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Excess reactive oxygen species can cause oxidative stress and lead to the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Pandanus tectorius fruit (PTF) is a promising source of herbal medicine with antioxidant activity. However, the oral administration is hindered due to the semi-polar properties of the extract. The solubility of the extract can be potentially improved through synthesis of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). This study aims to formulate nanoemulsion of the extract by means of self-nanoemulsification approach using caprylic triglycerides, kolliphor RH40, and propylene glycol. It was found that when tested in water, simulated gastric, and intestinal fluid, PTF-SNEDDS had emulsification times of 38.17, 49.44, and 45.29 sec, indicating grade A formulation. The clarity level of PTF-SNEDDS, particle size, and zeta potential was at 99.3%, 41.5 ± 1.1 nm, and -25.9 mV. The antioxidant activity of PTF-SNEDDS was 1.6 times higher than PTF extracts. It can be concluded that PTF extract can be formulated into SNEDDS and stable in gastrointestinal conditions.

Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter gourd or bitter melon, is native to tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia. It is mainly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various illnesses. This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of two variations of fruits of M. charantia (var charantia and var muricata). Both samples were extracted with methanol and the crude extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, tannins and terpenoid in var charantia crude extract, whereas var muricata contained alkaloid, flavonoid, tannins and terpenoid. The susceptibility bacteria tests were performed by the disc diffusion method using six bacteria targets, with three strains of gram positive (Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus aureus) and three strains of gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Crude extract of var muricata showed medium antibacterial potential against S. Aureus and P. Aeruginosa, while var charantia showed medium antibacterial potential against E. coli with an inhibition zone between (10-15 mm). Both extracts of M. charantia showed the lowest total antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity.

Pandanus odorifer (sea pandanus) is a plant that is commonly found in Bengkulu coastal areas, and research on this plant has not been done much. The results of previous studies show that sea pandanus with Pandanus tectoricus species contains primary and secondary metabolite compounds, especially in fruit that can be used as antioxidants, anti-bacteria, and others. This study aims to utilize unused P.odorifer fruit as a supplement to increase the appetite for Broiler chicken. Test animals used in the research are 7-day-old Broiler chickens. The P.odorifer samples used as supplements were obtained on the Sungai Suci Bengkulu Tengah Coast. Chickens were given four treatments, P0 control (1mL aquades/day), P1 supplement dose (0.5g/10mL), P2 dosing supplements (1g/10mL), and P3 dose supplement (1.5g/10mL). In general, the study results showed that P.odorifer fruit has the potential to be used as a supplement to increase the appetite of Broiler chicken, with a fat content of 3.92%, carbohydrate of 58.08%, and protein of 2.13%. The study results showed a significant effect of supplementation P.odorifer on Broiler chicken appetite, which was characterized by increasing body weight and eating portions. T-test results of the body weight and portion of the control group and the treatment group, the value of sig (2-tailed) ρ: 0.021 and sig (2-tailed) ρ: 0.016 and with value (α): 0.05, value ρ

This research aimed to isolate chemical constituents from ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions of Ficus aurata (Miq.) fruits and investigated their antibacterial activities. Chemical constituents were separated by using vacuum column chromatography, gravity column chromatography, and thin layer chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (1) and β-sitosterol (2) were elucidated using various spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, and NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and DEPT). While, antibacterial activity was done by assay using Resazurin Microtiter Assay method. These 2 compounds reported as new constituents from F. aurata fruit. In addition, analysis of the bioassay showed that compound 1 had a notable antibacterial activity against gram negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATTC 27853), and gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusATCC 23235) with the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of 0.1563 µg/mL, and it indicated the same MIC as cefadroxil (positive control). Compound 2 has weak antibacterial activity compared to cefadroxil (positive control). The results found that Ficus aurata (Miq.) fruits metabolites have antibacterial activity and show potency as antibacterial agent. Different kinds of bacteria and assay could be needed to investigate and support its antibacterial activity in the future.

