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Chaya County in eastern Xizang was selected as the research area for the susceptibility assessment of geological disasters. Seven evaluation indexes, including elevation, slope grade, slope form, slope direction, slope structure, stratum, and distance from fault, were selected to construct an evaluation model of geological disaster susceptibility using the evidence weight method. Using the annual maximum daily rainfall under four rainfall frequencies (10%, 5%, 2%, 1%) as the dynamic inducing factor and building population and transportation facilities as the hazard bearing body, the dynamic risk of geological hazards in the town was evaluated. The results show that except for the small slopes on both sides of the county town, which were mainly high-risk and extremely high-risk areas, other areas in the research area were mainly medium and low-risk areas. As the frequency of rainfall decreased, the areas of high-risk and extremely high-risk areas increased by a maximum of 5.34% and 0.07%, respectively, while the areas of low-risk and medium-risk areas changed by a maximum of 28.33% and 23.32%, respectively. Based on the risk assessment results, a method for controlling the source of geological hazard risk considering different rainfall frequencies was proposed. Specifically, for the extremely high-risk areas under the four rainfall frequencies of 10%, 5%, 2% and 1%, it is recommended to adopt engineering management, engineering management/professional monitoring, professional monitoring, and professional monitoring/combination of mass monitoring and professional monitoring. For the high-risk and medium-risk areas under a 1% rainfall frequency, the recommended risk control measures were the combination of mass monitoring and professional monitoring, and the combination of mass supervision and mass prevention.The risk management and control system accounted for the dynamic risks of slopes under different rainfall frequencies, which would enhance the management and control of geological hazard risks in mountainous urban areas in a refined manner.

ABSTRACT: Outbreaks of short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS), caused by a novel goose parvovirus (NGPV), have occurred in China since 2015. The NGPV, a single-stranded DNA virus, is thought to be vertically transmitted. However, the mechanism of NGPV immune evasion remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of NGPV infection on the Cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in duck embryonic fibroblast (DEF) cells. Our findings demonstrate that NGPV infection stimulates the mRNA expression of cGAS but results in weak IFN-β induction. NGPV impedes the expression of IFN-β and downstream interferon-stimulated genes, thereby reducing the secretion of IFN-β induced by interferon-stimulating DNA (ISD) and poly (I: C). RNA-seq results show that NGPV infection downregulates interferon mRNA expression while enhancing the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors. Additionally, the results of viral protein over-expression indicate that VP1 exhibits a remarkable ability to inhibit IFN-β expression compared to other viral proteins. Results indicated that only the intact VP1 protein could inhibit the expression of IFN-β, while the truncated proteins VP1U and VP2 do not possess such characteristics. The immunoprecipitation experiment showed that both VP1 and VP2 could interact with IRF7 protein, while VP1U does not. In summary, our findings indicate that NGPV infection impairs the host's innate immune response by potentially modulating the expression and secretion of interferons and interferon-stimulating factors via IRF7 molecules, which are regulated by the VP1 protein.

Abstract Background The aims of this study were to summarize the clinical presentation and histological results of 20 cases of complicated Meckel diverticulum (MD) who were presumed to have acute appendicitis before surgery, as well as to improve the diagnosis and treatment of complicated MD in children. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 20 complicated MD admitted to our institution who were preoperatively diagnosed with acute appendicitis from January 2012 to January 2019. Patients were divided into the perforated MD group and the Meckel’s diverticulitis group. Patient demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory data, auxiliary examinations, surgical methods, and the result of heterotopic tissue were recorded. Results A total of 20 cases of complicated MD (perforated or diverticulitis) were identified. Children were aged from 3 to 13 years, with a mean age of 7.75 years (median 7.75; range, 1–13 years). Perforated Meckel’s diverticulum occurred in 5 of 20 (25%) cases. For perforated MD versus diverticulitis, no significant differences were found between age, time to intervention, length of hospital stay, and distance from the ileo-cecal valve. Heterotopic tissue was confirmed on histopathology in 75% of all patients, including 10 cases of gastric mucosa, 3 cases of coexistent gastric mucosa and pancreatic tissue, and 2 cases of pancreatic tissue. All patients underwent diverticulectomy or partial ileal resection under laparoscopy or laparotomy; two cases combined with appendectomy owing to slight inflammation of the appendix. Conclusions The most common presentation of symptomatic MD is painless rectal bleeding; however, it can present symptoms of acute abdomen mimicking acute appendicitis. The key point of diverticulectomy is to remove the ectopic mucosa completely.

