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Over 100 years of studies in Drosophila melanogaster and related species in the genus Drosophila have facilitated key discoveries in genetics, genomics, and evolution. While high-quality genome assemblies exist for several species in this group, they only encompass a small fraction of the genus. Recent advances in long-read sequencing allow high-quality genome assemblies for tens or even hundreds of species to be efficiently generated. Here, we utilize Oxford Nanopore sequencing to build an open community resource of genome assemblies for 101 lines of 93 drosophilid species encompassing 14 species groups and 35 sub-groups. The genomes are highly contiguous and complete, with an average contig N50 of 10.5 Mb and greater than 97% BUSCO completeness in 97/101 assemblies. We show that Nanopore-based assemblies are highly accurate in coding regions, particularly with respect to coding insertions and deletions. These assemblies, along with a detailed laboratory protocol and assembly pipelines, are released as a public resource and will serve as a starting point for addressing broad questions of genetics, ecology, and evolution at the scale of hundreds of species.

The rapid enlargement of the size of container ships has led to the application of extremely thick plate in the deck structures, which may grow concerns about the fracture toughness at the butt-weld with large amount of heat input, and the arrest toughness of brittle crack propagation in the base metal of such thick plates. Also, slam-induced whipping stresses might affect the fatigue crack propagation and the initiation of a brittle crack in a container ship. In order to prevent the catastrophic failure of deck structures by brittle fracture, national joint research projects, which focused on the safety-related issues of extremely thick steel plate applied to hull of large container ships, were formed from April 2007 to March 2011 organized by the Japan Ship Technology Research Association (JSTRA) supported by the Japanese Government in collaboration with universities, national research institute, classification societies and relevant industries including shipbuilding, steel manufacturing and shipping companies. The joint research projects have carried out the investigations on crack initiation toughness of the weld, fatigue crack propagation under seaway loading, the potential of defect detection by ultrasonic testing, and the crack-arrest methods after brittle crack propagation. Practical recommendations to prevent brittle fracture of large container ships were proposed based on these comprehensive investigations. The essential parts of the above research activities are presented in this paper.

A comprehensive model test of a latest post-Panamax container ship is carried out in regular waves for various waveheights, wave angles and wavelengths. Six degrees of motions, two shear forces (vertical and horizontal shear forces), three moments (vertical bending moments as well as horizontal bending moments and torsional moments) at three different cross-sections and hydrodynamic pressures acting on 16 locations are measured. Nonlinear characteristics with respect to ship motions and wave loads are discussed in detail with the experimental results and numerical ones computed by a Rankine source method and a strip method. The validity of the Rankine source method and the strip method for various wave loads, especially the torsional moments is detailedly investigated and discussed by comparing the numerical results with the experimental ones. It was confirmed that the Rankine source method estimates torsional moment, which is very smaller than the vertical bending moment as well as horizontal bending moment with good accuracy.

To develop a practical prediction method for the green water load and volume on the bow deck in irregular waves, model tests were conducted using a tanker and a cargo ship on a domestic Japanese voyage. The relation between green water load and relative water height at the stem was considered. Based on the finding that the maximum value of the green water load is proportional to the square of the maximum value of the water elevation over the bow top, the probability density functions of the green water load and volume in short-term predictions were proposed. It was verified that the proposed functions show good agreement with the measured distributions, especially in the tails, and were better than conventional functions. Using these functions, long-term predictions of the green water load were carried out. It was confirmed that the present method is more rational than the conventional one for estimating the long-term probability of the green water load. An assessment of the bow height of a domestic Japanese ship from the viewpoint of deck wetness was carried out using these prediction methods. This research was used as the technical background for the revision of domestic rules on load lines, which was enforced in October 2001.

Model tests were carried out in order to develop a practical estimation method of impact pressure on the bow flare. Model of a large container carrier was used. Impact pressure on bow flare, ship motion and so forth were measured in various wave height and period. It is found that impact pressures have relation to ship motion and wave height has much effect on impact pressure.Relative water height and vertical acceleration, which is key factor to estimate relative speed and angle between ship and wave accurately, were estimated by taking into account of nonlinear effect of ship hull. Having compared with measured data, it was verified that its estimations were in good agreement with measured data in various wave height conditions.Based on these results, practical prediction method of probability density function of impact pressure on the bow flare was proposed. Probability density function of impact pressure is derived by the combination of Chuang's method, which is the estimation method of impact pressure by the use of relative speed and angle between ship and wave, and probability density function of relative water height, which is estimated by taking into account of nonlinear effect of ship hull. Having compared with measured data, it was confirmed that this method gives a good estimation for the probability density function of impact pressure on the bow flare.

