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福島県相双地区の子どもの健康管理と保護者の精神的健康度との関係を継続的に検討するために、保護者の精神的健康度と子どもの食物摂取状況、運動、う蝕及び家庭生活の関連について明らかにすることを目的とした。相双地区の保育所、幼稚園及び認定こども園に通う、3～6歳の子ども1772名とその保護者を対象に2018年2月に調査を実施した。1418名から回答を得て、回答に不備のあった者を除いた914名(回答率51.6％)を分析対象とした。保護者の精神的健康度についてGHQの得点4点以下を精神的健康度高群、4点以上を精神的健康度低群とした。共分散構造分析を行ったところ、保護者の精神的健康度に影響を与えているのは時間的なゆとり、経済的なゆとり、配偶者との育児協力であることが示された。精神的健康度が直接影響を与えていたのは、食事作りのつらさ感のなさであり、精神的健康度は食事作りのつらさ感のなさを経由して子どもの食物摂取状況に影響を与え、さらに子どもの食物摂取状況が子どもの運動、う蝕へ影響を与えていることが明らかになった。

大学生を対象に、ほめられた頻度と肯定的気分、抑うつ気分、不安気分、自尊感情との関連性を調べた。ほめられた頻度については、その大学生に自分以外の誰かからことばでほめられた経験を平日の5日間記録してもらうことによって測定した。その結果、ほめられた頻度と肯定的気分との間には比較的強い正の相関が、ほめられた頻度と抑うつ気分との間には比較的強い負の相関が認められた。ほめられた頻度と不安気分、自尊感情との間にはほとんど相関がなかった。この結果は、繰り返しほめられることは肯定的気分を強め、抑うつ気分を弱めるが、不安気分と自尊心にはあまり影響しないことを示唆している。

今日、一部を除いて、多くの大学に勤務する教員は、研究活動と教育やその他の学務との両立の面で、大きな困難に直面している。本研究は、大学教員の研究意欲に影響を与える要因を明らかにするため、大学の組織における研究促進のための方策や資源（物理的・制度的な支援、組織構成の柔軟性）、教育活動と研究活動とのニーズの一致、研究時間の不足といった要因が、教員の研究意欲にどのような影響を及ぼしているかを、質問紙調査により検討した。大学教員1250名に回答を依頼し、314名から有効回答を得た。その結果、先行研究と同様、大学からの物理的・制度的な支援が研究意欲を促進するとともに、大学組織構成の柔軟性が研究意欲を向上させる面と低下させる面の両方を持つこと、教育活動と研究活動とのニーズの一致が研究意欲を促進することなどが明らかとなった。また、研究時間が不足すると教員は教育が研究に結びつくような工夫をする傾向があることが示された。

本研究では、福島県の子どもの健康上の問題点である肥満とう蝕に影響している要因を明らかにし、保護者の精神的健康度が子どもの肥満とう蝕へ与える影響について検討することを目的とした。相双地区の3～6歳の子ども2066 名とその保護者を対象に無記名自記式質問紙を施設を通じて対象者に配布した。回答を得た1790 名から回答に不備のあった者を除いた1560 名（回答率75.5％）を分析対象とした。保護者の精神的健康度の調査には、GHQ12 を使用し、GHQ12 の得点４点以上を精神的健康度低群、４点以下を精神的健康度高群とした。共分散構造分析を行った結果、モデルの適合度を示す指標は次の通りであり（GFI＝0.998、AGFI＝0.994、RMSEA＝0.018、χ2(6) ＝9.037、p ＞0.05）、モデルの当てはまりは比較的良いと考えられた。モデルの構造から保護者の精神的健康度の低さが食事作りのつらさ感や、食物摂取頻度得点を経由して、子どもの肥満とう蝕に間接的に影響を与えていることが確認された。

Orientation of conjugated polymers is increasingly important in organic photovoltaics (OPV) to achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The optimized orientation of conjugated backbones for photo-generated charge carriers in OPV devices is in contrast to organic semiconductor devices, demanding new strategies to control and realize face-on orientation of conjugated systems onto substrates. Here we report new conjugated polymers composed of electron-accepting benzothienoisoindigo (BTIDG), an asymmetric unit of isoindigo and thienoisoindigo. BTIDG was coupled with weakly electron-donating thiazolothiazole or benzobisthiazole, concurrently leading to moderate optical band gaps (1.41–1.52 eV) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (−5.35 to −5.50 eV). The alkylthiophene spacer between BTIDG and the donor unit provided a marked control over the orientation of polymers, among which the degree of face-on orientation as high as 95% was revealed by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The maximum PCE was improved up to 4.2% using the system with [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). We present a useful basis on the structure (orientation)–property (OPV output) relationship to lay down new guidelines for the design of efficient solar cell materials.

