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This study reports a case of uterine liposarcoma together with a literature review. At 52 years old, our patient was diagnosed with lipoleiomyoma by MRI. A mass (39×32×41 mm3) protruding from the anterior wall of the uterine body was observed. When the patient was 58, her previous doctor found that the tumor had grown, and she was referred to the gynecology department of our hospital. On MRI, the major diameter was 1.23-fold longer and the volume was 1.85-fold higher compared with the prior imaging findings. Diffusion-weighted images revealed no significant anomalous signals. Thus, malignant tumors were included in the differential diagnosis. The patient consented to total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The mass on the anterior wall remained completely in the myometrium. No implantation was found in the abdominal cavity, and ascites was not detected. No bleeding or necrosis was observed on the cut surface. Histopathologically, differences in the sizes of adipocytes and stromal cells were identified. There were irregularities in the nuclear findings. The immunohistochemical findings were as follows: CDK4 (+), desmin (+), S100p (−), and Ki−67=1%. Therefore, a diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma was rendered. The lesion was localized in the uterus, and it was completely removed during surgery. Well-differentiated liposarcoma of uterine primary has no possibility of recurrence following complete resection, and thus, the patient underwent follow-up without additional treatment. No metastasis or recurrence has been observed for 10 months after surgery.

Since the boiling heat transfer is much affected by the nucleation of bubble and its growth, estimation of such process is essential for the accurate prediction of the heat transfer. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed in order to clarify the effect of the wall conditions, i.e. the wettability and the slip between fluid and solid wall, on the bubble growth. The simulation results show that the evaporation near the contact line is enhanced and the vapor jet from contact line is observed. The direction of the vapor jet from the contact line is along the solid wall surface in the case of large slip and is along the liquid-gas interface in the case of small slip. The difference in the direction of the vapor jet is due to the flow in the adsorption layer on solid wall surface (in solid-gas interface). In the case of large slip, the fluid molecules in the adsorption layer flow with larger velocity in the direction away from the contact line. The vapor jet thus can develop along the surface of the adsorption layer. In the case of small slip, by contrast, the flow in the adsorption layer is prevented by the wall shear stress and the layer held on the wall surface invokes shear stress between the layer and the vapor jet. Consequently, the slip affects the vapor jet from contact line.

High Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer measurement is performed in the RTRI ’s low-noise wind tunnel in Maibara Japan. The momentum thickness Reynolds number Rθ is up to approximately 8×104. Mean velocity statistics are compared with those of large wind tunnel facilities in Melbourne, Sweden, New Hampshire, Netherland, France and UK. The ratio of momentum thickness θ，displacement thickness δ* and Rotta-Clauser thickness Δ against the boundary layer thickness δ99 does not show the similar trend but depends on the facility. Mena velocity profile is approximated by the log-law relations; U+ = 1/κ ∙ ln(y+) + B + Π/κ ∙ W(y/δc) and (U0 − U)/uτ = − 1/κ ∙ ln(y/Δ) + B1 , where W is wake function, U0 is free stream velocity, uτ is friction velocity, and δc is Coles’ boundary layer thickness. Parameters κ，B, B1, and Π distribute in wide range, but they relate with one another and the simple relation between κ and B is presented. Also the relation between κB1 and Π is confirmed. When the effect of virtual origin is corrected, the Reynolds number Rx′ ≡ U0x′/ν , where x′ = x + x0, x is the distance from the leading edge and x0 is virtual origin, indicates the same trend against Rθ independent of facilities. Also, the skin friction coefficients agree with one another as a function of Reynolds number based on displacement thickness.

To better understand high Reynolds number zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers detailed hot-wire measurements of the mean and fluctuating streamwise velocity are made in RTRI ’s low-noise wind tunnel in Maibara Japan. The momentum thickness Reynolds number is up to approximately 8×104. Using the friction velocity measured by oil film interferometry, mean velocity profile shows a clear log-law region. The turbulent intensity profile also shows the log-law scaling predicted by attached eddy model. However, the log-regions of mean and turbulent intensity do not match with each other. Kármán constant κ, additive constant B, and wake parameter Π are evaluated as 〈κ〉 = 0.385 ± 0.003, 〈B〉 = 4.26 ± 0.15, 〈B1〉 = −1.077 ± 0.089, 〈Π〉 = 0.455 ± 0.025, and they relate closely with each other by simple equation.