Pandanus tectorius fruit, a natural product rich in tangeretin and ethyl caffeate, has been reported to have potential as anti-hypercholesterolemia agent via Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1 (SR-B1) pathway. However, due to its semi-polar properties, P. tectorius extract exhibits poor solubility when used as a medical remedy. The extract’s solubility can potentially be improved through a synthesis of nanoparticles of chitosan-P. tectorius fruit extract. This can also increase the extract’s SR-B1 gene expression activity. To date, no studies of nanoparticles of chitosan-P. tectorius fruit extract and its pathway via SR-B1 have been published anywhere. In this study, cytotoxicity properties against HepG2 were explored by MTT. Then luciferase assay was used to detect their effectiveness in increasing SR-B1 activity. An in vivo study using Sprague dawley was carried out to observe the extract nanoparticles’ effectiveness in reducing the cholesterol levels and the toxicity property in rat’s liver. As the results showed, the extract nanoparticles had no cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells and exhibited higher SR-B1 gene expression activity than the non-nanoparticle form. As the in vivo study proved, nanoparticle treatment can reduce the levels of TC (197%), LDL (360%), and TG (109%), as well as increase the level of HDL cholesterol by 150%, in comparison to those for the untreated high-cholesterol diet group. From the toxicity study, it was found that there was non-toxicity in the liver. It can be concluded that nanoparticles of chitosan-P. tectorius fruit extract successfully increased P. tectorius fruit extract’s effectiveness in reducing hypercholesterolemia via SR-B1 pathway. Hence, it can be suggested that nanoparticles of chitosan-P. tectorius fruit extract is safe and suitable as an alternative treatment for controlling hypercholesterolemia via SR-B1 pathway.

One of the pathways to reduce cholesterol production in the liver is through the inhibition of HMG-Coa reductase (HMGCR) by current drugs, statins. However, these have side effects if consumed in prolonged periods. Tangeretin and trans-ethyl caffeate as alternative drugs in reducing hypercholesterolemia and preventing atherosclerosis have never been reported. Their effects on inhibiting HMGCR activity were investigated through enzymatic method (in vitro and in vivo). The toxicity property was analyzed on the Serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT)/Serum Glutamate Piruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels and rat liver histology. The results showed that both compounds inhibited HMGCR activity significantly compare to the control simvastatin (p

Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of rapidly dividing cells. Decreased efficacy of current anticancer drugs urges to further screening and investigation for a better alternative to current chemotherapeutics. Natural products of marine origin are great sources of potential new drugs of enhanced biological activities. Thus, the work aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects along with the mode of cell death exerted by SC-8, SC-9, HN-3, HN-4 and HN-5 fractions prepared from Stichopus chloronotus and Holothuria nobilis marine-sponge on the human cervical cell line, HeLa. The fractions produced effective cytotoxicity with IC50 values at 72hr of less than 30 μg/ml in the order of HN-3 > HN-4 > SC-9 > SC-8 > HN-5. These fraction induced cytotoxicity via mediating apoptosis in HeLa cells. The early apoptosis was done by fractions via exposure of protein phosphatidylserine (PS) to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and late apoptosis confirmed due to the presence of fragmented DNA in treated cells. The presence of potentially bioactive compounds in these fractions might be responsible for inducing apoptosis and, thus, own potential to be a successful candidate for exploring forthcoming chemotherapeutic drugs