We present bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells of novel electron accepting moiety, dithienoketopyrrole-based π-conjugated copolymers. An analog of isoindigo, thus so-called thienoi...

New donor–acceptor-type copolymers comprised of benzobisthiazole (BBTz) as a weak donor rather than acceptor are proposed. This approach can simultaneously lead to deepening the HOMO and LUMO of the polymers with moderate energy offset against fullerene derivatives in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics. As a proof-of-concept, BBTz-based random copolymers conjugated with typical electron acceptors: thienopyrroledione (TPD) and benzothiadiazole (BT) based on density functional theory calculations are synthesized. Laser-flash and Xe-flash time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) evaluations of polymer:[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends are conducted to screen the feasibility of the copolymers, leading to optimization of processing conditions for photovoltaic device application. According to the TMRC results, alternating BBTz-BT copolymers are designed, exhibiting extended photoabsorption up to ca. 750 nm, deep HOMO (–5.5 to –5.7 eV), good miscibility with PCBM, and inherent crystalline nature. Moreover, the maximized PCE of 3.8%, the top-class among BBTz-based polymers reported so far, is realized in an inverted cell using TiOx and MoOx as the buffer layers. This study opens up opportunities to create low-bandgap polymers with deep HOMO, and shows how the device-less TRMC evaluation is of help for decision-making on judicious molecular design.

We present herein the synthesis and properties of the largest hitherto unknown graphyne fragment, namely trigonally expanded tetrakis(dehydrobenzo[12]annulene)s (tetrakis-DBAs). Intramolecular three-fold alkyne metathesis reactions of hexakis(arylethynyl)DBAs 9 a and 9 b using Fürstner's Mo catalyst furnished tetrakis-DBAs 8 a and 8 b substituted with tert-butyl or branched alkyl ester groups in moderate and fair yields, respectively, demonstrating that the metathesis reaction of this protocol is a powerful tool for the construction of graphyne fragment backbones. For comparison, hexakis(arylethynyl)DBAs 9 c-g have also been prepared. The one-photon absorption spectrum of tetrakis-DBA 8 a bearing tert-butyl groups revealed a remarkable bathochromic shift of the absorption cut-off (λcutoff ) compared with those of previously reported graphyne fragments due to extended π-conjugation. Moreover, in the two-photon absorption spectrum, 8 a showed a large cross-section for a pure hydrocarbon because of the planar para-phenylene-ethynylene conjugation pathways. Hexakis(arylethynyl)-DBAs 9 c-e and 9 g and tetrakis-DBA 8 b bearing electron-withdrawing groups aggregated in chloroform solutions. Comparison between the free energies of 9 e and 8 b bearing the same substituents revealed the more favorable association of the latter due to stronger π-π interactions between the extended π-cores. Polarized optical microscopy observations, DSC, and XRD measurements showed that 8 b and 9 e with branched alkyl ester groups displayed columnar rectangular mesophases. By the time-resolved microwave conductivity method, the columnar rectangular phase of 8 b was shown to exhibit a moderate charge-carrier mobility of 0.12 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) . These results indicate that large graphyne fragments can serve as good organic semiconductors.

State-of-the-art low band gap conjugated polymers have been investigated for application in organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) to achieve efficient conversion of the wide spectrum of sunlight into electricity. A remarkable improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been achieved through the use of innovative materials and device structures. However, a reliable technique for the rapid screening of the materials and processes is a prerequisite toward faster development in this area. Here we report the realization of such a versatile evaluation technique for bulk heterojunction OPVs by the combination of time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) and submicrosecond white light pulse from a Xe-flash lamp. Xe-flash TRMC allows examination of the OPV active layer without requiring fabrication of the actual device. The transient photoconductivity maxima, involving information on generation efficiency, mobility, and lifetime of charge carriers in four well-known low band gap polymers blended with phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), were confirmed to universally correlate with the PCE divided by the open circuit voltage (PCE/V(oc)), offering a facile way to predict photovoltaic performance without device fabrication.