We carried out the implementation of visualization techniques that aim at the interpretation of the complex turbulent structures in fluid flow. Turbulent structures help in understanding various phenomena of the flow field such as energy dissipation and drag reduction. However, few studies were found regarding vortex sheet structure identification for experimental data. In the current study, these sheet structures were visualized. Experimental data for the three-dimensional instantaneous velocity vector field was measured using the Tomographic PIV method. Two different kinds of flow settings, pipe flow and whirlpool flow, were measured and analyzed. For comparison of results, pipe measurements were recorded at varying Reynolds number and whirlpool flow were recorded with constant stirring and decaying turbulence. Q criterion analysis, which evaluates regions of higher vorticity than strain, was employed for visualization of vortex tubes in a time series flow field measurement. Vortex sheets were visualized using the Aij matrix analysis that utilizes second-order velocity gradient tensor and its eigenvalues for identifying regions with a high correlation and magnitudes of vorticity and strain. The relative position of the tube and sheet structures visualized using the two methods were reviewed for the experimental data of pipe flow and whirlpool flow. Comparison of the experimentally resolved structures with structures of DNS data was studied for pipe flow and a close resemblance was observed.

The shunt speech is a voice restoration method after total laryngectomy. However, the shunt speech has the disadvantage of poor voice quality. In shunt speech, the airflow characteristics of the voice prosthesis in the tracheoesophageal wall are greatly related to voice quality. In this study, we measured the flow field upstream and downstream of the voice prosthesis using PIV. And, optical measurements were made on the valves of the voice prosthesis. In conditions close to the expiratory flow rate during a speech, the flow field downstream of the voice prosthesis had an up-and-down wavy distribution, and the flow velocity in the vicinity of the downstream of voice prosthesis fluctuated with time at a frequency similar to that of the shunt voice. No temporal fluctuation was observed in the flow velocity under conditions exceeding the expiratory flow rate. Temporal fluctuations in the downstream flow field are associated with valve oscillations of the voice prosthesis. Outside the expiratory flow conditions, the valve does not oscillate, but within the expiratory flow conditions, the fundamental frequency of the valve oscillation increases as the applied flow rate increases. It was also confirmed that sound was generated from the voice prosthesis within the exhalation flow conditions. The generated sound coincided with the frequency of valve vibration and flow velocity fluctuation at each flow rate and may act as a source of the sound.

Congenital toxoplasmosis, commonly known as TORCH, is a well-known syndrome, but even experienced obstetricians rarely encounter it. In Japan, there is good overall hygiene and raw or wild game meats are not eaten; therefore, the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and the antibody positivity rates have been low. This low prevalence rate also relates to the fact that Toxoplasma gondii infections are rarely observed in immunocompetent hosts. Exploration of the cases in which pathological examinations were performed at our hospital (Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital) revealed that acquired Toxoplasma infections were apparent in five immunocompetent patients over an 8-year period. The number of infections was unexpectedly high. The number of 5 cases was the highest in literature review to the extent that we could know. To prevent congenital toxoplasmosis, which manifests as intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus, and chorioretinitis in severe cases, pregnant women and their doctors require proper knowledge about the risk factors and danger of this infection. We believe that from the viewpoint of cost performance relationship, it is appropriate to bear the test fee of about 50 USD for Toxoplasma IgG and IgM check for the test of congenital toxoplasmosis, if patients desired.

Loss of oral communication after total laryngectomy reduces the quality of life of the patient. Understanding the basic sound generation mechanisms in the larynx is necessary for the development of voice reconstruction. In this study, a model simulates the self-excited vibrations of the vocal cords in the larynx was constructed. Experimental measurements were performed on the model to identify the main factors and mechanisms of the sound generated by the model. The flow field downstream of the model was measured using PIV. Then, the sound pressure was estimated by applying the Ffowcs Williams-Hawking equation to the measured flow field. The estimated sound pressure was in good agreement with the actual sound pressure measured by the microphone. The main source of the generated sound was found to be the direct sound from an aerodynamic source in the downstream flow field of the model. The vortex structures in the vicinity of the slit are mainly related to this sound generation. As the slit opens and closes, the pressure near the slit fluctuates over time, and generates sound waves. This is related to the vortex structure identified by the Q-criterion occurring in the same region.