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases which in turn, lead to the highest number of mortalities globally. This pathophysiological condition is developed due to a constant elevated level of plasma cholesterols. Statin is currently the widely used treatment in reducing the level of cholesterols, however, it may cause adverse side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for new alternative treatment. PCSK9 is an enzyme responsible in directing LDL-receptor (LDL-R)/LDL-cholesterols (LDL-C) complex to lysosomal degradation, preventing the receptor from recycling back to the surface of liver cells. Therefore, PCSK9 offers a potential target to search for small molecule inhibitors which inhibit the function of this enzyme. In this study, a marine invertebrate Acanthaster planci, was used to investigate its potential in inhibiting PCSK9 and lowering the levels of cholesterols. Cytotoxicity activity of A. planci on human liver HepG2 cells was carried out using the MTS assay. It was found that methanolic extract and fractions did not exhibit cytotoxicity effect on HepG2 cell line with IC50 values of more than 30 µg/mL. A compound deoxythymidine also did not exert any cytotoxicity activity with IC50 value of more than 4 µg/mL. Transient transfection and luciferase assay were conducted to determine the effects of A. planci on the transcriptional activity of PCSK9 promoter. Methanolic extract and Fraction 2 (EF2) produced the lowest reduction in PCSK9 promoter activity to 70 and 20% of control at 12.5 and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, deoxythymidine also decreased PCSK9 promoter activity to the lowest level of 60% control at 3.13 μM. An in vivo study using Sprague Dawley rats demonstrated that 50 and 100 mg/kg of A. planci methanolic extract reduced the total cholesterols and LDL-C levels to almost similar levels of untreated controls. The level of serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) showed that the administration of the extract did not produce any toxicity effect and cause any damage to rat liver. The results strongly indicate that A. planci produced a significant inhibitory activity on PCSK9 gene expression in HepG2 cells which may be responsible for inducing the uptake of cholesterols by liver, thus, reducing the circulating levels of total cholesterols and LDL-C. Interestingly, A. planci also did show any adverse hepato-cytotoxicity and toxic effects on liver. Thus, this study strongly suggests that A. planci has a vast potential to be further developed as a new class of therapeutic agent in lowering the blood cholesterols and reducing the progression of atherosclerosis.

Plants and herbal extracts are indispensable for controlling the spread of disease-causing bacteria, including those that infect aquatic organisms used in aquaculture. The use of plant or herbal extract is expected to be safe for aquatic animals and less harmful to the environment, as opposed to conventional therapeutic alternatives such as antibiotics that promote the occurrence of potential antibiotic-resistant bacteria when used improperly. The efficacy of Pandanus tectorius fruit extract in the regulation of Hsp70 expression, pro-phenoloxidase (ProPO), peroxinectin, penaeidin, crustin and transglutaminase, all immune peptides essential for Vibrio tolerance in white leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, was investigated in this study, which included the determination of the safety levels of the extract. Tolerance of shrimp against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a pathogenic bacteria that causes Acute Hepatopancreas Necrosis Disease (AHPND), was assessed on the basis of median lethal dose challenge survival (LD50 = 106 cells/ml). Mortality was not observed 24 h after exposure of 0.5–6 g/L of the fruit extract, indicating that P. tectorius was not toxic to shrimp at these concentrations. A 24-h incubation of 2–6 g/L of the fruit extract increased shrimp tolerance to V. parahaemolyticus, with survival doubled when the maximum dose tested in this study was used. Concomitant with a rise in survival was the increase in immune-related proteins, with Hsp70, ProPO, peroxinectin, penaeidin, crustin and transglutaminase increased 10, 11, 11, 0.4, 8 and 13-fold respectively. Histological examination of the hepatopancreas and muscle tissues of Vibrio-infected shrimp primed with P. tectorius extract revealed reduced signs of histopathological degeneration, possibly due to the accumulation of Hsp70, a molecular chaperone crucial to cellular protein folding, tissue repair and immune response of living organisms, including Penaeid shrimp.

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. The adverse side effects of currently available drugs urge to find more effective and safe remedial agents. Alternative candidates from natural resources are of great consequence in the emerging of new drugs. Pandanus tectorius (Pandanaceae) was traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to cure certain diseases. Thus, the current study conducted to elucidate the potency of P. tectorius fruit as antiatherosclerosis and antihypercholesterolemia agents through the regulation of high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor (scavenger receptor [SR]-B1) gene expression and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase reductase (HMGCR) in vitro, respectively. The P. tectorius fruit was noncytotoxic against the HepG2 cell line confirmed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The P. tectorius fruit successfully upregulates the SR-B1 gene expression and downregulate the HMGCR. Moreover, an in vivo study showed that P. tectorius has good activity on the upregulation of HDL and subsequently downregulation of total cholesterol level. Moreover, P. tectorius fruit did not show any increase in toxicity biomarkers serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase in vivo. These results found that P. tectorius fruits have potency as the preventive agent for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis via SR-B1 and HMGCR mechanisms of action.