Si-based inorganic electronics have long dominated the semiconductor industry. However, in recent years conjugated polymers have attracted increasing attention because such systems are flexible and offer the potential for low-cost, large-area production via roll-to-roll processing. The state-of-the-art organic conjugated molecular crystals can exhibit charge carrier mobilities (μ) that nearly match or even exceed that of amorphous silicon (1-10 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)). The mean free path of the charge carriers estimated from these mobilities corresponds to the typical intersite (intermolecular) hopping distances in conjugated organic materials, which strongly suggests that the conduction model for the electronic band structure only applies to μ1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) for the translational motion of the charge carriers. However, to analyze the transport mechanism in organic electronics, researchers conventionally use a disorder formalism, where μ is usually less than 1 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and dominated by impurities, disorders, or defects that disturb the long-range translational motion. In this Account, we discuss the relationship between the alternating-current and direct-current mobilities of charge carriers, using time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) and other techniques including field-effect transistor, time-of-flight, and space-charge limited current. TRMC measures the nanometer-scale mobility of charge carriers under an oscillating microwave electric field with no contact between the semiconductors and the metals. This separation allows us to evaluate the intrinsic charge carrier mobility with minimal trapping effects. We review a wide variety of organic electronics in terms of their charge carrier mobilities, and we describe recent studies of macromolecules, molecular crystals, and supramolecular architecture. For example, a rigid poly(phenylene-co-ethynylene) included in permethylated cyclodextrin shows a high intramolecular hole mobility of 0.5 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), based on a combination of flash-photolysis TRMC and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) measurements. Single-crystal rubrene showed an ambipolarity with anisotropic charge carrier transport along each crystal axis on the nanometer scale. Finally, we describe the charge carrier mobility of a self-assembled nanotube consisting of a large π-plane of hexabenzocoronene (HBC) partially appended with an electron acceptor. The local (intratubular) charge carrier mobility reached 3 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) for the nanotubes that possessed well-ordered π-stacking, but it dropped to 0.7 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) in regions that contained greater amounts of the electron acceptor because those molecules reduced the structural integrity of π-stacked HBC arrays. Interestingly, the long-range (intertubular) charge carrier mobility was on the order of 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and monotonically decreased when the acceptor content was increased. These results suggest the importance of investigating charge carrier mobilities by frequency-dependent charge carrier motion for the development of more efficient organic electronic devices.

Two new alternating copolymers P1 and P2, of bithiazole (BT) and benzothiadiazoles (BTZ), differing in their side chain positioning at the thiophene units which sandwich the BT unit, were designed and synthesized. Both polymers exhibited broad absorption ranging from 300 to 700 nm with a narrow optical bandgap in the film state. Control over structural ordering of polymer chains was achieved in P1 by treating with a small amount of additive (1,8-octanedithiol, ODT) as evident by a large red shift of absorption peak and also from the XRD measurements. In contrast, no such effects were observed in the case of P2 in the presence of additive. Flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP-TRMC) experiments revealed that the transient photoconductivity of P1 is far superior to that of P2, which is further increased when processed with ODT. The charge carrier mobility, as determined by the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) technique, indicates that P1 exhibits both electron and hole mobilities with...

We performed kinetic study on the photoconductivity of coassembled nanotubes consisting of an amphiphilic hexa-peri-benzocoronene (HBC) and a HBC derivative appended with an electron-accepting trin...

The charge carrier mobility in films of regioregular polythiophenes substituted by n -alkyl side-chains, of butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, and dodecyl, was investigated by flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP-TRMC), and transient photoabsorption spectroscopy excited at 355 nm. The charge carrier concentration was estimated from inspecting radical anions of perylenecarboxydiimide (PDI), which also acts as an efficient electron acceptor to improve the yield of photocarrier generation. We discuss the dependence of side-chain length in terms of decay dynamics, quantum yield of charge carrier generation, and alternating current (ca. 9 GHz) mobility, which exceeded 0.12 cm 2 /(V s).