Background Previous studies have suggested the potential synergistic antitumor activity when combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with anti-angiogenic agents in various solid tumors. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of camrelizumab (a humanized programmed cell death-1 antibody) plus apatinib (a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor) for patients with advanced mucosal melanoma (MM), and explore-related biomarkers.Methods We conducted a single-center, open-label, single-arm, phase II study. Patients with unresectable or recurrent/metastatic MM received camrelizumab and apatinib. The primary endpoint was the confirmed objective response rate (ORR).Results Between April 2019 and June 2022, 32 patients were enrolled, with 50.0% previously received systemic therapy. Among 28 patients with evaluable response, the confirmed ORR was 42.9%, the disease control rate was 82.1%, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 8.05 months. The confirmed ORR was 42.9% (6/14) in both treatment-naïve and previously treated patients. Notably, treatment-naïve patients had a median PFS of 11.89 months, and those with prior treatment had a median PFS of 6.47 months. Grade 3 treatment-related adverse events were transaminase elevation, rash, hyperbilirubinemia, proteinuria, hypertension, thrombocytopenia, hand-foot syndrome and diarrhea. No treatment-related deaths were observed. Higher tumor mutation burden (TMB), increased T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity, and altered receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS pathway correlated with better tumor response.Conclusion Camrelizumab plus apatinib provided promising antitumor activity with acceptable toxicity in patients with advanced MM. TMB, TCR diversity and RTK/RAS pathway genes were identified as potential predictive biomarkers and warrant further validation.Trial registration number Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900023277.

Waqu, a second-order tributary of the Jinsha River, is located in Gongjue County within the red bed region of Changdu, eastern Tibet. The middle reaches of the basin form a high-mountain canyon zone, serving as a distinctive locus of concentrated rainfall-induced debris flow development area in the county. The density, scale, and activity of debris flow in this area surpass the county’s average level, and the debris flows show a strong correlation with fault structures. Based on field investigation and UAV aerial photography, this paper discusses and scrutinizes the developmental characteristics and principal influencing factors of debris flow within Waqu basin. The findings are as follows: (1) 19 small to medium-scale rainfall-induced debris flows are intensively developed in the middle reaches of the Waqu River, with a development density of 0.84 flows/km, significantly higher than the country-wide average of 0.009 flows/km2. Debris flow on the left bank are characterized by higher development density, drainage area, main channel length, and deposition volume compared to those on the right bank, showing distinct differences in distribution. (2) Debris flow sources on the right bank of the middle reaches are primarily composed of weathered detrital material, distributed throughout the entire watershed. On the left bank, debris flows are dominated by rockslide debris and weathered detrital material, primarily concentrated in the upper and middle reaches of the valley, with a larger overall volume compared to the right bank. The proportion of debris flow sources within the fractured zone of the fault is significant, making it a primary source for debris flows on the left bank. (3) Fault structures are the most significant factor influencing the concentrated development and distinct distribution of debris flows in the middle reaches of the Waqu river, primarily in controlling source conditions. (4) Faults control debris flow source conditions by altering rock mass structure, controlling stratum distribution, modifying microtopography, and changing groundwater conditions, leading to significant differences in source formation rates and volumes between the two banks, which is the fundamental cause of the differential distribution of debris flows.

Impact craters are crucial for our understanding of planetary resources, geological ages, and the history of evolution. We designed a novel pseudo-spectral spatial feature extraction and enhanced fusion (PSEF) method with the YOLO network to address the problems encountered during the detection of the numerous and densely distributed meter-sized impact craters on the lunar surface. The illumination incidence edge features, isotropic edge features, and eigen frequency features are extracted by Sobel filtering, LoG filtering, and frequency domain bandpass filtering, respectively. Then, the PSEF images are created by pseudo-spectral spatial techniques to preserve additional details from the original DOM data. Moreover, we conducted experiments using the DES method to optimize the post-processing parameters of the models, thereby determining the parameter ranges for practical deployment. Compared with the Basal model, the PSEF model exhibited superior performance, as indicated by multiple measurement metrics, including the precision, recall, F1-score, mAP, and robustness, etc. Additionally, a statistical analysis of the error metrics of the predicted bounding boxes shows that the PSEF model performance is excellent in predicting the size, shape, and location of impact craters. These advancements offer a more accurate and consistent method to detect the meter-sized craters on planetary surfaces, providing crucial support for the exploration and study of celestial bodies in our solar system.