As a part of the project study concerning on ship structural design for oil spill prevention by collision, optimal design of flexible bulbous bow structure is studied to absorb kinetic energy of the colliding ship. Such a flexible bulbous bow is named as buffer bow. To formulate design criteria of the buffer bow, the hydrodynamic impact forces acts on the bulbous bow was studied theoretically and experimentally. For theoretical study, shape of the bulbous bow was approximated by an ellipsoid and von Karman's momentum theory was applied to estimate the slamming impact loads with given impact velocity of the emerged bow to free surface. Wagner's impact theory was also applied to study the effect of free surface swell up. Based on the momentum theoy, an estimation method of the impact loads was proposed. To validate the estimation method, a experiment was conducted at the 80m square tank of NMRI. A self-propelling container ship model was used for the experiment. The vertical and lateral shearing forces and bending moments at the root of the bulbous bow were measured. In this paper, the results of the study are presented.

A series of model tests in waves were conducted to measure the green sea loads that act on deck and hatch covers due to shipping water. A model of bulk carrier was used. The tests were carried out in irregular waves of which significant height is 10.6 meters and peak period is 14 seconds. In order to discuss the effects of wave heading and ship forward speed on the green sea loads, the model tests were made in several combinations of wave heading and ship speed conditions. It was confirmed that the deck wetness and green sea loads will be reduced considerably if the wave heading is altered to the quarter or beam seas or the ship speed is reduced.In order to assess the experimental results quantitatively, green sea loads were estimated by the practical estimation methods that were developed by the one of authors. Having compared with measured results, it was found that the estimated results were in good agreement with measured ones. It is concluded that the experimental results were rational.Comparison of green sea loads between measured results and present rules, ICLL66 and IACS UR-S21, was made. Although it is difficult to directly correlate measured values with the rules, mean values tend to be larger than the ones of ICLL66. It is also found that the green sea loads defined in IACS UR-S21 is ranked to somewhere between 1/10 and 1/3 significant values in relation to the measured results.

Wave basin experiments of a blunt ship model were conducted comprehensively in regular and irregular extreme waves. Six degrees of motions, vertical as well as horizontal bending moments at the midship section, hydrodynamic pressures on the hull at 20 locations, relative wave elevations at 5 locations and green sea loads on fore deck and two hatch covers were measured in a quite systemic manner. The selected regular wave conditions were 5 different wave encountering angles, 6 different wave frequencies and 4 different incident-wave heights, while the selected irregular ones were only the head and beam seas with the significant wave height of 10.6 meters and the mean wave period of 14 seconds. The main purpose of the experiments is to investigate and understand the characteristics on the wave-induced motions, hydrodynamic pressures and loads in extreme waves especially as the green sea loading on the decks. And the final objective of this study is to establish practical approaches of evaluating wave loads in extreme waves qualitatively and quantitatively. As the first report of this study, this paper mainly introduces the results obtained by the experiments. The nonlinear characteristics with respect to wave height of wave-induced ship motions and loads in extreme waves are also discussed with the phenomenon of the green sea loading on the decks.

A 46-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for close examination of high level of serum CACA 19-9 which was pointed out at a medical checkup. A cystic tumor, with partially irregular thickening of the cystic wall, was inferiorly placed in the right kidney with ultrasonography and computed tomography. A complete removal of the retroperitoneal cyst was performed on February 21, 1995. The resected tumor was cystic, oval in shape, and 55×46×25mm in size with a polyp like elevation in the lumen, containing brown liquid. Histological diagnosis was well differentiated adenocarcinoma and immunohistochemical findings showed that cystic wall was CA 19-9 positive. In a review of the literature, CA 19-9 producing retroperitoneal cysts have been rare and no case of the cyst diagnosed as well differentiated adenocarcinoma has been reported so far. This roport is considered to be the first docu-mentation. Some bibliographical comments are also presented.

RO-RO passenger vessel has a wide non-separated car deck. Once free flooded water is piled up on it, the large heel moment could be the cause of capsize because of this feature.The stability standard of RO-RO passenger vessels was deliberated at IMO commission from 1994 to 1995 in order to prevent capsizing disaster like the one of ESTONIA in 1994. The authors, one of which was a member of the IMO expert panel, conducted an experiment on the stability of this type of ship because few papers have been published on this problem. The experiment was carried out in beam seas using a model ship with a side damage hole which is prescribed by the SOLAS regulation.After the duration time of the experiment (30 minutes in ship scale) in irregular waves the ship survived with a constant mean heel angle φ0 and a mean water volume on deck w in most test conditions, but capsized in a few ones. The variation of these constant values with CG height, existence of center casing, height of freeboard and initial heel was discussed. It was clarified that φ0 tends to decrease and w tends to increase as GMd (GM in damaged condition) have a larger value, and that ship can survive even with w of 40% of intact ship displacement if she has a large (not extraordinary) GMd value.The effect of resonance of roll motion on this problem was also studied based on the test result in regular waves. φ0, w and some other data often have a peak near the resonant frequency, so the stability test of RO-RO passenger vessel should be carried out including resonant conditions.The height of water on deck above the calm sea surface Hd was proposed as an index which settles the balancing condition. It was clarified that Hd keeps a certain value above calm outer surface when wave hight is not so low and mean heel angle is not so large to lee side. The equilibrium curve for each GMd can be calculated from GZ-curves with a constant volume of water on deck, fully static calculation, and figured on Hd-φ0 diagram. It is concluded that the possibility of capsize can be judged by this equilibrium curve.