Wall shear stress fluctuations are measured using an electrochemical method in pipe flow. The relationship between the mass transfer and the momentum transfer, studied by Hanratty and Campbell (1983) and the Chilton–Colburn analogy (Chilton and Colburn, 1934), are compared to each other with respect to the mean wall shear stress and the wall shear stress fluctuation. Chilton–Colburn analogy has been applied to measure the mean wall shear stress in the fully developed concentration boundary layer. There are few studies concerning the feasibility of the Chilton–Colburn analogy for instantaneous wall shear stress measurements. In the present study, with the new designed overall electrode, the feasibility of Chilton–Colburn analogy for predicting the wall shear stress fluctuations is studied for the first time. The friction factor is used to compare the mean wall shear stresses. It is found that both methods can accurately predict the mean wall shear stress. The wall shear stress fluctuations are compared via the probability density function and frequency spectrum. When the probability density fluctuation is normalized by the standard deviation and the spectrum is normalized by the typical time scale, these two methods show the similar statistical properties. It is confirmed that with the new designed overall electrode, Chilton–Colburn analogy is available for predicting the wall shear stress fluctuations.

The patient is a 74-year-old female previously diagnosed with an ovarian tumor at age 55. No changes were noted for one year; however, she was lost to follow-up. Eighteen years later, she presented to a local clinic complaining of diffuse abdominal and flank pain. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound, CT, and gynecological examination showed a fatty pelvic tumor of approximately 12 cm in diameter. A left ovarian teratoma was suspected, and per the patient’s request, she was transferred to Kobe Adventist Hospital for further evaluation and treatment. Pelvic MRI revealed no ovarian enlargement; however, a mass in the uterine body was appreciated with a high signal on T1 and T2 images and signal dropout in the fat suppression images, a finding most consistent with a uterine lipoma. A total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed, and histopathological examination confirmed the preliminary diagnosis. No complications were observed during the postoperative period. A pure uterine lipoma is an extremely rare tumor with only a few cases reported worldwide. It is a benign tumor; however, it can sometimes be misdiagnosed as a malignant neoplasm. Pelvic MRI appears to be a useful tool in order to make the correct diagnosis preoperatively.

Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) is one of the causes for wall thinning mechanisms in carbon steel pipes. Prediction of geometry factor is the key elements for estimation of FAC. Geometry factor is defined as the ratio of wall mass transfer coefficient in the piping systems such as elbow to that in a straight pipe. In this study, geometry factor of the elbow pipe is computed by using large eddy simulation (LES) for Re=45000, 180000 and 540000. Mass transfer coefficient is evaluated based on the calculations simulating the heat transfer phenomena, instead of the mass transfer. Geometry factors obtained from the heat transfer coefficient by LES are good agreement with experimentally measured values by electrochemical method at Re=45000. Geometry factors on the outer side of the elbow are affected by strong shear flow and decrease with increase of Re. Geometry factors on inner side become large due to the unsteady swirling flow and they slightly depend on Re. The maximum of geometry factors are found on inner side near elbow outlet and their values are 2.38, 2.04, 1.76 for Re=45000, 180000, 540000, respectively.

It is necessary to evaluate the geometry factor for predicting the flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) in the plant piping. Geometry factor is defined as the ratio of the wall mass transfer coefficient in the piping systems (such as orifices, elbows) to that in a straight pipe. In this study, the mass transfer coefficient is measured experimentally with electrochemical method for fully developed flow, downstream of orifice and 90-degree elbow. The experimental measurement is conducted with the pipe of the test section made of nickel, in which the whole pipe surface acts as electrode (in this paper, referred as ‘overall electrode condition'). In order to clarify the effect of the area of the electrode, obtained results are compared with the other experiments with only point electrode working (referred as ‘point electrode condition'). In addition, geometry factor is calculated with large eddy simulation (LES) and turbulent scalar transport is numerically analyzed. The values of geometry factor for the downstream of the orifice measured with overall electrode condition and point electrode condition are quantitatively different with each other, while those for elbow flow shows qualitative difference between them. Calculated values with LES are good agreement with measured values in overall electrode condition. Analysis of turbulent scalar transport reveals that, at the downstream of the orifice, the sweep component affects more strongly than the ejection component. Near the wall region in the elbow, the ejection component, on the contrary, is found to have a greater contribution than the sweep component.