ABSTRACT: The mitochondrial quality control system is crucial in maintaining cellular homeostasis during environmental stress. Granulosa cells are the main cells secreting steroid hormones, and mitochondria are the key organelles for steroid hormone synthesis. The impact of the mitochondrial quality control system on granulosa cells’ steroid hormone synthesis and survival under heat stress is still unclear. Here, we showed that acute heat stress induces mitochondrial damage and significantly increases the number of mitophagy-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of duck ovary granulosa cells at the ultra-structural level. Meanwhile, we also found heat stress significantly increased mitochondrial fission and mitophagy-related protein expression levels both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, by confocal fluorescence analysis, we discovered that LC3 was distributed spot-like manner near the nucleus in the heat treatment group, and the LC3 spots and lysosomes were colocalized with Mito-Tracker in the heat treatment group. We further detected the mitophagy-related protein in the cytoplasm and mitochondria, respectively. Results showed that the PINK1 protein was significantly increased both in cytoplasm and mitochondria, while the LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio increase only occurred in mitochondrial. In addition, the autophagy protein induced by acute heat treatment was effectively inhibited by the mitophagy inhibitor CysA. Finally, we demonstrated that the alteration of cellular mitophagy by siRNA interference with Drp1 and PINK1 inhibited the steroid synthesis of granulosa cells and increased cell apoptosis. Study provides strong evidence that the Drp1 regulated PINK1-dependent mitophagy pathway protects follicular granulosa cells from acute heat stress-induced injury.

Abstract The Central Asian Orogenic Belt is bounded on the north by the Siberian Craton and on the south by the North China Craton and the Tarim Craton. It is one of the largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogenic belts on Earth. Since the early Paleozoic, its eastern part has experienced the compound orogenesis and mineralization of three major tectonic systems: the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, the closure of the Mongolian–Okhotsk Ocean, and the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. From Zhangwu County in the south to East-Ujimqin Banner in the north, a 500 km magnetotelluric profile adjacent to Northeast China has been studied. With 100 sites of magnetotelluric data processing and analysis, we apply a two dimensional inversion in TE and TM modes and obtain a resistivity model up to a 100 km depth. We have discovered two high-resistivity anomalies with opposite dip directions in the upper mantle on both sides of the Solonker Suture Zone, which provide an evidence of the bi-directional subduction pattern of the oceanic crust and the position of the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. In addition, the whole study area presents an approximate basin-range coupling relationship. In the northern part of the study area, the low-resistivity anomalies below it have an apparent north-dipping characteristic, which may be related to the asthenosphere upwelling from west to east. In addition, they may be related to the upwelling of mantle materials, and provide sources of ore-forming material for the Baiyinnuoer mining area through post-collision extension. In the central part of the study area, there are several large-scale high-resistivity anomalies below the Baolidao Belt. The different dip directions reveal the experiences of several subductions and collisions. In the southern part of the study area, the Bainaimiao Belt is located between the southern margin of the Songliao Basin and the northern margin of North China Craton. The main resistivity anomalies below are all south-dipping. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Knowledge of lithospheric structure is essential for understanding the impact of continental collision and oceanic subduction on surface tectonic configurations. Full‐waveform tomographic images reveal lateral heterogeneities and anisotropy of the lithosphere and asthenosphere in Asia. Estimating lithospheric thickness from seismic velocity reductions at depth exhibits large variations underneath different tectonic units. The thickest cratonic roots are present beneath the Sichuan, Ordos, and Tarim basins and central India. Radial anisotropy signatures of 11 representative tectonic provinces uncover the different nature and geodynamic processes of their respective past and present deformation. The large‐scale continental lithospheric deformation is characterized by low‐velocity anomalies from the Himalayan Orogen to the Baikal rift zone in central Asia, coupled with the post‐collision thickening of the crust. The horizontal low‐velocity layer of ∼100–300 km depth extent below the lithosphere points toward the existence of the asthenosphere beneath East and Southeast Asia, with heterogeneous anisotropy indicative of channel flows.

In order to improve the drying efficiency and quality of potato chips, and to control the shrinkage deformation during hot air drying, the effects of temperature (45, 55, 65, 75 ℃) and slice thickness (3, 5, 7, 9 mm) on the drying characteristic curve, effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of potato chips were studied. The results showed that the drying rate would increase with the increase of the hot air temperature or the decrease of the slice thickness of potato chips. Within the scope of the study, the effective moisture diffusivity of potato chips was between the range of 5.02×10−10~11.53×10−10 m2/s. And its value would increase with the increase of the hot air temperature and/or the decrease of slice thickness. Besides, it was found that the Weibull distribution function could describe the reduction rate stage of drying and shrinkage dynamics model of potato chips. According to Arrhenius equation, the activation energy of drying and shrinkage of potato slices were 27.35 and 46.44 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that the activation energy of drying was less than that of shrinkage of potato slices. This work provided theoretical basis and technical support for the prediction of moisture transfer and shrinkage deformation of potato chips during hot air drying.