Azomethine compounds are one group of compounds that play a biologically important role as antioxidants. Azomethine compounds have a group (>C=N-) from the condensation reaction between the carbonyl group of the aldehyde or ketone and the nucleophilic primary amine through an addition-elimination reaction. The presence of a substituent such as a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an azomethine is reported to affect antioxidant activity. The purposes of this study were to synthesize hydroxylated azomethine derivative compounds including N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxy benzylidene) ethylenediamine from salicylaldehyde and ethylenediamine and N,N’-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzylidene) ethylenediamine from vanillin and ethylenediamine, and synthesize azomethine compound N,N’- Bis(benzylidene) ethylenediamine as a comparison. The antioxidant activity of three azomethine derivatives was tested using DPPH method. The results were hydroxylated azomethine derivative compounds. N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxy benzylidene) ethylenediamine was obtained as a yellow solid with a yield of 87.04% and a melting point of 125.6-127.5 °C. N,N’-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)ethylenediamine was obtained as a light brown solid with a yield of 70.045% and a melting point of 220.2-222.1 °C. N,N’-Bis(benzylidene)ethylenediamine was obtained as an orange solid with a yield of 34.83% and melting point 110.2-111.4 °C. The antioxidant activity test results show IC50 values for the three azomethine derivatives of N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene) ethylenediamine, N,N’-Bis (benzylidene)ethylenediamine and N,N’-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) ethylenediamine were 130.573 ppm, 187.66 ppm and 235.164 ppm, respectively.

This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water crude sample fractions of H. tiliaceus leaves. Various type of samples play an important role to determining which compound that will give the positive results in antioxidant test (inhibiting free radical scavenging activity) which they probably have potency for preventing the cancer disease. Furthermore, those types of samples were also tested to the antibacterial test as their possibilities to be created as new antibiotics in the future. This research also focused on what compound groups that actually present in H. tiliaceus leaves by using the phytochemistry test. Antioxidant potency of H. tiliaceus leaves extracts for the radical scavenging activity for quantitative assay was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antibacterial potency was measured by the Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) by applied the sample chemical crude in the plate. The result showed that all chemical crude of H. tiliaceus leaves has high antioxidant property as methanol crude (MC) 308.416%; hexane crude (HC) 232.837%; dichloromethane crude (DC) 150.837%; ethyl acetate crude (EC) 73.623% and water crude (WC) 71.777% with respected to the readings of 100% from quercetin (Q) as a positive control. From antibacterial result, entire samples had shown the positive results towards both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli). The ranges of the inhibition zone were both at 7-10 mm and 10-15 mm. The phytochemistry test determine that the samples actually contained a lot of compounds which were proteins, carbohydrates, phenols/tannins, flavonoid, terpenoids, glycosides and also steroid. It is clearly indicated that H. tiliaceus leaves have potential to be used against the antioxidant and also as new antibacterial agents

Papaya leaves have been known to contain secondary metabolite compounds as antimicrobial, so that endophytic bacteria is also suspected of having secondary metabolite compounds as antimicrobial. In previous research, endophytic bacteria have been isolated from papaya leaf and obtained 5 endophytic bacteria which were F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5. Three bacterias that have been known for their antibacterial activity were F1, F3, and F5. This research aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of F4 endophytic bacteria. The results showed that single isolates of endophytic bacteria F4 is a type of Gram-positive bacteria with a basil cell shape (stem). F4 endophytic bacteria has 3 growth phases; they are logarithmic phase occurs at 0-8 hours, stationary phase at 8-34 hours, and phase of death at 34-46 hours. Phytochemical results showed that MS18 contained saponin group compounds, while MS36 contained alkaloids and saponin group compounds. The highest antimicrobial activity was in the death phase, MS36 with minimum inhibitory concentration (KHM) to Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Bacillus subtillis were 15.5 mg/mL, respectively; 16.5 mg/mL and 16.5 mg/mL by disc diffusion method, whereas to Aspergillus niger of 0.5 mg/mL by dry weight method.

