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The immune system has a substantial impact on the growth and expansion of lung malignancies. Immune cells are encompassed by a stroma comprising an extracellular matrix (ECM) and different cells like stromal cells, which are known as the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). TME is marked by the presence of immunosuppressive factors, which inhibit the function of immune cells and expand tumor growth. In recent years, numerous strategies and adjuvants have been developed to extend immune responses in the TIME, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we outline the present knowledge of immune evasion mechanisms in lung TIME, explain the biology of immune cells and diverse effectors on these components, and discuss various approaches for overcoming suppressive barriers. We highlight the potential of novel adjuvants, including toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, phytochemicals, nanocarriers, and oncolytic viruses, for enhancing immune responses in the TME. Ultimately, we provide a summary of ongoing clinical trials investigating these strategies and adjuvants in lung cancer patients. This review also provides a broad overview of the current state-of-the-art in boosting immune responses in the TIME and highlights the potential of these approaches for improving outcomes in lung cancer patients. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Lung cancer remains a significant global health concern, and researchers are actively exploring innovative approaches to boost the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Boosting the immune system responses against the lung tumor microenvironment is one of promising approaches for lung cancer therapy. The lung tumor microenvironment refers to the complex network of cells, proteins, and molecules that surround and support the growth of lung tumors. Unfortunately, this environment often hinders the body's immune response, allowing cancer cells to evade detection and destruction. By comprehending the cellular and molecular factors at play, researchers can devise novel strategies to tip the balance in favor of the immune system. Cancer cells often employ various mechanisms to suppress the immune system within the lung tumor microenvironment. One approach to combating this suppression is the use of adjuvants, substances that enhance the immune response. Adjuvants can be administered alongside cancer vaccines or other immunotherapies to strengthen the immune system's ability to recognize and attack tumor cells. The recent progresses have shown the potential of some products, adjuvants, immunotherapy drugs, vaccines, and nanoparticles. This article aims to discuss recent advancements in the field of cancer immunotherapy, specifically focusing on strategies to strengthen the body's immune response against lung tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the inflammatory reaction of peritoneal macrophage after Pg⁃LPS stimulated in healthy rabbit and hyperlipidemia rabbit. Methods 12 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups with 6 rabbits in each group, and normal diet and high⁃fat diet were fed to them respectively. The hyperlipidemia model was set up after 6 weeks. The peritoneal macrophage in normal and hyperlipidemia group were isolated and cultured, and then the cells in both groups were respectively divided into 3 groups: control, 1 μg/mL Pg⁃LPS, and 1 μg/mL E.coli⁃LPS. After 24 h treatment, the expressions of C⁃reaction protein (CRP), interleukin⁃1β (IL⁃1β), interleukin⁃6 (IL⁃6) , interleukin⁃8 (IL⁃8), and tumor necrosis factor⁃α (TNF⁃α) were detected by realtime PCR. Results The levels of CRP, IL⁃1β, IL⁃6, IL⁃8, and TNF⁃α were higher in hyperlipidemia control group than normal control group. The expressions of inflammatory substances were increased after stimulated by Pg⁃LPS, and statistically higher in hyperlipidemia rabbit group than normal group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Pg⁃LPS can enhance the mRNA expressions of inflammation related factors in peritoneal macrophage in hyperlipidemia rabbit.