It is necessary to evaluate the geometry factor for predicting the flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) in the plant piping. Geometry factor is defined as the ratio of the wall mass transfer coefficient in the piping systems such as elbow to that in a straight pipe. In this study, the mass transfer coefficient in 90-degree elbow with curvature radius of 1.5 times the pipe diameter is computed by using large eddy simulation (LES) and is also measured with electrochemical method. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements were conducted at Reynolds number of 15000. In order to simulate the mass transfer coefficient, we adopt the analogy between mass transfer and heat transfer, and calculate the unsteady temperature field using the numerical data of LES. The experimental measurement is conducted with point electrode. However, concentration boundary layer developed over the surface of point electrode is different from that developed for whole surface of pipe wall such as FAC in the plant piping. To cope with this problem, we calculated the temperature field in the two different boundary conditions. As a typical case, whole pipe wall is heated uniformly (in this paper, referred as ‘overall heat condition’). In addition, localized area is heated to simulate working point electrode (referred as ‘point heat condition’). Geometry factor obtained from the heat transfer rate in point heat condition agrees well with that measured with point electrode, however, both of them are qualitatively different from that obtained from the heat transfer rate in overall heat condition. Analysis of heat transport revealed that heat conduction is dominant form of the wall heat transfer in point heat condition, in contrast, turbulent heat flux affects strongly the wall heat transfer in overall heat condition.

Coherent vortical structures in a high-Reynolds number turbulent jet indicating edgetone oscillations are extracted from velocity and pressure data. Three statistical quantities are adopted as the candidate indicators of coherent structures; (i) phase-averaged vorticity, (ii) phase-averaged pressure, and (iii) phase-averaged velocity gradient tensor. All these quantities work well for extracting coherent structures in a test case of low-Reynolds number cylinder wake. However, when applied to the high-Reynolds number edgetone flow, (ii) and (iii) indicate much better performance than (i), because (i) is affected by the background time-averaged vorticity field. The advection speed of coherent structures is evaluated and compared with Powell's feedback mechanism.

Turbulent statistical properties in the outer region are presented for high Reynolds number turbulent pipe flow using LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry) measurement. Employing the indicator function for turbulence intensity, the region which has logarithmic behavior is not only observed in second moment but also higher even moments. It is found that power spectrum density distributions in these regions have approximately -1 law profile which mainly consists of LSM (Large Scale Motion) and VLSM (Very Large Scale Motion). However, the spectral dependence on the wall distance is different from based on Attached-Eddy model. We observed that the region where PDFs (Probability Density Function) are approximately invariant against the wall normal distance is enlarged with increasing Reynolds number. And, it is found that this invariant PDF region overlaps with logarithmic profiles of the even order moments. We clarified the relation between logarithmic behaviors in the even order moments and invariance property of PDF against the wall distance. However, in the finite Reynolds number experiment, it is reported that invariance property of PDF is approximately satisfied. And so, we derived the relation between the even moment profiles and invariance of PDF, and verified the relation using experimental results. Finally, we expected that, in the infinite Reynolds number condition, the invariance property of PDF and the logarithmic relations in the even moments are realized.

It is necessary to evaluate the geometry factor for predicting the flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) of carbon steel piping in a complicated flow field. Geometry factor is defined as the ratio of wall mass transfer coefficient in the piping systems such as orifice to that in a straight pipe. The mass transfer coefficient behind the orifice is computed by large eddy simulation (LES) and is also measured by electrochemical method. The experimental measurement is conducted with the pipe of the test section made of Ni, in which the whole pipe surface acts as electrode (referred as ’overall electrode condition’). The obtained results are compared with the previous experiments, in order to clarify the effect of the area of the electrode, with a point electrode embedded in an insulated pipe (referred as ‘point electrode condition’). Geometry factor obtained from the overall electrode condition is larger than that of a point electrode measurement. In order to simulate the mass transfer coefficient in pipe flow, we adopt the analogy between mass transfer and heat transfer, and calculate the unsteady temperature field using the numerical data of LES. Geometry factor predicted by heat transfer coefficient agrees well with that measured in overall electrode condition. The large scale motions with vortex structure of separated flow from the orifice influence the instantaneous scalar fields. Analyses of turbulent scalar transport and space-time correlation between wall scalar transfer and flow fields reveal that the mean wall scalar transfer is affected by not only near the wall region but also the coherent scalar fields away from the wall.