To elucidate the principal cause of delayed wound healing in a tumor-bearing host, the effect of Yoshida sarcoma-derived components on dermal wound healing was investigated in rats with the aid of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and in vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index. The ODC activity in the wounded skin decreased 3 and 7 days after intraperitoneal inoculation of Yoshida sarcoma cells (378.0 ± 37.3 on Day 3, 280.0 ± 140.0 on Day 7 vs. 809.3 ± 109.5 pmol/mg protein/hour on Day 0). When administered 24 hours before and immediately after wounding, the crude nuclear component of the tumor cells significantly decreased the ODC activity in the wounded skin as compared with the control (185.9 ± 159.8 vs. 5340 ± 59.1), but the non-nuclear component was not effective. When nuclear extracts of Yoshida sarcoma cells were intraperitoneally administered immediately after wounding, the 0.15 M or 0.35 M NaCl extract significantly suppressed ODC activity in the wounded skin (233.5 ± 14.5 and 352.3 ± 63.2 pmol/mg protein/hour, respectively) in comparison to the control (445.9 ± 73.6). The BrdU labeling index of epidermal basal cells adjacent to the edge of the wound decreased up to 52% of the control by injection of the 0.15 M extract. It seems that tumor-derived nuclear components may be responsible for delayed wound healing which is commonly observed in cancer cachexia. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.

In order to promote the reliable evaluation for the fatigue strength of ships, the validation of a direct load and strength computation was performed based on the tank test and the full scale measurement. The fatigue damage in short term sea state under various operation parameters was indicated quantitatively by the tank test in irregular wave utilizing the elastic model. The long term fatigue damage was evaluated based on the full scale measurement [1]. The fatigue damage inferred from the measured stress on deck structure is quite small compared with the direct computation utilizing a full ship finite element model. That is mainly caused by the difference of environmental wave condition. Moreover, the effect of operational condition through whole life was indicated by the direct computation quantitatively. To make more rational fatigue design, it is important to take the long-term wave condition into account.Copyright © 2011 by ASME

As a part of the project study concerning on ship structural design for oil spill prevention by collision, optimal design of flexible bulbous bow structure is studied to absorb kinetic energy of the colliding ship. Such a flexible bulbous bow is named as buffer bow. To formulate design criteria of the buffer bow, the hydrodynamic impact forces acts on the bulbous bow was studied theoretically and experimentally. For theoretical study, shape of the bulbous bow was approximated by an ellipsoid and von Karman’s momentum theory was applied to estimate the slamming impact loads with given impact velocity of the emerged bow to free surface. Wagner’s impact theory was also applied to study the effect of free surface swell up. Based on the momentum theory, an estimation method of the impact loads was proposed. To validate the estimation method, a experiment was conducted at the 80m square tank of NMRI. A self-propelling container ship model was used for the experiment. The vertical and lateral shearing forces and bending moments at the root of the bulbous bow were measured. In this paper, the results of the study are presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME

Publisher Summary This chapter describes model test in regular and irregular waves, which was carried out to develop a long-term prediction method of shipping water load on the bow deck. Model of a tanker for Japanese domestic voyage was used. From the result of test in regular waves, the relation between shipping water load and relative water height at stem was discussed. Shipping water load is found to be proportional to the square of the water elevation over the bow top. Based on this relation, probability density function of shipping water load in short-term prediction was proposed. The proposed function shows a good agreement with the measured distribution in irregular waves, especially the tail of it, better than the conventional function. Using this prediction method, assessment of bow height of Japanese domestic ships from the viewpoint of deck wetness was carried out. The correlation between shipping water load and the exceeded height—the relative water height at stem exceeded the bow height—was seen to be strong. The probability density function of shipping water load was proposed. The method agrees well with experimental results. From the comparison with long-term prediction between present method and conventional method, it is concluded that the present method is more rational than conventional method to predict shipping water load.