Time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurement has been performed for fullerene-doped thin films of oligo (dimethylgermane) at different excitation energies to evaluate the intra-molecular mobility of holes along their Ge backbones. Photo-induced electron transfer reaction between oligogermane and fullerene has been observed in the solution with a variety of solvent polarity using transient optical spectroscopy (TOS). The transient spectrum at 391 nm can be attributed to the radical cation of the oligomer under an excitation at 532-nm light, whereas the same spectrum (391 nm) is the overlapping of absorptions of radical cations and neutral radicals of oligogermanes upon exposure of 355-nm light in polar solvent. A combined TRMC and TOS experiments on the solutions of oligomer confirms the conductive transients originate from the radical cations on the backbone chains.

The transient absorption of radical anions and cations of 9,9′-di-n-hexyl-oligofluorene was measured using pulse radiolysis and low-temperature γ-radiolysis techniques. The infrared absorption maxima of both radical anions and cations exhibit red-shift continuously upon elongation of the chain length. The absorption bands are blue-shifted by 0.04–0.07 eV with increasing the temperature from 80 to 106 K. The extinction coefficients were determined by scavenging technique, demonstrating an increase with the elongation of the chain length. The optimized geometry of fluorene trimers, calculated using density functional theory, shows that the oligofluorene molecules are more planar in its charged state than in its neutral state.

For the investigation of photoconductivity and charge carrier dynamics in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT), an in situ flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP-TRMC) and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) was performed using 6.4 and 3.5 eV photon excitation. Since the former energy is sufficiently higher than ionization potential of RR-P3HT, a direct ionization and consequent bulk charge recombination was observed. The dynamics of charge carriers of transient conductivity and photoabsorption kinetics are discussed in terms of the X-ray diffraction pattern and film morphology of RR-P3HT observed by tapping mode atomic force microscope.

The photocarrier generation mechanism and mobility in poly[bis(p-n-butylphenyl)silane] (PBPS) thin films doped with a variety of electron acceptors are studied by time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements. It was found that fullerene is a suitable electron acceptor for PBPS as it provides the highest product of photocarrier generation yield phi and mobility Sigmamu under excitation at 532 and 355 nm. The observed high phiSigmamu value of 4.5 x 10(-3) cm(2)/(V s) under excitation at 193 nm (6.39 eV) can be attributed to the direct ionization of PBPS molecules. The photoinduced electron transfer between C(60) and PBPS was investigated in a solution sample by laser flash photolysis under excitation at 532 nm. On the basis of the extinction coefficient of PBPS(*+), transient absorption of PBPS(*+) provides a maximum value of phi of 0.83% for the electron-transfer reaction from PBPS to (3)C(60). On the basis of this value of phi, the intrinsic intrachain mobility of holes on the PBPS backbone is estimated to be higher than 1.7 x 10(-2) cm(2)/(V s), suggesting the presence of a high conducting path along the Si backbone of PBPS.

Anion and cation radicals of substituted thiophene oligomers were generated and isolated from respective solutions at low temperature by gamma irradiation at a total dose of 4 kGy. The absorption spectra of these radicals were investigated using low temperature matrix isolation technique. Absorption bands in two typical regions: visible and infrared (IR) were observed experimentally for both anion (HOMO → SOMO and SOMO → LUMO) and cation (SOMO → LUMO and HOMO → SOMO) radicals of all molecules. The values of oscillator strength ( f ) decreases with the increase in the number of phosphate bridges in thiophene molecule for both the anion and cation radicals, suggesting the breaking conjugation by the dihedral angle of thiophene rings at centre of the molecule. The optical transitions in substituted thiophene oligomers were also investigated on the basis of a theoretical approach using ZINDO CI at B3LYP/6-31G(d) DFT geometry. The most stable backbone geometries of the anion and cation radicals are the planner ones in spite of twisted helical structures calculated for the steady-state molecules as the plausible structures. Transformation from twisted (helical) to planner structure plays a crucial role in the determination of energy levels of the molecules bearing negative and positive charge carriers. Incomplete transformation due to the low temperature matrix effects causes considerable decrease in the value of f .