LDV (Laser Doppler Velocimetry) measurement has been made in the high Reynolds number (1010≦Re τ≦20700) turbulent pipe flow to clarify its mean flow quantity. The accuracy of the mean velocity in LDV measurement was checked by a comparison between the integration of the mean velocity profile and the actual flow rate measured by a weighting system in AIST (Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), NMIJ (National Metrology Institute of Japan). Near wall measurement is achieved by evaluating accurately the effect of refraction at the pipe wall and the actual center of measurement volume. Mean velocity profiles are compared with functional forms in the overlap region proposed by previous studies (such as, Barrenblatt, Afzal, Wosnik, et al. and McKeon, et al.). As a result, the regions which satisfy power law or log law are consistent with the one suggested by Zagarola&Smits and McKeon, et al. However, the constants are γ = 0.143, C = 8.61, κ = 0.389 and B = 4.83, respectively, and are different from values proposed by McKeon et al. Especially in log law, the present data satisfies Wosnik's formula including the mesolayer. We assume that the differences of log low and power law coefficients from the previous result may be affected by some factors, such as differences of friction coefficient, velocimetry method, working fluid and pressure operation.

Uterine inversion is a state wherein the endometrial surface is inverted. Although this condition may be observed in nonpregnant women, it most commonly develops at the time of delivery. In the present case, a 37-year-old woman without any remarkable history developed acute puerperal uterine inversion after the successful induction of labor. Following the delivery, she complained twice of severe lower abdominal pain; subsequently, hemorrhage was noted at the site of partial detachment of the placenta. These findings led to a diagnosis of placenta accreta, and the patient developed a state of shock. A Bakri postpartum balloon was inserted into the uterine cavity under ultrasonographic guidance and was filled with physiological saline for treatment of this condition. With this procedure, the uterine inversion was completely reduced and the hemorrhage was stopped. Moreover, no reinversion was observed in the postoperative period. These findings suggest that a Bakri postpartum balloon can be used to noninvasively reduce uterine inversion and prevent its recurrence.

Cesarean scar defects (CSDs) that can be visualized using transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) may cause prolonged menstruation, irregular genital bleeding, and secondary infertility; surgical repair is sometimes necessary. We present a case of CSD, with dehiscence of the uterine incision, which was managed using wound lavage. A 38-year-old woman (gravida 4, para 4) had delivered her third and fourth children by cesarean section. Upon the resumption of menstruation, 9 months after her second cesarean section, she demonstrated prolonged menstruation and the presence of a menstrual fistula due to dehiscence of the cesarean section incision from the myometrium to the serosa. We treated the defect by lavaging with a physiological saline solution. After lavaging the wound 3 times, spontaneous healing of the dehiscent muscle layer was successfully achieved. The treatment was complication-free and the healing of the muscle layer has been maintained for more than 8 months.

Helium (He) plasma irradiation to tungsten (W) leads to morphology changes in nanometer scale by the formation and growth of He bubbles. Initially pinholes and protrusions are formed on the surface followed by the formation of nanostructures. In this study, based on experimental observation, the growth process of the fiberform nanostructures are revisited and the swelling process of the structure is discussed. The novel nanostructures are analyzed from the viewpoint of fractality. It is found that the number of the initially formed pinholes and its sizes have a fractal relation, indicating that the size and number of bubbles formed near the surface have fractality. The fractal dimension is estimated from the brightness variation of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrograph and gas adsorption property. Moreover, it is revealed from TEM image analysis that the nanostructure has multifractal feature, probably because of the fractality identified between the number and the size of bubbles near the surface.