toxicity assessments of SM in model organisms are currently rare. In the present study, zebrafish were utilized for evaluating the detrimental effects of SM in aquatic vertebrates. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L SM from 5.5 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf), respectively. Consequently, SM exposure resulted in increasing the mortality rate and reducing hatching rate in larval zebrafish at 10, 20, and 40 mg/L SM-treated groups. The reduced numbers of immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) were observed after SM exposure by a dose-dependent manner. The inflammatory responses (TLR4, MYD88, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β) were measured to estimate immune responses. Anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10 and TGF-β) were down-regulated in all the treated groups and significantly altered at 40 mg/L exposure group. Additionally, behavioral tests suggested that SM treatment significantly increased the total distance, average speed, and maximum acceleration of larval zebrafish during light-dark transition and subsequently enzymology test displayed the same trend to locomotor behaviors. The content significantly increased in oxidative stress, as reflected in ROS level in all the treated groups. The numbers of cell apoptosis were significantly increased at 20, and 40 mg/L and the highest concentration group induced the substantial increment (P

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common virus in humans and the most common causative agent of Infectious Mononucleosis. EBV primary infection has recently risen in some countries and children below 2 years of age are highly susceptible. The clinical manifestations in children with EB virus infection involve multiple systems, causing severe illness, meaning attention should be paid during diagnosis and treatment. Objective: This single institution based retrospective study was carried out with the aim of estimating the overall prevalence of EBV infection and identifying high-risk age group among children. Methods: This study include total 253 patients under 15 years of age found to be positive for EBV DNA by serum PCR who were admitted to the Pediatrics Department of Renmin Hospital,(Shiyan, China) during a 4-year period from 2014 to 2017. Patients were divided into three groups; 0-