In recent years, high numbers of research focusing on secondary metabolites produced by terrestrial bacteria towards anti-inflammatory properties but, minority of them used bacteria associated to marine organism. In this study, 25 bacteria colonies were isolated from sponge Theonella sp. which was collected from Bidong Island, Terengganu. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of secondary metabolites produced by these bacteria were studied using macrophage cell lines: RAW 264.7 .Macrophage plays a role in mammalian immune system by providing defense against a foreign harmful substance for example Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which induces production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO). Inhibition of NO production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells is highly established assay to screen for anti-inflammatory activity. All isolates were cultured and supernatants were collected for the extraction of secondary metabolites using diaion HP-20 to obtain crude extracts. Evaluations of the cytotoxicity effect of the extracts on RAW 264.7 were done using MTT assay. The highest concentration sample producing lowest toxicity effect was used for anti-inflammatory assay. Macrophages were induced with LPS before treated with different concentrations of crude metabolites in anti-inflammatory assay. The effects of crude secondary metabolites extracted to the induced macrophage were monitored by observing the inhibition level of Nitric Oxide (NO) released by RAW 264.7 into supernatant and estimated from nitrate standard curve. A preliminary assay revealed that isolate label with TM1.8 and TM 1.9 possesses anti-inflammatory activities of 112.06% and 109.7% respectively for every 1ug/L sample. The result suggested that these two crude extracts were more effective in inhibiting NO production compared to positive control N-Monomethyl-L-arginine Monoacetate (L-NMMA) which showed an inhibitory activity at 87.41% for every 1ug/L sample.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract and fractions of bacteria associated with sponge (Haliclona amboinensis) and to evaluate their effect in reducing NO production and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity.Methods: All bacterial isolates were cultured and supernatants were collected for the extraction of secondary metabolites using diaion HP-20 to obtain methanol extracts. Evaluation of cytotoxicity property was carried out on macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide assay. Anti-inflammatory screening was done by inducible nitric oxide assay on RAW264.7 cell lines with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Dianion HP-20 was used to remove salt content. A selected methanol extract was subjected to further fractionations by C-18 reverse phase and their anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by COX-1 and COX-2, and sPLA2 enzymatic assay.Results: Seven methanol extracts showed no cytotoxic property against RAW 264.7 cell line (inhibitory concentration 50% > 30 μg/ml) and selected for anti-inflammatory screening assay. Result showed methanol extract HM 1.2 reduced NO production >80% and it has been selected for phytochemical screening, further fractionations and assay. Phytochemical screening showed alkaloids and terpenoids present in the HM 1.2. The HM 1.2 and its fractions (F1, F2, F1C1, F1C2, F1C3, and F1C4) were proven to inhibit COX-1, COX-2, and sPLA2 activity in the range of 60.516-116.886%, 20.554- 116.457%, and 70.2667-114.8148%, respectively.Conclusions: This study revealed that bacteria associated with H. amboinensis have produced anti-inflammatory activity via reducing NO production and inhibiting COX-1, COX-2, and sPLA2 activity.

Natural products play a crucial role in drug discovery. In the last decade, the advent of marine natural product research has produced a remarkable number of compounds, particularly those isolated from marine sponges, with a broad range of activities for the treatment of human and animal diseases. In this study, five known alkaloids namely aaptamine (1), 9-demethylaaptamine (2), 4- N-methylaaptamine (3), 9-methoxyaaptamine (4), 9-demethyloxyaaptamine (5), an uncommon amide in sponge, 4-hydroxybenzamide (6) and 3 β,5α-cholesterol (7) were isolated from the butanol extract of Aaptos aaptos (Schmidt, 1864) by bioactivity-guided isolation. Their structures were determined based on a detailed analysis of their 1D and 2D spectroscopic NMR and EIMS spectral data as well as comparison with literature data. Cytotoxic activity and anti-atherosclerotic property of the compounds were determined based on their ability to increase the transcriptional activity of SRB1 promoter and PPRE in human liver HepG2 cell line. The results showed that compounds 4 and 7 exhibited cytotoxic effects and compounds 1–4 and 7 increased the transcriptional activity of SRB1 promoter and PPRE. This suggests that compounds isolated from A. aaptos may have potential as anti-cancer agents and to reduce the progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, the compounds 1–4 displayed antibacterial activity against shrimp pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio sp. This suggests that the compounds have potential as vibriosis treatment.