We report the increase in the mobility of charge carriers in regioregular poly 3-hexyl thiophene (RR-P3HT) films by mixing them with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), which is examined by in situ time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) and transient optical spectroscopy (TOS). TCNE acts not only as an electron acceptor which increases the number of charge carriers on photoexposure but also as a functional additive which enhances the mobility of the charge carriers. This conclusion was deduced from the results of fluorescence quenching, transient optical absorption and photobleaching, and comparison of the TRMC signal with the TOS signal. The combination of the TRMC and TOS techniques represents a comprehensive and fully experimental approach to the determination of the intrinsic carrier mobility in conjugated polymers.

The charge carrier photo generation in fullerene (C60) doped polysilane (PS) is a multistage process including, photo induced electron transfer between polysilane to 3 C 60 ∗ and relaxation of the charge-transfer state which results in polaron pair (PS + and C 60 - ) formation. To study the mobility of charge carriers in polysilane films (PS1-8) doped with fullerene (C60), the flash photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP-TRMC) measurements have been performed. Second harmonic generation (SHG), laser of wavelength 532 nm has been used as excitation source. The highest ϕ∑μ value (7 × 10−5 cm2/V s) obtained for PS6 among all polysilanes due to its highly ordered structure. The photo carrier generation efficiency of polysilane films have increased due to fullerene doping. The fast decay kinetics of TRMC signal is due to backward electron transfer between PS + and C 60 - where as slow decay can be attributed to charge recombination after diffusion process.

The foil chaff technique has been used on microrockets such as “Viper” for a long time to measure neutral winds with high altitude resolution in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. We have developed two new foil chaff storage and ejection systems for muti-instrumented sounding rockets. The first system uses a spring loaded split cylinder which holds the foil chaff, housed in an outer cylinder. The shaft of the split cylinder is kept in place by a lock plate and a stainless steel wire. The split cylinder is ejected by cutting the wire. The second system is of differential pressure type. The cap of an airtight cylinder has a shaft and a sponge piece for sweeping out the foil chaff. The cylinder is sealed at ground level and at the desired height of release, the cap comes out due to differential pressure and brings out the foil chaff. Both these systems were successfully tested on a Japanese sounding rocket in January 2000, releasing about 20 000 pieces of foil chaff during the rocket’s descent. Neutral winds were measured in the height range of 85.5–95.0 km with a height resolution of 300 m.

The transient absorption of radical cations of a variety of substituted polysilanes is discussed quantitatively in terms of the molar extinction coefficient and oscillator strength by nanosecond pulse radiolysis. Oxygen-saturated polysilane solutions in benzene exhibit a strong transient absorption band ascribed to the polysilane radical cation. The transient species react with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine (TMPD) to produce TMPD radical cations. On the basis of the molar extinction coefficient of the TMPD radical cation, the molar extinction coefficients for the radical cations of polysilanes are found to increase in the range 3.3 x 10(4) to 2.0 x 10(5) M(-)(1) cm(-)(1) with increasing polymer segment length. The stepwise increase in the total oscillator strength with an increase in the number of phenyl rings directly bonded to the Si skeleton suggests the delocalization of the positive polaron state and/or the SOMO state over the phenyl rings, indicating the importance of phenyl rings in intermolecular hole transfer processes.

The impacts of solvent and thermal annealing on the mobility and photogeneration efficiency of free charge carriers in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) were investigated by flash-photolysis time...

The overview and preliminary results of the WAVE2000 campaign (Waves in Airglow Structures Experiment over Kagoshima in 2000) are presented. This is a coordinated rocket-born and ground-based measurement to investigate the formation process of waves in airglow structures. One of the unique aspects of this campaign is to measure the atomic oxygen and the airglow emissions on board a rocket. Such vertical information has been poorly examined with ground-based imaging so far. Since the atomic oxygen density profile was found to be atypical, with twin-peaks at 90 and 100 km , the present data set also provides an opportunity to examine our current understanding of the airglow excitation process. The ground-based and rocket-born airglow layer height measurements agreed within 2 km . The small-scale gravity waves observed during this experiment may not be upwardly propagating from below.

π-Extension of tetrathiafulvalene by hybridization with an indacenetetraone leads to an electron acceptor that can harvest visible light efficiently and serve as an electron-transport material for ...

When the epicuticle of a silkworm larva, Bombyx mori, was lightly abraded in the presence of live Bacillus licheniformis, Enterobacter cloacae, or bacterial cell wall components, cecropin mRNAs were detected in the underlying epithelial cells and in fat body cells remote from the abraded area. Antibacterial activity due to cecropin was detected in the matrix of the lightly abraded cuticle but not in nonabraded portions of the cuticular matrix or in the hemolymph surrounding the fat body, unless a more severe cuticular abrasion was administered. A light abrasion to a larva of the giant silkworm moth, Hyalophora cecropia, in the presence of E. cloacae also induced antibacterial activity in the abraded cuticle. These data illustrate that the ectodermally derived lepidopteran larval integument, when challenged by live bacteria or their cell wall components, mounts an immune response. Hence, the insect exoskeleton, which is often considered as an inert protective armor, is indeed actively participating in defense.

Accepted: 2009-08-06, 資料番号: SA1000825000

Accepted: 2006-07-17, 資料番号: SA1000460000

Self-condensation of the amphiphilic fluorene trimer occurs in the solvent mixture, giving pure “green” fluorescent nanoparticles with controlled radii of 20−100 nm. The origin of the green fluorescence is attributed to the excimer emission via excitation of aggregated dimer structures in the nanoparticles rather than the keto-defects. The present study also suggests the possibility of spectral tuning of emissions from oligofluorene aggregates.

The electronic structure and optical properties of charged oligofluorenes were studied experimentally and theoretically. Measurements of the optical absorption spectra of charged oligofluorenes in dilute solutions have been performed by using the pulse radiolysis technique. In addition, optical absorption spectra of radical cations and anions in a solid matrix were measured after gamma-irradiation at 77 K. The optical absorption spectra were measured in the range of 440-2100 nm (0.6-2.8 eV) and compared with results from time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The calculated charge induced deformations and charge distribution do not indicate the occurrence of polaronic effects. The potential energy profiles for rotation around the inter-unit bond show that oligofluorenes are nonplanar in their neutral state, while they tend to more planar structures in their charged state. The optical absorption spectra of charged oligofluorenes are dependent on the angle between neighboring units. TDDFT absorption energies shift to lower values with increasing chain length, which suggests that the charge delocalizes along the oligomer chain.

Oligofluorenes with well-defined chain length (n = 1–5) have been synthesized by step-by-step Suzuki coupling reaction as the basis sets of conjugated segments in polyfluorenes. Cation and anion ra...

Herein we report the systematic study of the structure–property relationship of a few dithienothiophene (DTT) based donor–acceptor conjugated polymers using various techniques such as UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP-TRMC), density functional theory (DFT), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-effect transistor (FET). A medium donor, DTT, was coupled in an alternating fashion with thiazole-based weak, medium, and strong acceptors. Though the optical properties showed good correlation with the donor–acceptor strength, the FET properties indicated significant deviation. The XRD analysis and DFT calculations revealed that the deviation is caused by the difference in structural ordering of the polymers in the film state. Since the FP-TRMC analysis reflects the properties of semiconducting organic materials at the molecular level such as the donor–acceptor strength and structural ordering in the film state, it showed good correlation with FET properties. Thus the present work illustrates that the study of charge carrier generation and mobility dynamics by FP-TRMC is a valuable addition to the conventional structure–property analysis methods, and is reliable to find the suitability of conjugated polymers for electronic device applications.

Bone mineral content (BMC) in the total body and lumbar spine was evaluated in 126 hemodialysis patients (60 males, 66 females) by dual photon absorptiometry with the Norland DBD 2600. Measurements of: 1) total body BMC divided by lean body mass (BMCTB/LBM), 2) bone mineral density (BMD) of total body, 3) BMD of four regional sections (head, trunk, pelvis, and legs), and 4) BMD of lumbar spine, generally showed a significant decrease in the hemodialysis patients compared to the reference population. However, arm BMD did not show a significant difference between patients and control populations. The z-score of BMCTB/LBM declined significantly throughout the duration of hemodialysis, although that of the lumbar spine BMD did not. It should be noted that the degree of decrease in BMC was more prominent in the total body measurement than in the lumbar spine measurement. There was preferential osteopenia of the total body in the hemodialysis patients. Although the lumbar spine BMD showed a lower value than the control population, the lumbar spine is not the recommended region to monitor the BMD change in hemodialysis patients.