The results of 44 terminal esophagoproximal gastrectomies (TEPG) and 53 esophageal transections (ET) for esophageal varices, performed during the period between January, 1975 and March, 1989, were retrospectively compared. The results examined prognosis, recurrence of esophageal varices and late postoperative complications. The 5-year survival rates for patients who underwent selective or prophylactic surgery were 85.9% following TEPG and 81.6% following ET. However, the 10-year survival rate for the former group was significantly lower than that for the latter group at 59.3% versus 70.0% (P

An efficient thin-film photovoltaic cell has been fabricated using the heterostructure consisting of a CuInS2 film obtained by sulfurization of a metallic precursor, a chemical-bath-deposited CdS layer, and an atom-beam-sputtered In2O3 film. A preceding KCN treatment of the Cu-rich CuInS2 film lowered the Cu/In ratio and raised the resistivity. A cell conversion efficiency of 9.7% (active area efficiency>10%) at air mass 1.5 has been achieved without antireflection coatings.

In order to elucidate Hong Kong (H3N2) influenza virus infection in swine population, a serological survey was conducted on a total of 3, 701 swine sera collected at an abattoir in Obihiro, Hokkaido during the years 1980 to 1983. The swine sera possessing antibodies to corresponding current epidemic strains were 14.7% in 1980, 3.9% in 1981 and 7.1% in 1982 between June and September in each year. In 1983, however, a high prevalence (31.4%) of the antibodies was observed from March to July. These results suggest that the swine were infected with the human influenza virus as piglets in the first three years, and as adults in the last year, throughout an epidemic of human influenza virus infection which occurred among the human populations during the period from January to March in these years.

In order to examine the rate of lipid oxidation in sepsis, lipid infusion studies were carried out using two experimental models of septic rats, namely; an endotoxin group, and a cecum ligation and puncture group. Following the administration of glucose at a caloric amount equivalent to the measured resting energy expenditure (REE), the respiratory quotient (RG) values dropped promptly in the control group, but decreased only slightly in the septic groups. Following the administration of a lower dose of glucose (0.5 kcal/100 g B.W./hr), however, a lipid infusion promptly decreased the value of RQ in the septic groups. These results suggest that lipid oxidation was depressed in the septic groups and that the degree of depression was greatly influenced by the relationship between REE and the amount of administered glucose.

A 49-year-old woman who had been treated with steroid under the diagnosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) suddenly complained of diffuse abdominal pain. Abdominal X-P revealed free air beneath the right diaphragma. Emergency laparotomy disclosed one perforated and one penetrated lesion on the ileum with enlarged mesenteric lymphnodes and massive white hepatic nodules. Ileotomy was thus carried out. Postoperated histological study identified B-cell-type non-Hodgkin' lymphoma, with large-cell type in the ileac, mesenteric and hepatic lesions. Dramatic improvement of her general condition was achieved by early vincristine administration. In the past 15 years, only 5 cases of malignant lymphoma preceded by AIHA have been reported in the Japanese literature, including our case. Twenty-two cases of perforated intestinal malignant lymphoma have been reported. When surgical intervention is aimed at a patient with AIHA, underlying basic disorders such as peptic ulcer due to steroid therapy, SLE or malignant lymphoma shoud be taken into consideration. It is necessary to resect all affected lesions, including suspicious lesions, insofar as possible.

The progress of postoperative chest X-ray films was analyzed in patients who had undergone radical surgery for esophageal cancer at the second Department of Surgery, Osaka University Medical School from 1969 to 1981. We subsequently reached a conclusion that abnormal shadows were caused by the intratracheal aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions or gastric contents. In particular, the aspiration of gastric contents was considered to be a factor in the occurrence and aggravation of pneumonia. In order to prevent aspiration of gastric contents, a drainage tube was inserted into the stomach as a reconstructive organ and endotracheal intubation was maintained for more than 24 hours post-operatively in order to suction the tracheobronchial secretion. Consequently, the frequency of occurrence and the aggravation of pneumonia decreased and the operative mortality rate improved significantly.

食道癌には発生率ばかりでなく術後の予後にも性差がみられる. この差を生じさせている要因につき検討した. 対象は昭和44年から57年までに大阪大学第2外科で切除された食道癌194例 (男151例, 女43例) である. 性別の累積5年生存率 (以下5生率) は男21.7%, 女49.3%である. stage別に5生率をみるとstage IIIで男20.5%, 女82.6%と最も大きな性差を生じていた. a, n, ly因子別にみても, a1+2, n2, ly1と, ある程度進行した状態で5生率に最も大きな性差がみられた.また, a2, n2, ly1の症例では癌先進部リンパ球浸潤の非常に多い症例が女性に多く, 生存率に性差を生じさせている要因として, 癌に対する生体反応が男女で異なることが考えられた.