In vitro and in vivo studies of the activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl (Thymelaeaceae) leaves against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were done using the HDL receptor (SR-BI) and hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro study showed that the active fraction (CF6) obtained from the ethyl acetate extract (EMD) and its component 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxybenzophenone increased the SR-BI expression by 95% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study has proven the effect of EMD at 0.5 g/kgbw dosage in reducing the total cholesterol level by 224.9% and increasing the HDL cholesterol level by 157% compared to the cholesterol group. In the toxicity study, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity were observed to be at normal levels. The liver histology also proved no toxicity and abnormalities in any of the treatment groups, so it can be categorized as non-toxic to the rat liver. The findings taken together show that P. macrocarpa leaves are safe and suitable as an alternative control and prevention treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats.

Gracilaria species are red marine macroalgae that are found abundantly in Malaysia. Gracilaria changii from Morib, Selangor, G. manilaensis and Gracilaria sp. from Gelang Patah, Johor were used in this study. Five compounds were successfully isolated and identified as hexadecanoic acid (1), cholest-5-en-3-ol (2), 2-hydroxymyristic acid (3), cholesteryl myristate (4) and 1-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2”,4”,6”-trihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropanone (5) based on spectral data analysis (IR, UV, GC-MS,1H NMR,13C NMR, HMQC and HMBC). All compounds isolated were tested for cytotoxicity (MTT assay for HL-60 and MCF-7 cell lines), and antibacterial (disc diffusion method), antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging assay and xanthine oxidase inhibitory assay) and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChE) activity (TLC bioautographic method). Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against HL-60 and MCF-7 cell lines. Compound 5 showed high antioxidant activity in both the DPPH free radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays. Compound 1 showed positive activity for AChE inhibitory with a minimum inhibition dose of 0.625 μg sample. All compounds demonstrated antibacterial activity producing 8 to 14 mm inhibition zones. A positive control was applied to all bioassays and experiments were performed with three replicates. Results demonstrated that three edible red seaweeds are rich sources of bioactive compounds with potential application for pharmaceutical purposes.

Pandanus tectorius fruits have been used as major food in Micronesia, but not fully exploited in South East Asia. In Malaysia and Indonesia, P. tectorius fruit is wasted and still not utilized either as a source of food as well as for research. The aims of the present study were to determine the phytochemical content, antibacterial and antioxidant activities, total phenolic content (TPC) and cytotoxicity properties of cores and keys parts of P. tectorius fruits extracts against some normal (RAW and L-6) and cancer cell lines (HeLa, HepG2 and MCF-7). Samples were collected from Setiu Wetland, Terengganu, Malaysia. Extracts were obtained by successive extraction using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antibacterial activity was performed by disk diffusion method against gram positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Actives extract was continued for antibacterial kinetic study. The TPC and antioxidant were analyzed by Folin–Ciocalteu and DPPH free radical scavenging assay, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis result confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoid, steroids, saponins and glycosides as chemical constituents in P. tectorius fruits extract. It was supported by high TPC content in this extracts. The ethyl acetate extract from cores part (PEC) showed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 0.8 ± 0.20 mg/mL), while ethyl acetate extract from keys part (PEK) displayed highest antibacterial activity with inhibition zone of 10–15 mm, but less strong inhibition as compared to the investigated commercial antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, gentamycin, and tetracycline). Antibacterial kinetic study was further proven that PEK has good antibacterial activity. Moreover, cytotoxicity study revealed that all of extracts did not have any cytotoxic activity against all selected cell lines (IC50 value > 30 μg/mL). Result founded that both keys and core parts of P. tectorius fruits were found to be rich by phenolics content and potent as antioxidant and antibacterial agents. Since it is not toxic against selected cell lines, the mechanism study on antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerosis could be carried out. Keywords: Pandanus tectorius, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity