Author: "Yoshida KI" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

143 results on '"Yoshida KI"'

1. Development of new colloid osmotic pressure measurement method using ultrafiltration membrane during cardiopulmonary bypass

Author: Matsumoto Takeshi, Yoshida Kiyoshi, Shinohara Tomotaka, Miyoshi Eiji, and Ueno Takayoshi
Subjects: ultrafiltration, filter, hemoconcentrator, edema, Medicine
Abstract: Background: Clinical practice of measuring colloid osmotic pressure (COP) was abandoned after correcting hypoosmolarity did not improve overall patient outcomes. However, the use of albumin and colloidal solutions has contributed to maintaining intraoperative and postoperative fluid balance at lower levels. Reduced perioperative fluid balance is consistently reported to have positive effects on clinical outcomes. Priming solutions for cardiopulmonary bypass typically include colloids; however, the optimal type of priming solution has not yet been determined. Stricter COP management may further improve postoperative courses. To achieve this, the widespread adoption of a measurement method suitable for COP monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass is required. Methods: A test circuit was made which measured COP using an ultrafiltration membrane method based on the changes in hydrostatic pressure that occurs across a semipermeable membrane. We then compared the measurements obtained using this method with colloidal osmometer measurements. Results: COP measurements were obtained for a total of 100 tests (10 times each for 10 test solutions). The evaluation parameters included simultaneous reproducibility, correlation with the colloid osmometer, and measurement time. The results demonstrated high accuracy of the ultrafiltration membrane method, simultaneous reproducibility within 3%, a high positive correlation with the colloid osmometer (correlation coefficient: R2 = 0.99; p
Published: 2023
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2. Axitinib for preoperative downstaging of renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation and direct invasion of the duodenum and inferior vena cava: a case report

Author: Yuki H, Kamai T, Kubota K, Abe H, Nishihara D, Mizuno T, Masuda A, Betsunoh H, Yashi M, Fukabori Y, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, lcsh:RC254-282
Abstract: Hideo Yuki,1,* Takao Kamai,1,* Keiichi Kubota,2 Hideyuki Abe,1 Daisaku Nishihara,1 Tomoya Mizuno,1 Akinori Masuda,1 Hironori Betsunoh,1 Masahiro Yashi,1 Yoshitatsu Fukabori,1 Ken-Ichiro Yoshida1 1Department of Urology, 2Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan *These authors contributed equally to this manuscript Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with sarcomatoid differentiation is invasive, refractory to treatment, and has a higher mortality. Therefore, systemic therapy is still challenging, and the curative resection of localized or locally advanced RCC with sarcomatoid differentiation is very important. Axitinib is a potent and selective second-generation vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with improved safety and tolerability. Axitinib is generally recommended as second-line therapy for advanced RCC because the phase III axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced RCC (AXIS) trial demonstrated that it achieved longer progression-free survival than sorafenib in patients with metastatic RCC after failure of an approved first-line regimen. Methods: We present a 73-year-old man who had a large (13 cm in diameter) right RCC with sarcomatoid differentiation that directly invaded the duodenum and inferior vena cava. The patient presented with gastrointestinal bleeding, was unable to eat solid food, and had become emaciated. Thus, his classification was poor risk with anemia, hypercalcemia, and poor performance status, according to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center criteria. He seemed unlikely to survive if radical nephrectomy, cavotomy with thrombectomy, and pancreatoduodenectomy were performed. To reduce the tumor burden and potential operative complications, we administered axitinib as first-line neoadjuvant therapy. Results: Six weeks of treatment reduced the tumor burden without causing severe toxicities. Subsequently, radical right nephrectomy, cavotomy with thrombectomy, and pancreatoduodenectomy were performed successfully. The pathological treatment effect of axitinib was grade 2 (two-thirds necrosis). The resected tumor showed a heterogeneous reaction for phosphorylated Akt (Ser-473) by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, indicating that parts of the tumor were sensitive to axitinib and other parts were not. Conclusion: Axitinib might be promising as preoperative or neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced RCC (>cT3b or >cTanyN1). Keywords: renal cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid differentiation, axitinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, phosphorylated Akt
Published: 2014

3. Triplet Di(9-anthryl)carbene Undergoes Trimerization

Author: Yoshida Ki, Shigeru Murata, Tomura M, Yasutake Takahashi, and Tomioka H
Subjects: Work (electrical), Chemistry, Library science, Christian ministry, Nanotechnology, Education science, General Chemistry, Catalysis
Published: 2000

4. Hypothermia inhibits translocation of CaM kinase II and PKC-alpha, beta, gamma isoforms and fodrin proteolysis in rat brain synaptosome during ischemia-reperfusion

Author: Kazuki, Harada, Tsuyoshi, Maekawa, Ryosuke, Tsuruta, Tadashi, Kaneko, Daikai, Sadamitsu, Tetsumori, Yamashima, and Ken-ichi, Yoshida Ki
Subjects: Male, Protein Kinase C-alpha, Calpain, Microfilament Proteins, Brain, Brain Ischemia, Rats, Isoenzymes, Hypothermia, Induced, Reperfusion Injury, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases, Protein Kinase C beta, Animals, Protein Isoforms, Rats, Wistar, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2, Carrier Proteins, Protein Kinase C, Peptide Hydrolases, Subcellular Fractions, Synaptosomes
Abstract: To clarify the involvement of intracellular signaling pathway and calpain in the brain injury and its protection by mild hypothermia, immunoblotting analyses were performed in the rat brain after global forebrain ischemia and reperfusion. After 30 min of ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaM kinase II) and protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha, beta, gamma isoforms translocated to the synaptosomal fraction, while mild hypothermia (32 degrees C) inhibited the translocation. The hypothermia also inhibited fodrin proteolysis caused by ischemia-reperfusion, indicating the inhibition of calpain. These effects of hypothermia may explain the mechanism of the protection against brain ischemia-reperfusion injury through modulating synaptosomal function.
Published: 2002

5. Characterization of the role of the tumor marker Nup88 in mitosis

Author: Yoshida Kimihisa, Nakano Hiroshi, Hashizume Chieko, and Wong Richard W
Subjects: Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract: Abstract Nuclear pore complexes are massive multiprotein channels responsible for traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm, and are composed of approximately 30 proteins, termed nucleoporins (Nup). Our recent studies indicated that the nucleoporins Rae1 and Tpr play critical roles in maintaining the spindle bipolarity during cell division. In the present study, we found that another nucleoporin, Nup88, was localized on the spindles together with Nup214 during mitosis. Nup88 expression is linked to the progression of carcinogenesis, Nup88 has been proposed as a tumor marker. Overexpression of Nup88 enhanced multinucleated cell formation. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Nup88 disrupted Nup214 expression and localization and caused multipolar spindle phenotypes. Our data indicate that proper expression of Nup88 is critical for preventing aneuploidy formation and tumorigenesis.
Published: 2010
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6. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author: Daniel J. Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M. Adams, Peter D. Adams, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J. Adhihetty, Sharon G. Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K. Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Patricia V. Aguilar, Julio Aguirre Ghiso, Edoardo M. Airoldi, Slimane Ait Si Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T. Akporiaye, Mohamed Al Rubeai, Guillermo M. Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L. Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte Beceril, Emad S. Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan Bonnet, Dario C. Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez Erviti, Sandro Alves, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O. Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A. Anania, Stig U. Andersen, Usha P. Andley, Catherine K. Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K. Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Arias, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R. Ariosa, Jane L. Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askanas, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S. Atherton, Julie D. Atkin, Laura D. Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M. Backer, Dong Hun Bae, Jae sung Bae, Ok Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H. Baehrecke, Seung Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D. Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C. Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C. Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L. Baumgarner, K. Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J. David Beckham, Pierre André Bédard, Patrick J. Bednarski, Thomas J. Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrends, Georg MN Behrens, Kevin E. Behrns, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S. Bess, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K. Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard Piechaczyk, Viktor Billes, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W. Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A. Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boes, Kathleen Boesze Battaglia, Lawrence H. Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M. Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie Josée Boucher, Michael E. Boulton, Sebastien G. Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer Guittaut, Peter V. Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H. Braus, José M. Bravo San Pedro, Lisa A. Brennan, Emery H. Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridges, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C. Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S. Brookes, Eric J. Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti Pierri, Robert J. Bryson Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M. Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V. Bulavin, Scott J. Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E. Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B. Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Laura A. Carleton, Cathleen R. Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R. Carlsson, Didac Carmona Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castets, Susana Castro Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I. Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, CETRULLO, SILVIA, Hassan Chaachouay, Han Jung Chae, Andrei S. Chagin, Chee Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilos, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C. Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E. Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W. Chen, Jian Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S. L. Chen, Wei Chen, Wei Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau Hung Chen, Ye Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu Jen Chen, Yue Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong Hyung Cho, Ssang Goo Cho, William C. Cho, Yong Yeon Cho, Young Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui Ju Choi, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E. Choi, Seung Il Choi, Tsui Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T. Chu, Tsung Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen Li Chung, Yong Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A. Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J. Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M. Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coers, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S. Coll, Emma Colucci Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L. Cook, Graham H. Coombs, Cynthia D. Cooper, J. Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle Termeau, Mario D. Cordero, Cristina Corral Ramos, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Costes, Susan L. Cotman, Ana Coto Montes, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R. Covey, L. Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S. Cox, Fraser P. Coxon, Carolyn B. Coyne, Mark S. Cragg, Rolf J. Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M. Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R. Cutillas, Mark J. Czaja, Maria F. Czyzyk Krzeska, Ruben K. Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N. Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M. Darley Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R. Dass, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M. Davids, David Dávila, Roger J. Davis, Ted M. Dawson, Valina L. Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Matteis, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P. Del Re, Régis Delage Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P. Devarenne, Rodney J. Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz Araya, Ines Díaz Laviada, Maria T. Diaz Meco, Javier Diaz Nido, Chad A. Dickey, Robert C. Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P. Dinesh Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X. Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M. Donohue Jr, Kelly S. Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W. Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R. Duchen, Michel A. Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I. Dumit, Mara C. Duncan, Elaine A. Dunlop, William A. Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupuis, Raúl V. Durán, Thomas M. Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Aimee L. Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg Lerner, N. Tony Eissa, Wafik S. El Deiry, Victoria El Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M. Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L. Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban Martínez, Thomas J. Evans, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabrias, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J. Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W. Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farkas, Mathias Faure, Francois B. Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C. Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, Maite G. Fernandez Barrena, Jose C. Fernandez Checa, Arsenio Fernández López, Martin E. Fernandez Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira Halder, Laszlo Fesus, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C. Fiesel, Eduardo C. Filippi Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H. Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B. Fisher, Marc Flajolet, FLAMIGNI, FLAVIO, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R. Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francois, Aurélie François, Lisa B. Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G. Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L. Friedman, Daniel E. Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M. Fuentes, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F. Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K. Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G. Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia Macía, Carmen Garcia Ruiz, Abhishek D. Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A. Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E. Gestwicki, David A. Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J. Gibbings, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B. Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E. Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L. Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M. Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H. Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S. Goligorsky, Aldrin V. Gomes, Ligia C. Gomes, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez Manzano, Rubén Gómez Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalves, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B. Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez Cabo, Rosa Ana González Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Daphne R. Goring, Adrienne M. Gorman, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E. Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R. Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T. Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gros, Charles Grose, Jean Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun Lin Guan, Kun Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu Guang Guo, Andrea A. Gust, Åsa B. Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G. Gutierrez, Ho Shin Gwak, Albert Haas, James E. Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R. Hahn, Andrew J. Halayko, Anne Hamacher Brady, Kozo Hamada, Ahmed Hamai, Andrea Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Isabelle Hamer, Qutayba Hamid, Ester M. Hammond, Feng Han, Weidong Han, James T. Handa, John A. Hanover, Malene Hansen, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji Trajkovic, J. Wade Harper, Abdel Halim Harrath, Adrian L. Harris, James Harris, Udo Hasler, Peter Hasselblatt, Kazuhisa Hasui, Robert G. Hawley, Teresa S. Hawley, Congcong He, Cynthia Y. He, Fengtian He, Gu He, Rong Rong He, Xian Hui He, You Wen He, Yu Ying He, Joan K. Heath, Marie Josée Hébert, Robert A. Heinzen, Gudmundur Vignir Helgason, Michael Hensel, Elizabeth P. Henske, Chengtao Her, Paul K. Herman, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernandez, Sonia Hernández Tiedra, Claudio Hetz, P. Robin Hiesinger, Katsumi Higaki, Sabine Hilfiker, Bradford G. Hill, Joseph A. Hill, William D. Hill, Keisuke Hino, Daniel Hofius, Paul Hofman, Günter U. Höglinger, Jörg Höhfeld, Marina K. Holz, Yonggeun Hong, David A. Hood, Jeroen JM Hoozemans, Thorsten Hoppe, Chin Hsu, Chin Yuan Hsu, Li Chung Hsu, Dong Hu, Guochang Hu, Hong Ming Hu, Hongbo Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Yu Chen Hu, Zhuo Wei Hu, Fang Hua, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Huey Lan Huang, Kuo How Huang, Kuo Yang Huang, Shile Huang, Shiqian Huang, Wei Pang Huang, Yi Ran Huang, Yong Huang, Yunfei Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Patricia Huebbe, Won Ki Huh, Juha J. Hulmi, Gang Min Hur, James H. Hurley, Zvenyslava Husak, Sabah NA Hussain, Salik Hussain, Jung Jin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Thomas IS Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Megumi Inomata, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan L. Iovanna, Renato V. Iozzo, Nancy Y. Ip, Javier E. Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Yoshitaka Isaka, Aleksandra J. Isakovic, Harry Ischiropoulos, Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Mohammad Ishaq, Hiroyuki Ishida, Isao Ishii, Jane E. Ishmael, Ciro Isidoro, Ken ichi Isobe, Erika Isono, Shohreh Issazadeh Navikas, Koji Itahana, Eisuke Itakura, Andrei I. Ivanov, Anand Krishnan V. Iyer, José M. Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Valentina Izzo, Marja Jäättelä, Nadia Jaber, Daniel John Jackson, William T. Jackson, Tony George Jacob, Thomas S. Jacques, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Ashish Jain, Nihar Ranjan Jana, Byoung Kuk Jang, Alkesh Jani, Bassam Janji, Paulo Roberto Jannig, Patric J. Jansson, Steve Jean, Marina Jendrach, Ju Hong Jeon, Niels Jessen, Eui Bae Jeung, Kailiang Jia, Lijun Jia, Hong Jiang, Hongchi Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Ying Jiang, Yongjun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Cheng Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Lei Jin, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Umesh Kumar Jinwal, Eun Kyeong Jo, Terje Johansen, Daniel E. Johnson, Gail VW Johnson, James D. Johnson, Eric Jonasch, Chris Jones, Leo AB Joosten, Joaquin Jordan, Anna Maria Joseph, Bertrand Joseph, Annie M. Joubert, Dianwen Ju, Jingfang Ju, Hsueh Fen Juan, Katrin Juenemann, Gábor Juhász, Hye Seung Jung, Jae U. Jung, Yong Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Matthew J. Justice, Barry Jutten, Nadeem O. Kaakoush, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Bertrand Kaeffer, Katarina Kågedal, Alon Kahana, Shingo Kajimura, Or Kakhlon, Manjula Kalia, Dhan V. Kalvakolanu, Yoshiaki Kamada, Konstantinos Kambas, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Harm H. Kampinga, Mustapha Kandouz, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Tae Cheon Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Maria Kaparakis Liaskos, Orsolya Kapuy, Vassiliki Karantza, Md Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Arthur Kaser, Susmita Kaushik, Thomas Kawula, A. Murat Kaynar, Po Yuan Ke, Zun Ji Ke, John H. Kehrl, Kate E. Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Anne K. Kenworthy, Oliver Kepp, Andreas Kern, Santosh Kesari, David Kessel, Robin Ketteler, Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, Bilon Khambu, Muzamil Majid Khan, Vinoth KM Khandelwal, Sangeeta Khare, Juliann G. Kiang, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Arianna L. Kim, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Deok Ryong Kim, Do Hyung Kim, Eung Kweon Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hyung Ryong Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Kwang Woon Kim, Michael D. Kim, Moon Moo Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Soo Youl Kim, Yong Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C. Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Jason S. King, Karla Kirkegaard, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Shuji Kishi, Yasuo Kitajima, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Rudolf A. Kley, Walter T. Klimecki, Michael Klinkenberg, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Erwin Knecht, Laura Knuppertz, Jiunn Liang Ko, Satoru Kobayashi, Jan C. Koch, Christelle Koechlin Ramonatxo, Ulrich Koenig, Young Ho Koh, Katja Köhler, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Dexin Kong, Hee Jeong Kong, Eumorphia G. Konstantakou, Benjamin T. Kopp, Tamas Korcsmaros, Laura Korhonen, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Nadya V. Koshkina, Yanjun Kou, Michael I. Koukourakis, Constantinos Koumenis, Attila L. Kovács, Tibor Kovács, Werner J. Kovacs, Daisuke Koya, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Kramer, Tamara Kravic Stevovic, Wilhelm Krek, Carole Kretz Remy, Roswitha Krick, Malathi Krishnamurthy, Janos Kriston Vizi, Guido Kroemer, Michael C. Kruer, Rejko Kruger, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, Christian Kuhn, Addanki Pratap Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Dhiraj Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing Jien Kung, Atsushi Kuno, Sheng Han Kuo, Jeff Kuret, Tino Kurz, Terry Kwok, Taeg Kyu Kwon, Yong Tae Kwon, Irene Kyrmizi, Albert R. La Spada, Frank Lafont, Tim Lahm, Aparna Lakkaraju, Truong Lam, Trond Lamark, Steve Lancel, Terry H. Landowski, Darius JR Lane, Jon D. Lane, Cinzia Lanzi, Pierre Lapaquette, Louis R. Lapierre, Jocelyn Laporte, Johanna Laukkarinen, Gordon W. Laurie, Sergio Lavandero, Lena Lavie, Matthew J. LaVoie, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Helen Ka wai Law, Kelsey B. Law, Robert Layfield, Pedro A. Lazo, Laurent Le Cam, Karine G. Le Roch, Hervé Le Stunff, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, Marc Lecuit, Byung Hoon Lee, Che Hsin Lee, Erinna F. Lee, Gyun Min Lee, He Jin Lee, Hsinyu Lee, Jae Keun Lee, Jongdae Lee, Juhyun Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Michael Lee, Myung Shik Lee, Patty J. Lee, Sam W. Lee, Seung Jae Lee, Shiow Ju Lee, Stella Y. Lee, Sug Hyung Lee, Sung Sik Lee, Sung Joon Lee, Sunhee Lee, Ying Ray Lee, Yong J. Lee, Young H. Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Sylvain Lefort, Renaud Legouis, Jinzhi Lei, Qun Ying Lei, David A. Leib, Gil Leibowitz, Istvan Lekli, Stéphane D. Lemaire, John J. Lemasters, Marius K. Lemberg, Antoinette Lemoine, Shuilong Leng, Guido Lenz, Paola Lenzi, Lilach O. Lerman, Daniele Lettieri Barbato, Julia I. Ju Leu, Hing Y. Leung, Beth Levine, Patrick A. Lewis, Frank Lezoualc'h, Chi Li, Faqiang Li, Feng Jun Li, Jun Li, Ke Li, Lian Li, Min Li, Qiang Li, Rui Li, Sheng Li, Wei Li, Xiaotao Li, Yumin Li, Jiqin Lian, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yulin Liao, Joana Liberal, Pawel P. Liberski, Pearl Lie, Andrew P. Lieberman, Hyunjung Jade Lim, Kah Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Raquel T. Lima, Chang Shen Lin, Chiou Feng Lin, Fang Lin, Fangming Lin, Fu Cheng Lin, Kui Lin, Kwang Huei Lin, Pei Hui Lin, Tianwei Lin, Wan Wan Lin, Yee Shin Lin, Yong Lin, Rafael Linden, Dan Lindholm, Lisa M. Lindqvist, Paul Lingor, Andreas Linkermann, Lance A. Liotta, Marta M. Lipinski, Vitor A. Lira, Michael P. Lisanti, Paloma B. Liton, Bo Liu, Chong Liu, Chun Feng Liu, Fei Liu, Hung Jen Liu, Jianxun Liu, Jing Jing Liu, Jing Lan Liu, Ke Liu, Leyuan Liu, Liang Liu, Quentin Liu, Rong Yu Liu, Shiming Liu, Shuwen Liu, Wei Liu, Xian De Liu, Xiangguo Liu, Xiao Hong Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Xu Liu, Xueqin Liu, Yang Liu, Yule Liu, Zexian Liu, Zhe Liu, Juan P. Liuzzi, Gérard Lizard, Mila Ljujic, Irfan J. Lodhi, Susan E. Logue, Bal L. Lokeshwar, Yun Chau Long, Sagar Lonial, Benjamin Loos, Carlos López Otín, Cristina López Vicario, Mar Lorente, Philip L. Lorenzi, Péter Lõrincz, Marek Los, Michael T. Lotze, Penny E. Lovat, Binfeng Lu, Bo Lu, Jiahong Lu, Qing Lu, She Min Lu, Shuyan Lu, Yingying Lu, Frédéric Luciano, Shirley Luckhart, John Milton Lucocq, Paula Ludovico, Aurelia Lugea, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Julian J. Lum, Anders H. Lund, Honglin Luo, Jia Luo, Shouqing Luo, Claudio Luparello, Timothy Lyons, Jianjie Ma, Yi Ma, Yong Ma, Zhenyi Ma, Juliano Machado, Glaucia M. Machado Santelli, Fernando Macian, Gustavo C. MacIntosh, Jeffrey P. MacKeigan, Kay F. Macleod, John D. MacMicking, Lee Ann MacMillan Crow, Frank Madeo, Muniswamy Madesh, Julio Madrigal Matute, Akiko Maeda, Tatsuya Maeda, Gustavo Maegawa, Emilia Maellaro, Hannelore Maes, Marta Magariños, Kenneth Maiese, Tapas K. Maiti, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Carl G. Maki, Roland Malli, Walter Malorni, Alina Maloyan, Fathia Mami Chouaib, Na Man, Joseph D. Mancias, Eva Maria Mandelkow, Michael A. Mandell, Angelo A. Manfredi, Serge N. Manié, Claudia Manzoni, Kai Mao, Zixu Mao, Zong Wan Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Anna Maria Marconi, Zvonimir Marelja, Gabriella Marfe, Marta Margeta, Eva Margittai, Muriel Mari, Francesca V. Mariani, Concepcio Marin, Sara Marinelli, Guillermo Mariño, Ivanka Markovic, Rebecca Marquez, MARTELLI, ALBERTO MARIA, Sascha Martens, Katie R. Martin, Seamus J. Martin, Shaun Martin, Miguel A. Martin Acebes, Paloma Martín Sanz, Camille Martinand Mari, Wim Martinet, Jennifer Martinez, Nuria Martinez Lopez, Ubaldo Martinez Outschoorn, Moisés Martínez Velázquez, Marta Martinez Vicente, Waleska Kerllen Martins, Hirosato Mashima, James A. Mastrianni, Giuseppe Matarese, Paola Matarrese, Roberto Mateo, Satoaki Matoba, Naomichi Matsumoto, Takehiko Matsushita, Akira Matsuura, Takeshi Matsuzawa, Mark P. Mattson, Soledad Matus, Norma Maugeri, Caroline Mauvezin, Andreas Mayer, Dusica Maysinger, Guillermo D. Mazzolini, Mary Kate McBrayer, Kimberly McCall, Craig McCormick, Gerald M. McInerney, Skye C. McIver, Sharon McKenna, John J. McMahon, Iain A. McNeish, Fatima Mechta Grigoriou, Jan Paul Medema, Diego L. Medina, Klara Megyeri, Maryam Mehrpour, Jawahar L. Mehta, Yide Mei, Ute Christiane Meier, Alfred J. Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Gerry Melino, Sonia Melino, Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo, Maria A. Mena, Marc D. Meneghini, Javier A. Menendez, Regina Menezes, Liesu Meng, Ling hua Meng, Songshu Meng, Rossella Menghini, A. Sue Menko, Rubem FS Menna Barreto, Manoj B. Menon, Marco A. Meraz Ríos, Giuseppe Merla, Luciano Merlini, Angelica M. Merlot, Andreas Meryk, Stefania Meschini, Joel N. Meyer, Man tian Mi, Chao Yu Miao, Lucia Micale, Simon Michaeli, Carine Michiels, FRANCO MIGLIACCIO, ANNA RITA, Anastasia Susie Mihailidou, Dalibor Mijaljica, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Enrico Milan, Leonor Miller Fleming, Gordon B. Mills, Ian G. Mills, Georgia Minakaki, Berge A. Minassian, Xiu Fen Ming, Farida Minibayeva, Elena A. Minina, Justine D. Mintern, Saverio Minucci, Antonio Miranda Vizuete, Claire H. Mitchell, Shigeki Miyamoto, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Katarzyna Mnich, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Luis Ferreira Moita, Marco Molinari, Maurizio Molinari, Andreas Buch Møller, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Marco Mongillo, Martha M. Monick, Serena Montagnaro, Craig Montell, Darren J. Moore, Michael N. Moore, Rodrigo Mora Rodriguez, Paula I. Moreira, Etienne Morel, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Sandra Moreno, Michael J. Morgan, Arnaud Moris, Yuji Moriyasu, Janna L. Morrison, Lynda A. Morrison, Eugenia Morselli, Jorge Moscat, Pope L. Moseley, Serge Mostowy, Elisa Motori, Denis Mottet, Jeremy C. Mottram, Charbel E. H. Moussa, Vassiliki E. Mpakou, Hasan Mukhtar, Jean M. Mulcahy Levy, Sylviane Muller, Raquel Muñoz Moreno, Cristina Muñoz Pinedo, Christian Münz, Maureen E. Murphy, James T. Murray, Aditya Murthy, Indira U. Mysorekar, Ivan R. Nabi, Massimo Nabissi, Gustavo A. Nader, Yukitoshi Nagahara, Yoshitaka Nagai, Kazuhiro Nagata, Anika Nagelkerke, Péter Nagy, Samisubbu R. Naidu, Sreejayan Nair, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Gennaro Napolitano, Naweed I. Naqvi, Roberta Nardacci, Derek P. Narendra, Masashi Narita, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Ramesh Natarajan, Luiz C. Navegantes, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Taras Y. Nazarko, Volodymyr Y. Nazarko, Thomas Neill, Luca M. Neri, Mihai G. Netea, Romana T. Netea Maier, Bruno M. Neves, Paul A. Ney, Ioannis P. Nezis, Hang TT Nguyen, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Anne Sophie Nicot, Hilde Nilsen, Per Nilsson, Mikio Nishimura, Ichizo Nishino, Mireia Niso Santano, Hua Niu, Ralph A. Nixon, Vincent CO Njar, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A. Noegel, Elsie Magdalena Nolte, Erik Norberg, Koenraad K. Norga, Sakineh Kazemi Noureini, Shoji Notomi, Lucia Notterpek, Karin Nowikovsky, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Valerie B. O'Donnell, Tracey O'Donovan, Peter J. O'Dwyer, Ina Oehme, Clara L. Oeste, Michinaga Ogawa, Besim Ogretmen, Yuji Ogura, Young J. Oh, Masaki Ohmuraya, Takayuki Ohshima, Rani Ojha, Koji Okamoto, Toshiro Okazaki, F. Javier Oliver, Karin Ollinger, Stefan Olsson, Daniel P. Orban, Paulina Ordonez, Idil Orhon, Laszlo Orosz, Eyleen J. O'Rourke, Helena Orozco, Angel L. Ortega, Elena Ortona, Laura D. Osellame, Junko Oshima, Shigeru Oshima, Heinz D. Osiewacz, Takanobu Otomo, Kinya Otsu, Jing hsiung James Ou, Tiago F. Outeiro, Dong yun Ouyang, Hongjiao Ouyang, Michael Overholtzer, Michelle A. Ozbun, P. Hande Ozdinler, Bulent Ozpolat, Consiglia Pacelli, Paolo Paganetti, Guylène Page, Gilles Pages, Ugo Pagnini, Beata Pajak, Stephen C. Pak, Karolina Pakos Zebrucka, Nazzy Pakpour, Zdena Palková, Francesca Palladino, Kathrin Pallauf, Nicolas Pallet, Marta Palmieri, Søren R. Paludan, Camilla Palumbo, Silvia Palumbo, Olatz Pampliega, Hongming Pan, Wei Pan, Theocharis Panaretakis, Aseem Pandey, Areti Pantazopoulou, Zuzana Papackova, Daniela L. Papademetrio, Issidora Papassideri, Alessio Papini, Nirmala Parajuli, Julian Pardo, Vrajesh V. Parekh, Giancarlo Parenti, Jong In Park, Junsoo Park, Ohkmae K. Park, Roy Parker, Rosanna Parlato, Jan B. Parys, Katherine R. Parzych, Jean Max Pasquet, Benoit Pasquier, Kishore BS Pasumarthi, Daniel Patschan, Cam Patterson, Sophie Pattingre, Scott Pattison, Arnim Pause, Hermann Pavenstädt, Flaminia Pavone, Zully Pedrozo, Fernando J. Peña, Miguel A. Peñalva, Mario Pende, Jianxin Peng, Fabio Penna, Josef M. Penninger, Anna Pensalfini, Salvatore Pepe, Gustavo JS Pereira, Paulo C. Pereira, Verónica Pérez de la Cruz, María Esther Pérez Pérez, Diego Pérez Rodríguez, Dolores Pérez Sala, Celine Perier, Andras Perl, David H. Perlmutter, Ida Perrotta, Shazib Pervaiz, Maija Pesonen, Jeffrey E. Pessin, Godefridus J. Peters, Morten Petersen, Irina Petrache, Basil J. Petrof, Goran Petrovski, James M. Phang, Mauro Piacentini, Marina Pierdominici, Philippe Pierre, Valérie Pierrefite Carle, Federico Pietrocola, Felipe X. Pimentel Muiños, Mario Pinar, Benjamin Pineda, Ronit Pinkas Kramarski, Marcello Pinti, Paolo Pinton, Bilal Piperdi, James M. Piret, Leonidas C. Platanias, Harald W. Platta, Edward D. Plowey, Stefanie Pöggeler, Marc Poirot, Peter Polčic, Angelo Poletti, Audrey H. Poon, Hana Popelka, Blagovesta Popova, Izabela Poprawa, Shibu M. Poulose, Joanna Poulton, Scott K. Powers, Ted Powers, Mercedes Pozuelo Rubio, Krisna Prak, Reinhild Prange, Mark Prescott, Muriel Priault, Sharon Prince, Richard L. Proia, Tassula Proikas Cezanne, Holger Prokisch, Vasilis J. Promponas, Karin Przyklenk, Rosa Puertollano, Subbiah Pugazhenthi, Luigi Puglielli, Aurora Pujol, Julien Puyal, Dohun Pyeon, Xin Qi, Wen bin Qian, Zheng Hong Qin, Yu Qiu, Ziwei Qu, Joe Quadrilatero, Frederick Quinn, Nina Raben, Hannah Rabinowich, Flavia Radogna, Michael J. Ragusa, Mohamed Rahmani, Komal Raina, Sasanka Ramanadham, Rajagopal Ramesh, Abdelhaq Rami, Sarron Randall Demllo, Felix Randow, Hai Rao, V. Ashutosh Rao, Blake B. Rasmussen, Tobias M. Rasse, Edward A. Ratovitski, Pierre Emmanuel Rautou, Swapan K. Ray, Babak Razani, Bruce H. Reed, Fulvio Reggiori, Markus Rehm, Andreas S. Reichert, Theo Rein, David J. Reiner, Eric Reits, Jun Ren, Xingcong Ren, Maurizio Renna, Jane EB Reusch, Jose L. Revuelta, Leticia Reyes, Alireza R. Rezaie, Robert I. Richards, Des R. Richardson, Clémence Richetta, Michael A. Riehle, Bertrand H. Rihn, Yasuko Rikihisa, Brigit E. Riley, Gerald Rimbach, Maria Rita Rippo, Konstantinos Ritis, Federica Rizzi, Elizete Rizzo, Peter J. Roach, Jeffrey Robbins, Michel Roberge, Gabriela Roca, Maria Carmela Roccheri, Sonia Rocha, Cecilia MP Rodrigues, Clara I. Rodríguez, Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba, Natalia Rodriguez Muela, Jeroen Roelofs, Vladimir V. Rogov, Troy T. Rohn, Bärbel Rohrer, Davide Romanelli, Luigina Romani, Patricia Silvia Romano, M. Isabel G. Roncero, Jose Luis Rosa, Alicia Rosello, Kirill V. Rosen, Philip Rosenstiel, Magdalena Rost Roszkowska, Kevin A. Roth, Gael Roué, Mustapha Rouis, Kasper M. Rouschop, Daniel T. Ruan, Diego Ruano, David C. Rubinsztein, Edmund B. Rucker III, Assaf Rudich, Emil Rudolf, Ruediger Rudolf, Markus A. Ruegg, Carmen Ruiz Roldan, Avnika Ashok Ruparelia, Paola Rusmini, David W. Russ, Gian Luigi Russo, Giuseppe Russo, Rossella Russo, Tor Erik Rusten, Victoria Ryabovol, Kevin M. Ryan, Stefan W. Ryter, David M. Sabatini, Michael Sacher, Carsten Sachse, Michael N. Sack, Junichi Sadoshima, Paul Saftig, Ronit Sagi Eisenberg, Sumit Sahni, Pothana Saikumar, Tsunenori Saito, Tatsuya Saitoh, Koichi Sakakura, Machiko Sakoh Nakatogawa, Yasuhito Sakuraba, María Salazar Roa, Paolo Salomoni, Ashok K. Saluja, Paul M. Salvaterra, Rosa Salvioli, Afshin Samali, Anthony MJ Sanchez, José A. Sánchez Alcázar, Ricardo Sanchez Prieto, Marco Sandri, Miguel A. Sanjuan, Stefano Santaguida, Laura Santambrogio, Giorgio Santoni, Claudia Nunes dos Santos, Shweta Saran, Marco Sardiello, Graeme Sargent, Pallabi Sarkar, Sovan Sarkar, Maria Rosa Sarrias, Minnie M. Sarwal, Chihiro Sasakawa, Motoko Sasaki, Miklos Sass, Ken Sato, Miyuki Sato, Joseph Satriano, Niramol Savaraj, Svetlana Saveljeva, Liliana Schaefer, Ulrich E. Schaible, Michael Scharl, Hermann M. Schatzl, Randy Schekman, Wiep Scheper, Alfonso Schiavi, Hyman M. Schipper, Hana Schmeisser, Jens Schmidt, Ingo Schmitz, Bianca E. Schneider, E. Marion Schneider, Jaime L. Schneider, Eric A. Schon, Miriam J. Schönenberger, Axel H. Schönthal, Daniel F. Schorderet, Bernd Schröder, Sebastian Schuck, Ryan J. Schulze, Melanie Schwarten, Thomas L. Schwarz, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Kathleen Scotto, A. Ivana Scovassi, Robert A. Screaton, Mark Screen, Hugo Seca, Simon Sedej, Laura Segatori, Nava Segev, Per O. Seglen, Jose M. Seguí Simarro, Juan Segura Aguilar, Ekihiro Seki, Iban Seiliez, Christian Sell, Clay F. Semenkovich, Gregg L. Semenza, Utpal Sen, Andreas L. Serra, Ana Serrano Puebla, Hiromi Sesaki, Takao Setoguchi, Carmine Settembre, John J. Shacka, Ayesha N. Shajahan Haq, Irving M. Shapiro, Shweta Sharma, Hua She, C. K. James Shen, Chiung Chyi Shen, Han Ming Shen, Sanbing Shen, Weili Shen, Rui Sheng, Xianyong Sheng, Zu Hang Sheng, Trevor G. Shepherd, Junyan Shi, Qiang Shi, Qinghua Shi, Yuguang Shi, Shusaku Shibutani, Kenichi Shibuya, Yoshihiro Shidoji, Jeng Jer Shieh, Chwen Ming Shih, Yohta Shimada, Shigeomi Shimizu, Dong Wook Shin, Mari L. Shinohara, Michiko Shintani, Takahiro Shintani, Tetsuo Shioi, Ken Shirabe, Ronit Shiri Sverdlov, Orian Shirihai, Gordon C. Shore, Chih Wen Shu, Deepak Shukla, Andriy A. Sibirny, Valentina Sica, Christina J. Sigurdson, Einar M. Sigurdsson, Puran Singh Sijwali, Beata Sikorska, Wilian A. Silveira, Sandrine Silvente Poirot, Gary A. Silverman, Jan Simak, Thomas Simmet, Anna Katharina Simon, Hans Uwe Simon, Cristiano Simone, Matias Simons, Anne Simonsen, Rajat Singh, Shivendra V. Singh, Shrawan K. Singh, Debasish Sinha, Sangita Sinha, Frank A. Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Kapil Sirohi, Balindiwe JN Sishi, Annie Sittler, Parco M. Siu, Efthimios Sivridis, Anna Skwarska, Ruth Slack, Iva Slaninová, Nikolai Slavov, Soraya S. Smaili, Keiran SM Smalley, Duncan R. Smith, Stefaan J. Soenen, Scott A. Soleimanpour, Anita Solhaug, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Jin H. Son, Avinash Sonawane, Chunjuan Song, Fuyong Song, Hyun Kyu Song, Ju Xian Song, Wei Song, Kai Y. Soo, Anil K. Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Maurizio Sorice, Federica Sotgia, David R. Soto Pantoja, Areechun Sotthibundhu, Maria João Sousa, Herman P. Spaink, Paul N. Span, Anne Spang, Janet D. Sparks, Peter G. Speck, Stephen A. Spector, Claudia D. Spies, Wolfdieter Springer, Daret St Clair, Alessandra Stacchiotti, Bart Staels, Michael T. Stang, Daniel T. Starczynowski, Petro Starokadomskyy, Clemens Steegborn, John W. Steele, Leonidas Stefanis, Joan Steffan, Christine M. Stellrecht, Harald Stenmark, Tomasz M. Stepkowski, Stęphan T. Stern, Craig Stevens, Brent R. Stockwell, Veronika Stoka, Zuzana Storchova, Björn Stork, Vassilis Stratoulias, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, Pavel Strnad, Anne Marie Strohecker, Anna Lena Ström, Per Stromhaug, Jiri Stulik, Yu Xiong Su, Zhaoliang Su, Carlos S. Subauste, Srinivasa Subramaniam, Carolyn M. Sue, Sang Won Suh, Xinbing Sui, Supawadee Sukseree, David Sulzer, Fang Lin Sun, Jiaren Sun, Jun Sun, Shi Yong Sun, Yang Sun, Yi Sun, Yingjie Sun, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Joseph Sung, Hidekazu Suzuki, Kuninori Suzuki, Naoki Suzuki, Tadashi Suzuki, Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Michele S. Swanson, Charles Swanton, Karl Swärd, Ghanshyam Swarup, Sean T. Sweeney, Paul W. Sylvester, Zsuzsanna Szatmari, Eva Szegezdi, Peter W. Szlosarek, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Marco Tafani, Emmanuel Taillebourg, Stephen WG Tait, Krisztina Takacs Vellai, Yoshinori Takahashi, Szabolcs Takáts, Genzou Takemura, Nagio Takigawa, Nicholas J. Talbot, Elena Tamagno, Jerome Tamburini, Cai Ping Tan, Lan Tan, Mei Lan Tan, Ming Tan, Yee Joo Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A. Tannous, Jose A. Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset Cuevas, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Allen Taylor, Graham S. Taylor, Gregory A. Taylor, J. Paul Taylor, Mark J. Taylor, Elena V. Tchetina, Andrew R. Tee, Fatima Teixeira Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba Bie Teng, Ru Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L. Theiss, Anne E. Theron, Kelly Jean Thomas, Marcos P. Thomé, Paul G. Thomes, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan yun Ting, Vladimir I. 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Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R. van den Brink, F. Gisou van der Goot, Ida J. van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G. van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L. van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela Nieto, M. Helena Vasconcelos, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G. Vavvas, Ignacio Vega Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D. Velentzas, Panagiotis D. Velentzas, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Veras, Mireille Verdier, Beata G. Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D. Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H. Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindis, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T. Vogl, Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E. Voth, Valérie Vouret Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M. Vyas, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J. Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei Qing Wang, Pei Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C. Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao jia Wang, Xiao Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warnes, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E. Full Terms, Conditions of access, use can be found at h.t.t.p.:././.w.w.w. t.a.n.d.f.o.n.l.i.n.e. com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D. Weekes, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C. Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Weis, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M. Weyand, Anthony R. White, Eileen White, J. Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J. Whitworth, Joëlle Wiels, Franziska Wild, Manon E. Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris Williams, Katherine Williams, Peter R. Williamson, Konstanze F. Winklhofer, Steven S. Witkin, Stephanie E. Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J. Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G. William Wong, Richard W. Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A. Woodcock, Karen L. Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J. Xavier, Gui Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun Sheng Yang, Jin Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng Chao Yao, Pamela J. Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S. Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S. Yeh, Patricia L. Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao Ming Yin, Calvin K. Yip, Yeong Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung Yong Yoon, Ken Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H. Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J. Yu, Jin Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W. Haung Yu, Xiao Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N. Zacks, Eldad Zacksenhaus, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S. Zervos, Donna D. Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G. Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J. Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu Feng Zhou, Xu jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E. Zois, Teresa Zoladek, Wei Xing Zong, Antonio Zorzano, Susu M. Zughaier, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Tokyo Medical University, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Partenaires INRAE, University of Toronto, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), University of Colorado [Boulder], Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Vienna [Vienna], Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Georgetown University, Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Cleveland Clinic, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College of London [London] (UCL)-Institute of Neurology, Thérapie génique, Génomique et Epigénomique (U 1169), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Osaka University, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, University of Barcelona, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides (U1162), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Università della Calabria [Arcavacata di Rende] (Unical), Fondation Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California (USC), Physiopathologie de la survie et de la mort cellulaire et infection virale, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Giannina Gaslini Institute, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Physiopathologie du système nerveux central - Institut François Magendie, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-IFR8-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Experimental Virology - Department of Medical Microbiology [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam - CINIMA [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive, University of Edinburgh, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Clermont Université, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University [Istanbul], University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] (USTB), Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Polytechnic University of Marche, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Fondation de Recherche Cancer et Sang - Hôpital Kirchberg, China University of Petroleum, Unilever R&D, University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Institute for Advanced Study [Tsinghua], Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Nanayang Technological University (NTU), Nanayang Technological University, Institute of Microelectronics [Beijing] (IMETU), Laboratoire de photonique et de nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Northwestern Polytechnical University [Xi'an] (NPU), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], City University of Hong Kong (CityU), Department of Mathematics [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang University, University of Cincinnati (UC), Réponses immunes : régulation et développement, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNV, University of Valparaiso, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery [Jena], Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète - U 1011 (RNMCD), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Macrophages et Développement de l’Immunité, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire - Membrane Traffic and Cell Division, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Cibles thérapeutiques, formulation et expertise pré-clinique du médicament (CITHEFOR), Université de Lorraine (UL), This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, including Public Health Service grant GM053396 to D.J.K. Due to space and other limitations, it is not possible to include all other sources of financial support., In a rapidly expanding and highly dynamic field such as autophagy, it is possible that some authors who should have been included on this article have been missed. D.J.K. extends his apologies to researchers in the field of autophagy who, due to oversight or any other reason, could not be included on this article. I also note that two of our colleagues on this manuscript have passed away: Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud and Wouter van Doorn., Life Sciences Institute [Ann Arbor, MI, USA], Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS UMR 5200, Université de Bordeaux, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France., Amelio, Ivano [0000-0002-9126-5391], Beale, Rupert [0000-0002-6705-8560], Floto, Andres [0000-0002-2188-5659], Frezza, Christian [0000-0002-3293-7397], Ktistakis, Nicholas [0000-0001-9397-2914], Melino, Gerry [0000-0001-9428-5972], Narita, Masashi [0000-0001-7764-577X], Rubinsztein, David [0000-0001-5002-5263], Underwood, Benjamin [0000-0003-3427-9487], Whitworth, Alex [0000-0002-1154-6629], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Université Catholique de Louvain, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR50-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité de Nutrition Humaine - Clermont Auvergne (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Tsinghua University [Beijing], Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète (EGID), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Klionsky, D., Abdelmohsen, K., Abe, A., Abedin, M., Abeliovich, H., Acevedo Arozena, A., Adachi, H., Adams, C., Adams, P., Adeli, K., Adhihetty, P., Adler, S., Agam, G., Agarwal, R., Aghi, M., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguilar, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J., Airoldi, E., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Akematsu, T., Akporiaye, E., Al-Rubeai, M., Albaiceta, G., Albanese, C., Albani, D., Albert, M., Aldudo, J., Algül, H., Alirezaei, M., Alloza, I., Almasan, A., Almonte-Beceril, M., Alnemri, E., Alonso, C., Altan-Bonnet, N., Altieri, D., Alvarez, S., Alvarez-Erviti, L., Alves, S., Amadoro, G., Amano, A., Amantini, C., Ambrosio, S., Amelio, I., Amer, A., Amessou, M., Amon, A., An, Z., Anania, F., Andersen, S., Andley, U., Andreadi, C., Andrieu-Abadie, N., Anel, A., Ann, D., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., Antonioli, M., Aoki, H., Apostolova, N., Aquila, S., Aquilano, K., Araki, K., Arama, E., Aranda, A., Araya, J., Arcaro, A., Arias, E., Arimoto, H., Ariosa, A., Armstrong, J., Arnould, T., Arsov, I., Asanuma, K., Askanas, V., Asselin, E., Atarashi, R., Atherton, S., Atkin, J., Attardi, L., Auberger, P., Auburger, G., Aurelian, L., Autelli, R., Avagliano, L., Avantaggiati, M., Avrahami, L., Awale, S., Azad, N., Bachetti, T., Backer, J., Bae, D., Bae, J., Bae, O., Bae, S., Baehrecke, E., Baek, S., Baghdiguian, S., Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., Bai, H., Bai, J., Bai, X., Bailly, Y., Balaji, K., Balduini, W., Ballabio, A., Balzan, R., Banerjee, R., Bánhegyi, G., Bao, H., Barbeau, B., Barrachina, M., Barreiro, E., Bartel, B., Bartolomé, A., Bassham, D., Bassi, M., Bast, R., Basu, A., Batista, M., Batoko, H., Battino, M., Bauckman, K., Baumgarner, B., Bayer, K., Beale, R., 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Other departments, CCA -Cancer Center Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Radiotherapy, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Medical Biochemistry, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Cell Biology and Histology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Daniel J Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M Adam, Peter D Adam, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J Adhihetty, Sharon G Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostini, Patricia V Aguilar, Julio Aguirre-Ghiso, Edoardo M Airoldi, Slimane Ait-Si-Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T Akporiaye, Mohamed Al-Rubeai, Guillermo M Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte-Beceril, Emad S Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Dario C Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez- Erviti, Sandro Alve, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A Anania, Stig U Andersen, Usha P Andley, Catherine K Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu- Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Aria, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R Ariosa, Jane L Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askana, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S Atherton, Julie D Atkin, Laura D Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M Backer, Dong- Hun Bae, Jae-sung Bae, Ok-Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H Baehrecke, Seung-Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue-Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L Baumgarner, K Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean-François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J David Beckham, Pierre-André Bédard, Patrick J Bednarski, Thomas J Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrend, Georg MN Behren, Kevin E Behrn, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S Be, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Viktor Bille, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada-Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boe, Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia, Lawrence H Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie- Josée Boucher, Michael E Boulton, Sebastien G Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer-Guittaut, Peter V Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H Brau, José M Bravo-San Pedro, Lisa A Brennan, Emery H Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridge, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S Brooke, Eric J Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H Brumell, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Robert J Bryson-Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V Bulavin, Scott J Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S Carew, Laura A Carleton, Cathleen R Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R Carlsson, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casa, Josefina Casa, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castet, Susana Castro-Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, Silvia Cetrullo, Hassan Chaachouay, Han-Jung Chae, Andrei S Chagin, Chee-Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilo, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih-Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun-Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang-Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W Chen, Jian-Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang- Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S-L Chen, Wei Chen, Wei-Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau-Hung Chen, Ye-Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu- Jen Chen, Yue-Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung-Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui-Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih-Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong-Hyung Cho, Ssang-Goo Cho, William C Cho, Yong-Yeon Cho, Young-Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui-Ju Choi, Eun-Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E Choi, Seung-Il Choi, Tsui-Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan-Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T Chu, Tsung-Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Yong-Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coer, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S Coll, Emma Colucci-Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L Cook, Graham H Coomb, Cynthia D Cooper, J Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppen, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau, Mario D Cordero, Cristina Corral-Ramo, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Coste, Susan L Cotman, Ana Coto-Monte, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R Covey, L Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S Cox, Fraser P Coxon, Carolyn B Coyne, Mark S Cragg, Rolf J Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R Cutilla, Mark J Czaja, Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska, Ruben K Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M Darley-Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R Da, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M David, David Dávila, Roger J Davi, Ted M Dawson, Valina L Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Mattei, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P Del Re, Régis Delage-Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme-Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P Devarenne, Rodney J Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz-Araya, Ines Díaz-Laviada, Maria T Diaz-Meco, Javier Diaz-Nido, Chad A Dickey, Robert C Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P Dinesh-Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M Donohue Jr, Kelly S Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li-Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R Duchen, Michel A Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I Dumit, Mara C Duncan, Elaine A Dunlop, William A Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupui, Raúl V Durán, Thomas M Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin-Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L Edelstein, Aimee L Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg-Lerner, N Tony Eissa, Wafik S El-Deiry, Victoria El-Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar-Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna-Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva- Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban-Martínez, Thomas J Evan, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabria, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farka, Mathias Faure, Francois B Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A Ferguson, Álvaro F Fernández, Maite G Fernandez-Barrena, Jose C Fernandez-Checa, Arsenio Fernández-López, Martin E Fernandez-Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder, Laszlo Fesu, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C Fiesel, Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B Fisher, Marc Flajolet, Flavio Flamigni, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francoi, Aurélie Françoi, Lisa B Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L Friedman, Daniel E Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M Fuente, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen-Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian-Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia-Macía, Carmen Garcia- Ruiz, Abhishek D Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathioti, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po-Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E Gestwicki, David A Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J Gibbing, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S Goligorsky, Aldrin V Gome, Ligia C Gome, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalve, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo, Rosa Ana González-Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V Gorbunov, Daphne R Goring, Adrienne M Gorman, Sharon M Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto- Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A Gottlieb, Illana Goze, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gro, Charles Grose, Jean-Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun-Lin Guan, Kun-Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu-Guang Guo, Andrea A Gust, Åsa B Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G Gutierrez, Ho-Shin Gwak, Albert Haa, James E Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R Hahn, Andrew J Halayko, Anne Hamacher-Brady, Kozo Hamada, Ahmed Hamai, Andrea Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Isabelle Hamer, Qutayba Hamid, Ester M Hammond, Feng Han, Weidong Han, James T Handa, John A Hanover, Malene Hansen, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic, J Wade Harper, Abdel Halim Harrath, Adrian L Harri, James Harri, Udo Hasler, Peter Hasselblatt, Kazuhisa Hasui, Robert G Hawley, Teresa S Hawley, Congcong He, Cynthia Y He, Fengtian He, Gu He, Rong-Rong He, Xian-Hui He, You-Wen He, Yu- Ying He, Joan K Heath, Marie-Josée Hébert, Robert A Heinzen, Gudmundur Vignir Helgason, Michael Hensel, Elizabeth P Henske, Chengtao Her, Paul K Herman, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernandez, Sonia Hernández-Tiedra, Claudio Hetz, P Robin Hiesinger, Katsumi Higaki, Sabine Hilfiker, Bradford G Hill, Joseph A Hill, William D Hill, Keisuke Hino, Daniel Hofiu, Paul Hofman, Günter U Höglinger, Jörg Höhfeld, Marina K Holz, Yonggeun Hong, David A Hood, Jeroen JM Hoozeman, Thorsten Hoppe, Chin Hsu, Chin-Yuan Hsu, Li-Chung Hsu, Dong Hu, Guochang Hu, Hong-Ming Hu, Hongbo Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Yu-Chen Hu, Zhuo-Wei Hu, Fang Hua, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Huey-Lan Huang, Kuo-How Huang, Kuo-Yang Huang, Shile Huang, Shiqian Huang, Wei-Pang Huang, Yi-Ran Huang, Yong Huang, Yunfei Huang, Tobias B Huber, Patricia Huebbe, Won-Ki Huh, Juha J Hulmi, Gang Min Hur, James H Hurley, Zvenyslava Husak, Sabah NA Hussain, Salik Hussain, Jung Jin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Thomas IS Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Megumi Inomata, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan L Iovanna, Renato V Iozzo, Nancy Y Ip, Javier E Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Yoshitaka Isaka, Aleksandra J Isakovic, Harry Ischiropoulo, Jeffrey S Isenberg, Mohammad Ishaq, Hiroyuki Ishida, Isao Ishii, Jane E Ishmael, Ciro Isidoro, Ken-ichi Isobe, Erika Isono, Shohreh Issazadeh- Navika, Koji Itahana, Eisuke Itakura, Andrei I Ivanov, Anand Krishnan V Iyer, José M Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Valentina Izzo, Marja Jäättelä, Nadia Jaber, Daniel John Jackson, William T Jackson, Tony George Jacob, Thomas S Jacque, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Ashish Jain, Nihar Ranjan Jana, Byoung Kuk Jang, Alkesh Jani, Bassam Janji, Paulo Roberto Jannig, Patric J Jansson, Steve Jean, Marina Jendrach, Ju-Hong Jeon, Niels Jessen, Eui-Bae Jeung, Kailiang Jia, Lijun Jia, Hong Jiang, Hongchi Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Ying Jiang, Yongjun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Cheng Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Lei Jin, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Umesh Kumar Jinwal, Eun-Kyeong Jo, Terje Johansen, Daniel E Johnson, Gail VW Johnson, James D Johnson, Eric Jonasch, Chris Jone, Leo AB Joosten, Joaquin Jordan, Anna-Maria Joseph, Bertrand Joseph, Annie M Joubert, Dianwen Ju, Jingfang Ju, Hsueh-Fen Juan, Katrin Juenemann, Gábor Juhász, Hye Seung Jung, Jae U Jung, Yong-Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Matthew J Justice, Barry Jutten, Nadeem O Kaakoush, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Bertrand Kaeffer, Katarina Kågedal, Alon Kahana, Shingo Kajimura, Or Kakhlon, Manjula Kalia, Dhan V Kalvakolanu, Yoshiaki Kamada, Konstantinos Kamba, Vitaliy O Kaminskyy, Harm H Kampinga, Mustapha Kandouz, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Tae-Cheon Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala- Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Maria Kaparakis- Liasko, Orsolya Kapuy, Vassiliki Karantza, Md Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Arthur Kaser, Susmita Kaushik, Thomas Kawula, A Murat Kaynar, Po-Yuan Ke, Zun-Ji Ke, John H Kehrl, Kate E Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Anne K Kenworthy, Oliver Kepp, Andreas Kern, Santosh Kesari, David Kessel, Robin Ketteler, Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, Bilon Khambu, Muzamil Majid Khan, Vinoth KM Khandelwal, Sangeeta Khare, Juliann G Kiang, Amy A Kiger, Akio Kihara, Arianna L Kim, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Deok Ryong Kim, Do-Hyung Kim, Eung Kweon Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hyung-Ryong Kim, Jae-Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Kwang Woon Kim, Michael D Kim, Moon-Moo Kim, Peter K Kim, Seong Who Kim, Soo-Youl Kim, Yong-Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Jason S King, Karla Kirkegaard, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A Kirshenbaum, Shuji Kishi, Yasuo Kitajima, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Rudolf A Kley, Walter T Klimecki, Michael Klinkenberg, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Erwin Knecht, Laura Knuppertz, Jiunn-Liang Ko, Satoru Kobayashi, Jan C Koch, Christelle Koechlin-Ramonatxo, Ulrich Koenig, Young Ho Koh, Katja Köhler, Sepp D Kohlwein, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Dexin Kong, Hee Jeong Kong, Eumorphia G Konstantakou, Benjamin T Kopp, Tamas Korcsmaro, Laura Korhonen, Viktor I Korolchuk, Nadya V Koshkina, Yanjun Kou, Michael I Koukouraki, Constantinos Koumeni, Attila L Kovác, Tibor Kovác, Werner J Kovac, Daisuke Koya, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Kramer, Tamara Kravic-Stevovic, Wilhelm Krek, Carole Kretz-Remy, Roswitha Krick, Malathi Krishnamurthy, Janos Kriston-Vizi, Guido Kroemer, Michael C Kruer, Rejko Kruger, Nicholas T Ktistaki, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, Christian Kuhn, Addanki Pratap Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Dhiraj Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing-Jien Kung, Atsushi Kuno, Sheng-Han Kuo, Jeff Kuret, Tino Kurz, Terry Kwok, Taeg Kyu Kwon, Yong Tae Kwon, Irene Kyrmizi, Albert R La Spada, Frank Lafont, Tim Lahm, Aparna Lakkaraju, Truong Lam, Trond Lamark, Steve Lancel, Terry H Landowski, Darius JR Lane, Jon D Lane, Cinzia Lanzi, Pierre Lapaquette, Louis R Lapierre, Jocelyn Laporte, Johanna Laukkarinen, Gordon W Laurie, Sergio Lavandero, Lena Lavie, Matthew J LaVoie, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Helen Ka-wai Law, Kelsey B Law, Robert Layfield, Pedro A Lazo, Laurent Le Cam, Karine G Le Roch, Hervé Le Stunff, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, Marc Lecuit, Byung-Hoon Lee, Che- Hsin Lee, Erinna F Lee, Gyun Min Lee, He-Jin Lee, Hsinyu Lee, Jae Keun Lee, Jongdae Lee, Juhyun Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Michael Lee, Myung-Shik Lee, Patty J Lee, Sam W Lee, Seung-Jae Lee, Shiow-Ju Lee, Stella Y 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Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A Tannou, Jose A Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset-Cueva, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernaraki, Allen Taylor, Graham S Taylor, Gregory A Taylor, J Paul Taylor, Mark J Taylor, Elena V Tchetina, Andrew R Tee, Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba-Bie Teng, Ru-Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L Thei, Anne E Theron, Kelly Jean Thoma, Marcos P Thomé, Paul G Thome, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan-yun Ting, Vladimir I Titorenko, Lilach Toker, Stefano Toldo, Sharon A Tooze, Ivan Topisirovic, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Liliana Torosantucci, Alicia Torriglia, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Cathy Tournier, Roberto Town, Vladimir Trajkovic, Leonardo H Travasso, Gemma Triola, Durga Nand Tripathi, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Rodrigo Troncoso, Ioannis P Trougako, Anita C Truttmann, Kuen-Jer Tsai, Mario P Tschan, Yi-Hsin Tseng, Takayuki Tsukuba, Allan Tsung, Andrey S Tsvetkov, Shuiping Tu, Hsing-Yu Tuan, Marco Tucci, David A Tumbarello, Boris Turk, Vito Turk, Robin FB Turner, Anders A Tveita, Suresh C Tyagi, Makoto Ubukata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Andrej Udelnow, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Benjamin R Underwood, Christian Ungermann, Rodrigo P. Ureshino, Ryo Ushioda, Vladimir N Uversky, Néstor L Uzcátegui, Thomas Vaccari, Maria I Vaccaro, Libuše Váchová, Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Rut Valdor, Enza Maria Valente, Francois Vallette, Angela M Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R van den Brink, F Gisou van der Goot, Ida J van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela-Nieto, M Helena Vasconcelo, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G Vavva, Ignacio Vega- Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D Velentza, Panagiotis D Velentza, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Vera, Mireille Verdier, Beata G Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindi, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T Vogl, Olga V Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E Voth, Valérie Vouret-Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M Vya, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao-Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai-jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong-Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng-Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei-Qing Wang, Pei-Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting-Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao-jia Wang, Xiao-Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying-Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi-Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warne, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D Weeke, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Wei, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M Weyand, Anthony R White, Eileen White, J Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J Whitworth, Joëlle Wiel, Franziska Wild, Manon E Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris William, Katherine William, Peter R Williamson, Konstanze F Winklhofer, Steven S Witkin, Stephanie E Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G William Wong, Richard W Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A Woodcock, Karen L Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J Xavier, Gui-Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan-Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi-Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun-Sheng Yang, Jin-Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei-Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng-Chao Yao, Pamela J Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S Yeh, Patricia L Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao-Ming Yin, Calvin K Yip, Yeong-Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung-Yong Yoon, Ken-Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J Yu, Jin-Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W Haung Yu, Xiao-Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi-Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N Zack, Eldad Zacksenhau, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S Zervo, Donna D Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo-Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing-pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming-Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei-Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu-xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi-Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang-Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu-Feng Zhou, Xu-jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei- Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao-Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi-Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E Zoi, Teresa Zoladek, Wei-Xing Zong, and Antonio Zorzano & Susu M Zughaier
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], autophagosome, Review Article, ddc:616.07, stress, stre, LC3, MESH: Animals, Settore MED/49 - Scienze Tecniche Dietetiche Applicate, Settore BIO/06 - Anatomia Comparata E Citologia, chaperone-mediated autophagy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Settore BIO/11, Pharmacology. Therapy, Settore BIO/13, standards [Biological Assay], autolysosome, MESH: Autophagy*/physiology, lysosome, methods [Biological Assay], Biological Assay, Settore BIO/17 - ISTOLOGIA, Erratum, Human, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Settore BIO/06, physiology [Autophagy], Chaperonemediated autophagy, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, NO, autophagy, guidelines, molecular biology, ultrastructure, flux, macroautophagy, phagophore, vacuole, MESH: Biological Assay/methods, MESH: Computer Simulation, ddc:570, Autolysosome, Autophagosome, Chaperonemediated autophagy, Flux, LC3, Lysosome, Macroautophagy, Phagophore, Stress, Vacuole, Autophagy, Animals, Humans, Computer Simulation, Settore BIO/10, ddc:612, Biology, MESH: Humans, Animal, 0601 Biochemistry And Cell Biology, MESH: Biological Assay/standards, Human medicine
Abstract: Seuls les 100 premiers auteurs dont les auteurs INRA ont été entrés dans la notice. La liste complète des auteurs et de leurs affiliations est accessible sur la publication.; International audience; In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Published: 2016

7. Bacillus subtilis grown in a "breathing" vessel without sparger aeration.

Author: Yoshida KI, Yokoyama K, Öktem A, Ishikawa S, van Dijl JM, Yotsuya M, and Sato R
Subjects: Inositol metabolism, Polytetrafluoroethylene chemistry, Bacillus subtilis metabolism
Abstract: Here we present a "breathing" vessel consisting of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, which allows gas exchange but no liquid permeation. The bacterial culture inside needs only agitation to promote air supply. Using this setup, a Bacillus subtilis cell factory for scyllo-inositol production grew to produce scyllo-inositol efficiently. The results indicate that our approach represents a sustainable "greener" approach for the cell factory., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry.)
Published: 2024
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8. Aggressive Spindle Cell Sarcoma in Young Woman With the FGFR1::EBF2 Fusion.

Author: Nakamura H, Kukita Y, Yoshida KI, Tamiya H, Kadonaga S, Takenaka S, and Yagi T
Published: 2024
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9. An unusual presentation of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: A case of fibrosarcomatous dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with pleomorphic angiectatic tumor-like changes.

Author: Yoshida KI, Fujii J, Honma K, and Nakai S
Subjects: Humans, Male, Aged, Diagnosis, Differential, Dermatofibrosarcoma pathology, Dermatofibrosarcoma diagnosis, Skin Neoplasms pathology
Abstract: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a locally aggressive superficial mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by monomorphic spindle-cell proliferation with a storiform pattern. It can demonstrate pigmentation, myxoid changes, myoid differentiation, plaque-like growth, and fibrosarcomatous features; its varied presentation often complicates diagnosis. We report an extremely rare case of fibrosarcomatous DFSP with features reminiscent of a pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT) in a 73-year-old male. The diagnosis was confirmed using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To the best of our knowledge, PHAT-like changes in DFPS have not been described so far. Therefore, this report provides a novel variant of DFSP and expands the differential diagnosis of DFSP and PHAT., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Published: 2024
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10. Successful pazopanib treatment of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma with coamplification of PDGFRA , VEGFR2 and KIT : A case report.

Author: Matsuoka H, Yoshida KI, Nakai S, Suzuki R, Imura Y, Takami H, Watanabe M, Wakamatsu T, Tamiya H, Outani H, Yagi T, Kakunaga S, and Takenaka S
Abstract: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a high-grade, aggressive soft tissue sarcoma (STS) with a poor prognosis, and no definitive or effective treatment is currently available for it. Pazopanib, an orally available multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of advanced STS. The present study documents the case of a 51-year-old man with advanced UPS with coamplification of platelet-derived growth factor receptor A ( PDGFRA ), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 ( VEGFR2 ) and stem cell factor receptor ( KIT ) genes. The patient exhibited a marked and sustained response to pazopanib. The patient presented with a retroperitoneal tumour with pancreatic head lymph node metastasis, and bone metastases in the second/fifth thoracic vertebrae and left femur. Based on the histological analysis of the retroperitoneal tumour and femoral mass, the patient was diagnosed with UPS. Palliative radiation therapy was administered to the left femur and second/fifth thoracic vertebrae to prevent fractures. After radiation therapy, the patient achieved a partial response after eight courses of doxorubicin. A comprehensive genomic profiling analysis (FoundationOne ® CDx) revealed coamplification of PDGFRA , VEGFR2 and KIT genes. Hence, pazopanib was initiated as a second-line treatment. Notably, the retroperitoneal tumour shrank, and no new lesions developed for 3 years after the initiation of pazopanib treatment. This response suggests that the coamplification of PDGFRA , VEGFR2 and KIT may predict favourable outcomes in response to pazopanib., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © 2024 Matsuoka et al.)
Published: 2024
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11. Metabolic Profile of the Genome-Reduced Bacillus subtilis Strain IIG-Bs-27-39: An Attractive Chassis for Recombinant Protein Production.

Author: Aguilar Suárez R, Kohlstedt M, Öktem A, Neef J, Wu Y, Ikeda K, Yoshida KI, Altenbuchner J, Wittmann C, and van Dijl JM
Subjects: Metabolic Engineering methods, Bioreactors, Metabolome, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Bacillus subtilis genetics, Bacillus subtilis metabolism, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Recombinant Proteins metabolism, Recombinant Proteins biosynthesis, Genome, Bacterial genetics
Abstract: The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is extensively used in the industry for the secretory production of proteins with commercial value. To further improve its performance, this microbe has been the subject of extensive genome engineering efforts, especially the removal of large genomic regions that are dispensable or even counterproductive. Here, we present the genome-reduced B. subtilis strain IIG-Bs-27-39, which was obtained through systematic deletion of mobile genetic elements, as well as genes for extracellular proteases, sporulation, flagella formation, and antibiotic production. Different from previously characterized genome-reduced B. subtilis strains, the IIG-Bs-27-39 strain was still able to grow on minimal media. We used this feature to benchmark strain IIG-Bs-27-39 against its parental strain 168 with respect to heterologous protein production and metabolic parameters during bioreactor cultivation. The IIG-Bs-27-39 strain presented superior secretion of difficult-to-produce staphylococcal antigens, as well as higher specific growth rates and biomass yields. At the metabolic level, changes in byproduct formation and internal amino acid pools were observed, whereas energetic parameters such as the ATP yield, ATP/ADP levels, and adenylate energy charge were comparable between the two strains. Intriguingly, we observed a significant increase in the total cellular NADPH level during all tested conditions and increases in the NAD + and NADP(H) pools during protein production. This indicates that the IIG-Bs-27-39 strain has more energy available for anabolic processes and protein production, thereby providing a link between strain physiology and production performance. On this basis, we conclude that the genome-reduced strain IIG-Bs-27-39 represents an attractive chassis for future biotechnological applications.
Published: 2024
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12. High-throughput evaluation of hemolytic activity through precise measurement of colony and hemolytic zone sizes of engineered Bacillus subtilis on blood agar.

Author: Bamba T, Aoki R, Hori Y, Ishikawa S, Yoshida KI, Taoka N, Kobayashi S, Yasueda H, Kondo A, and Hasunuma T
Abstract: Biosurfactants have remarkable characteristics, such as environmental friendliness, high safety, and excellent biodegradability. Surfactin is one of the best-known biosurfactants produced by Bacillus subtilis . Because the biosynthetic pathways of biosurfactants, such as surfactin, are complex, mutagenesis is a useful alternative to typical metabolic engineering approaches for developing high-yield strains. Therefore, there is a need for high-throughput and accurate screening methods for high-yield strains derived from mutant libraries. The blood agar lysis method, which takes advantage of the hemolytic activity of biosurfactants, is one way of determining their concentration. This method includes inoculating microbial cells onto blood-containing agar plates, and biosurfactant production is assessed based on the size of the hemolytic zone formed around each colony. Challenges with the blood agar lysis method include low experimental reproducibility and a lack of established protocols for high-throughput screening. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of the inoculation procedure and media composition on the formation of hemolytic zones. We also developed a workflow to evaluate the number of colonies using robotics. The results revealed that by arranging colonies at appropriate intervals and measuring the areas of colonies and hemolytic rings using image analysis software, it was possible to accurately compare the hemolytic activity among several colonies. Although the use of the blood agar lysis method for screening is limited to surfactants exhibiting hemolytic activity, it is believed that by considering the insights gained from this study, it can contribute to the accurate screening of strains with high productivity., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.)
Published: 2024
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13. Sarcoma of the Lung and Mediastinum.

Author: Yoshida KI and Yoshida A
Subjects: Humans, Diagnosis, Differential, Biomarkers, Tumor, Mediastinal Neoplasms pathology, Mediastinal Neoplasms diagnosis, Lung Neoplasms pathology, Lung Neoplasms diagnosis, Sarcoma pathology, Sarcoma diagnosis
Abstract: Primary sarcoma of the lung and mediastinum is rare. The diagnosis requires careful exclusion of sarcomatoid carcinoma, sarcomatoid mesothelioma, and metastases from extra-thoracic sites. This review summarizes the key morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics of sarcomas that are encountered in the lung and mediastinum. The tumor types discussed are synovial sarcoma, well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma, myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma, intimal sarcoma of the pulmonary artery, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, primary pulmonary myxoid sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, Ewing sarcoma, and CIC-rearranged sarcoma. Relevant differential diagnoses are also addressed., Competing Interests: Disclosure This work was supported in part by JSPS, JapanKAKENHI, Japan (Grant Numbers JP21K06919). The authors have nothing to disclose pertaining to this work., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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14. Microbial synthesis of health-promoting inositols.

Author: Yoshida KI and Bott M
Subjects: Metabolic Engineering methods, Inositol metabolism, Inositol biosynthesis, Bacillus subtilis metabolism, Corynebacterium glutamicum metabolism
Abstract: D-chiro-inositol and scyllo-inositol are known for their health-promoting properties and promising as ingredients for functional foods. Strains of Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum were created by metabolic engineering capable of inexpensive production of these two rare inositols from myo-inositol, which is the most common inositol in nature. In addition, further modifications have enabled the synthesis of the two rare inositols from the much-cheaper carbon sources, glucose or sucrose., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships that may be considered as potential competing interests: Michael Bott has a patent pending for DCI production., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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15. Aggressive undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma of the thorax showing TOP2B::UBA3 fusion.

Author: Nakamura H, Kukita Y, Yoshida KI, Takenaka S, and Yagi T
Subjects: Humans, Male, Thoracic Neoplasms pathology, Thoracic Neoplasms genetics, Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins genetics, Female, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion genetics, Sarcoma, Small Cell pathology, Sarcoma, Small Cell genetics
Published: 2024
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16. A case of pelvic EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion sarcoma treated with carbon ion radiotherapy.

Author: Yagi T, Suzuki O, Matsuoka H, Shinyashiki K, Wakamatsu T, Tamiya H, Suzuki R, Kakunaga S, Takenaka S, Hashii Y, Yoshida KI, and Nakanishi K
Abstract: EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion sarcoma is a type of round-cell sarcoma with EWSR1-non-EST fusion that was newly categorized in the 2020 World Health Organization classification of soft tissue and bone tumors. In general, local disease is managed via surgical resection; however, at present, there is no standard therapy for locally advanced or metastatic disease. Here, we report our experience with a middle-aged male patient with pelvic EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion sarcoma who was treated with carbon ion radiotherapy and maintained stable disease for 13 months. The patient's clinical course suggests that carbon ion radiotherapy may be effective in patients with locally advanced EWSR1-PATZ1 fusion sarcoma., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of University of Washington.)
Published: 2024
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17. A case of spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with a ZFP64::NCOA3 fusion.

Author: Yoshida KI, Kukita Y, Nakamura H, Wakamatsu T, Honma K, and Yagi T
Subjects: Adult, Child, Humans, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3, Transcription Factors metabolism, Rhabdomyosarcoma genetics, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal
Published: 2024
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18. Bacillus velezensis S141, a soybean growth-promoting bacterium, hydrolyzes isoflavone glycosides into aglycones.

Author: Kondo T, Sibponkrung S, Hironao KY, Tittabutr P, Boonkerd N, Ishikawa S, Ashida H, Teaumroong N, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Glycine max, beta-Glucosidase genetics, Bacillus subtilis genetics, Glycosides, Isoflavones
Abstract: Bacillus velezensis S141, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), was isolated from a soybean field in Thailand. Previous studies demonstrated that S141 enhanced soybean growth, stimulating nodulation for symbiotic nitrogen fixation with soybean root nodule bacteria, including Bradyrhizobium diazoefficience USDA110. Isoflavone glycosides are produced in soybean roots and hydrolyzed into their aglycones, triggering nodulation. This study revealed that S141 efficiently hydrolyzed two isoflavone glycosides in soybean roots (daidzin and genistin) to their aglycones (daidzein and genistein, respectively). However, S141, Bacillus subtilis 168, NCIB3610, and B. velezensis FZB42 hydrolyzed isoflavone glucosides into aglycones. A BLASTp search suggested that S141 and the other three strains shared four genes encoding β-glucosidases corresponding to bglA, bglC, bglH, and gmuD in B. subtilis 168. The gene inactivation analysis of B. subtilis 168 revealed that bglC encoded the major β-glucosidase, contributing about half of the total activity to hydrolyze isoflavone glycosides and that bglA, bglH, and gmuD, all barely committed to the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides. Thus, an unknown β-glucosidase exists, and our genetic knowledge of β-glucosidases was insufficient to evaluate the ability to hydrolyze isoflavone glycosides. Nevertheless, S141 could predominate in the soybean rhizosphere, releasing isoflavone aglycones to enhance soybean nodulation.
Published: 2023
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19. Genes encoding a novel thermostable bacteriocin in the thermophilic bacterium Aeribacillus pallidus PI8.

Author: Kita K, Yoshida S, Masuo S, Nakamura A, Ishikawa S, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteriocins genetics, Bacteriocins pharmacology, Bacillaceae genetics
Abstract: Aim: Aeribacillus pallidus PI8 is a Gram-positive thermophilic bacterium that produces thermostable antimicrobial substances against several bacterial species, including Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426. In the present study, we sought to identify genes of PI8 with antibacterial activity., Methods and Results: We isolated, cloned, and characterized a thermostable bacteriocin from A. pallidus PI8 and named it pallidocyclin. Mass spectrometric analyses of pallidocyclin revealed that it had a circular peptide structure, and its precursor was encoded by pcynA in the PI8 genome. pcynA is the second gene within the pcynBACDEF operon. Expression of the full-length pcynBACDEF operon in Bacillus subtilis produced intact pallidocyclin, whereas expression of pcynF in G. kaustophilus HTA426 conferred resistance to pallidocyclin., Conclusion: Aeribacillus pallidus PI8 possesses the pcynBACDEF operon to produce pallidocyclin. pcynA encodes the pallidocyclin precursor, and pcynF acts as an antagonist of pallidocyclin., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)
Published: 2023
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20. Association of atmospheric temperature with out-of-hospital natural deaths occurrence before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Osaka, Japan.

Author: Yoshizawa H, Hattori S, Yoshida KI, Maeda H, Kitamura T, and Morii E
Subjects: Humans, Cold Temperature, Fever epidemiology, Hospitals, Hot Temperature, Japan epidemiology, Temperature, Retrospective Studies, COVID-19 epidemiology, Pandemics
Abstract: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between out-of-hospital natural death (OHND) and ambient temperature and examine the seriousness of the impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on this relationship. We used data from the Osaka Prefectural Office of Medical Examiners between 2018 and 2022 and performed a retrospective observational study. A Poisson regression model was applied to examine the relationship between OHND and temperature in Osaka City. The relative risk of OHND at 5 °C and 32 °C compared to the minimum mortality temperature increased from 1.81 in the pre-COVID-19 period to 2.03 in the post-COVID-19 period at 5 °C and from 1.29 in the pre-COVID-19 period to 1.60 in the post-COVID-19 period at 32 °C. The increase in relative risk per 1 °C increase from the pre- to post-COVID-19 period was 1.0551 (rate ratio [RR], p = 0.003) in the hot environment and 1.0233 (RR, p = 0.013) in the cold environment, which was larger than that in the hot environment. Although the risk of OHND increased at both temperatures, the change in OHND risk during post-COVID-19 was larger in the hot environment than in the cold environment, implicating the effect of pandemics in the current scenario of global warming., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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21. Bacillus subtilis NDmed, a model strain for biofilm genetic studies.

Author: Dergham Y, Le Coq D, Bridier A, Sanchez-Vizuete P, Jbara H, Deschamps J, Hamze K, Yoshida KI, Noirot-Gros MF, and Briandet R
Abstract: The Bacillus subtilis strain NDmed was isolated from an endoscope washer-disinfector in a medical environment. NDmed can form complex macrocolonies with highly wrinkled architectural structures on solid medium. In static liquid culture, it produces thick pellicles at the interface with air as well as remarkable highly protruding ''beanstalk-like'' submerged biofilm structures at the solid surface. Since these mucoid submerged structures are hyper-resistant to biocides, NDmed has the ability to protect pathogens embedded in mixed-species biofilms by sheltering them from the action of these agents. Additionally, this non-domesticated and highly biofilm forming strain has the propensity of being genetically manipulated. Due to all these properties, the NDmed strain becomes a valuable model for the study of B . subtilis biofilms. This review focuses on several studies performed with NDmed that have highlighted the sophisticated genetic dynamics at play during B . subtilis biofilm formation. Further studies in project using modern molecular tools of advanced technologies with this strain, will allow to deepen our knowledge on the emerging properties of multicellular bacterial life., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)
Published: 2023
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22. Genetic characterization of a novel organoid from human malignant giant-cell tumor.

Author: Suzuki R, Wakamatsu T, Yoshida K, Matsuoka Y, Takami H, Nakai S, Tamiya H, Kakunaga S, Yagi T, Yoshida KI, Imura Y, Yui Y, Sasagawa S, and Takenaka S
Abstract: Malignant giant-cell tumors are extremely rare bone sarcomas that transform from conventional giant-cell tumors during long periods of treatment. Owing to their rarity, no further analysis of their molecular pathogenesis exists, and thus, no standard treatment has been established. Recently, organoid culture methods have been highlighted for recapturing the tumor microenvironment, and we have applied the culture methods and succeeded in establishing patient-derived organoids (PDO) of rare sarcomas. This study aimed to investigate the genomic characteristics of our established novel organoids from human malignant giant-cell tumors. At our institute, we treated a patient with malignant giant-cell tumor. The remaining sarcoma specimens after surgical resection were cultured according to the air-liquid interface organoid-culture method. Organoids were xenografted into NOD-scid IL2Rgnull mice. The developed tumors were histologically and genomically analyzed to compare their characteristics with those of the original tumors. Genetic changes over time throughout treatment were analyzed, and the genomic status of the established organoid was confirmed. Organoids from malignant giant-cell tumors could be serially maintained using air-liquid interface organoid-culture methods. The tumors developed in xenografted NOD-scid IL2Rgnull mice. After several repetitions of the process, a patient-derived organoid line from the malignant giant-cell tumor was established. Immunohistochemical analyses and next-generation sequencing revealed that the established organoids lacked the H3-3A G34W mutation. The xenografted organoids of the malignant giant-cell tumor had phenotypes histologically and genetically similar to those of the original tumor. The established organoids were confirmed to be derived from human malignant giant-cell tumors. In summary, the present study demonstrated a novel organoid model of a malignant giant-cell tumor that was genetically confirmed to be a malignant transformed tumor. Our organoid model could be used to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of a malignant giant-cell tumor and develop novel treatment modalities., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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23. Greedy reduction of Bacillus subtilis genome yields emergent phenotypes of high resistance to a DNA damaging agent and low evolvability.

Author: Dervyn E, Planson AG, Tanaka K, Chubukov V, Guérin C, Derozier S, Lecointe F, Sauer U, Yoshida KI, Nicolas P, Noirot P, and Jules M
Subjects: Phenotype, Mutagenesis, Mutation Rate, Genome, Bacterial genetics, Bacillus subtilis genetics, Bacillus subtilis metabolism
Abstract: Genome-scale engineering enables rational removal of dispensable genes in chassis genomes. Deviating from this approach, we applied greedy accumulation of deletions of large dispensable regions in the Bacillus subtilis genome, yielding a library of 298 strains with genomes reduced up to 1.48 Mb in size. High-throughput physiological phenotyping of these strains confirmed that genome reduction is associated with substantial loss of cell fitness and accumulation of synthetic-sick interactions. Transcriptome analysis indicated that <15% of the genes conserved in our genome-reduced strains exhibited a twofold or higher differential expression and revealed a thiol-oxidative stress response. Most transcriptional changes can be explained by loss of known functions and by aberrant transcription at deletion boundaries. Genome-reduced strains exhibited striking new phenotypes relative to wild type, including a very high resistance (increased >300-fold) to the DNA-damaging agent mitomycin C and a very low spontaneous mutagenesis (reduced 100-fold). Adaptive laboratory evolution failed to restore cell fitness, except when coupled with a synthetic increase of the mutation rate, confirming low evolvability. Although mechanisms underlying this emergent phenotype are not understood, we propose that low evolvability can be leveraged in an engineering strategy coupling reductive cycles with evolutive cycles under induced mutagenesis., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)
Published: 2023
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24. A case of spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with an EP300::VGLL3 fusion.

Author: Yoshida KI, Kukita Y, Nakamura H, Nakai S, Honma K, and Yagi T
Subjects: Adult, Humans, Child, Transcription Factors, E1A-Associated p300 Protein, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal, Rhabdomyosarcoma genetics
Published: 2023
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25. Metabolic dysregulation and decreased capillarization in skeletal muscles of male adolescent offspring rats exposed to gestational intermittent hypoxia.

Author: Wongkitikamjorn W, Wada E, Hosomichi J, Maeda H, Satrawaha S, Hong H, Yoshida KI, Ono T, and Hayashi YK
Abstract: Gestational intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea that occurs frequently during pregnancy, and effects caused by this environmental change during pregnancy may be transmitted to the offspring. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effects of IH in pregnant rats on the skeletal muscle of adolescent offspring rats. Mother rats underwent IH from gestation day 7-21, and their 5-weeks-old male offspring were analyzed. All male offspring rats were born and raised under normoxia conditions. Although no general growth retardation was observed, we found that exposure to gestational IH reduces endurance running capacity of adolescent offspring rats. Both a respiratory muscle (diaphragm; DIA) and a limb muscle (tibialis anterior; TA) showed no histological abnormalities, including fiber size and fiber type distribution. To identify the possible mechanism underlying the reduced running capacity, regulatory factors associated with energy metabolism were analyzed in different parts of skeletal muscles. Compared with rats born under conditions of gestational normoxia, gestational IH offspring rats showed significantly lower expression of genes associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, and lower protein levels of phosphorylated AMPK and AKT. Furthermore, gene expression of adiponectin receptors one and two was significantly decreased in the DIA and TA muscles. In addition, the DIA muscle from adolescent rats had significantly decreased capillary density as a result of gestational IH. However, these changes were not observed in a sucking muscle (geniohyoid) and a masticating muscle (masseter) of these rats. These results suggest that respiratory and limb muscles are vulnerable to gestational IH, which induces altered energy metabolism with decreased aerobic motor function. These changes were partially owing to the decreased expression of adiponectin receptors and decreased capillary density in adolescent offspring rats., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wongkitikamjorn, Wada, Hosomichi, Maeda, Satrawaha, Hong, Yoshida, Ono and Hayashi.)
Published: 2023
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26. Postmorterm Computed Tomography and Autopsy to Confirm Sudden Death Due to Tracheal Compression by Mediastinal Fat Tissue in a Young Man With Obesity.

Author: Maeda H, Matsuno K, Tamura Y, Sogabe S, and Yoshida KI
Abstract: A man in his early twenties with obesity was found dead in his apartment. The deceased was found naked and surrounded by empty bottles of electrolytes. An autopsy performed approximately 6 days postmortem and gross inspection revealed the absence of injury and no apparent extrinsic cause of death. It was decided to dissect to investigate the cause of death. The deceased had become morbidly obese (weight, 98 kg; height, 160 cm; body mass index, 38.3). Shortly before his death, he presented at a clinic complaining of gastric discomfort and heartburn, but other than hypertension (155/91 mmHg) no specific abnormality was found. He was normothermic (36.6℃), and his blood oxygen saturation was normal (97%). Postmortem computed tomography of the thorax revealed a mediastinal mass obstructing the trachea, an upper-airway obstruction, and a narrowed thoracic cavity due to upward compression by an enlarged fatty liver. Autopsy confirmed that the tracheal mass was fatty tissue within the thymus and that upward pressure from an enlarged fatty liver had compressed the thoracic cavity. The deceased likely developed nocturnal chronic hypoxia because of compression by the mediastinal fat mass as well as intermittent hypoxia because of obstructive sleep apnea when lying supine. Chronic and intermittent hypoxia, diabetes, and obesity activate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing the risk of hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Histological findings showed pulmonary congestion and edema, reflecting heart failure as well as myocardial fragmentation and waving, showing hyper-contraction and hyper-relaxation, respectively. Hypertension, feeling overheated, and myocardial hyper-contraction can be explained as sympathetic nerve over-activation. Intra-cardiac coagulation and a renal cortical pallor suggested subacute death from cardiogenic shock due to heart failure. Postmortem computed tomography before autopsy detected airway obstruction and revealed the cause and pathophysiology of unexpected death in a young man with morbid obesity. Therefore, this could be a potentially useful clinical practice for determining the cause of death postmortem., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Maeda et al.)
Published: 2023
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27. Rapid and reliable collection of tumor tissue for successful gene panel in a patient with advanced stage lung cancer: A case report.

Author: Kunimasa K, Inoue T, Kai Y, Kanzaki R, Kawagishi S, Yoshida KI, Honma K, Tamiya M, Kawamura T, and Nishino K
Subjects: Humans, Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration methods, Lymphatic Metastasis, Endosonography methods, Lung Neoplasms genetics, Lung Neoplasms pathology
Abstract: Rapid and reliable identification of targetable driver mutations in patients with advanced stage lung cancer is essential. Adequate amount of tumor tissue biopsies (i.e., genomic biopsies) are required to successfully analyze the gene panel. In the present case, we performed three pleural fluid investigations, including transbronchial biopsy of the primary tumor, transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of lymph node metastasis, and thoracoscopic biopsy of the pleural seeding sites. Among the three investigations, thoracoscopic biopsy alone successfully obtained a sufficient amount of tissue. Thus, it is important to determine the technique and site of biopsy, as multiple biopsies are not only burdensome to the patient, but also lead to significant delays in therapy induction., (© 2022 The Authors. Thoracic Cancer published by China Lung Oncology Group and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
Published: 2023
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28. Constitutive glucose dehydrogenase elevates intracellular NADPH levels and luciferase luminescence in Bacillus subtilis.

Author: Wu Y, Kawabata H, Kita K, Ishikawa S, Tanaka K, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: NADP, Luminescence, Inositol, Luciferases, Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase genetics, Bacillus subtilis genetics
Abstract: Background: Genetic modifications in Bacillus subtilis have allowed the conversion of myo-inositol into scyllo-inositol, which is proposed as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. This conversion comprises two reactions catalyzed by two distinct inositol dehydrogenases, IolG and IolW. The IolW-mediated reaction requires the intracellular regeneration of NADPH, and there appears to be a limit to the endogenous supply of NADPH, which may be one of the rate-determining factors for the conversion of inositol. The primary mechanism of NADPH regeneration in this bacterium remains unclear., Results: The gdh gene of B. subtilis encodes a sporulation-specific glucose dehydrogenase that can use NADP + as a cofactor. When gdh was modified to be constitutively expressed, the intracellular NADPH level was elevated, increasing the conversion of inositol. In addition, the bacterial luciferase derived from Photorhabdus luminescens became more luminescent in cells in liquid culture and colonies on culture plates., Conclusion: The results indicated that the luminescence of luciferase was representative of intracellular NADPH levels. Luciferase can therefore be employed to screen for mutations in genes involved in NADPH regeneration in B. subtilis, and artificial manipulation to enhance NADPH regeneration can promote the production of substances such as scyllo-inositol., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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29. Influence of cardiac function on intermittent hypoxia in rats fed with high-fat diet.

Author: Maeda H, Hosomichi J, Hasumi A, and Yoshida KI
Abstract: A high-fat diet (HFD) accumulates fat in the cardiovascular system, alters the metabolism, and affects cardiac function. Dyslipidemia is associated with the development of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), which is associated with intermittent hypoxia (IH); however, it is unclear whether SAS affects cardiac function in patients with dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how IH affects cardiac function in rats fed with a HFD. Male 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats of two groups (normal diet (SD) and HFD) were divided into IH-exposed and unexposed groups. Zinc protoporphyrin-9 (ZnPPIX) was administered as a heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor to the SD and IH + HFD groups, and cardiac function and blood viscosity were examined. In the IH + HFD group, echocardiography showed an increased fractional shortening (FS), which peaked on day 4. Western blot analysis revealed an increase in HO-1 after 2 weeks. This peak continued even after the HO-1 inhibitor and ZnPPIX were administered. One cause of increased FS is the stagnation of blood flow due to an increased blood viscosity. To be able to send highly viscous blood to every corner of the body, the heart must contract strongly. Therefore, HO-1 is released by the body as a biological defense reaction. HO-1 has a vasodilatory effect and suppresses hyper constriction. Thus, IH exposure to HFD causes and drives transient hyper constriction, releasing HO-1 as a biological response. This led to dilated blood vessels, after which the FS returned to normal., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)
Published: 2022
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30. Functional analysis of a gene cluster for putative bacteriocin deduced from the genome sequence of Aeribacillus pallidus PI8.

Author: Kita K, Yoshida S, Ishikawa S, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Amino Acid Sequence, Bacillaceae, Bacillus subtilis genetics, Bacillus subtilis metabolism, Escherichia coli genetics, Multigene Family, Operon, Bacteriocins chemistry, Bacteriocins genetics
Abstract: Bacteriocins are a large family of peptides synthesized ribosomally by a variety of bacterial species. The genome of one of the thermophilic Gram-positive bacteria, Aeribacillus pallidus PI8, was found to possess an operon comprising five genes possibly involved in the production of a putative bacteriocin that was named pcnABCDE for the production of "pallidocyclicin." This study investigated the function of the pcn operon experimentally. The heterologous expression of the entire pcn operon from the plasmid was toxic to Escherichia coli but not to Bacillus subtilis. However, when the entire pcn operon was expressed constitutively, even the growth of B. subtilis was impaired, and at least pcnA was implied to serve as the precursor of pallidocyclicin. In addition, a strain of B. subtilis expressing the entire pcn operon from the plasmid showed toxicity to another thermophilic species, Geobacillus kaustophilus, at elevated temperatures, whereas another strain lacking pcnE alone from the pcn operon lost the toxicity, suggesting that pcnE might be involved in the biosynthesis of pallidocyclicin when it is produced in B. subtilis.
Published: 2022
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31. A New Tool for the Flexible Genetic Manipulation of Geobacillus kaustophilus .

Author: Amatsu R, Mori K, Ishikawa S, Meijer WJJ, and Yoshida KI
Abstract: Geobacillus kaustophilus , a thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium, is an attractive host for the development of high-temperature bioprocesses. However, its reluctance against genetic manipulation by standard methodologies hampers its exploitation. Here, we describe a simple methodology in which an artificial DNA segment on the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis can be transferred via pLS20-mediated conjugation resulting in subsequent integration in the genome of G. kaustophilus. Therefore, we have developed a transformation strategy to design an artificial DNA segment on the chromosome of B. subtilis and introduce it into G. kaustophilus . The artificial DNA segment can be freely designed by taking advantage of the plasticity of the B. subtilis genome and combined with the simplicity of pLS20 conjugation transfer. This transformation strategy would adapt to various Gram-positive bacteria other than G. kaustophilus . Graphical abstract., Competing Interests: Competing interests This protocol is related to a patent and is only permitted for use in academic research. In particular, the distribution of the strains YNB211 and YNB213 requires the conclusion of an appropriate material transfer agreement., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors; exclusive licensee Bio-protocol LLC.)
Published: 2022
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32. Constitutive expression of the global regulator AbrB restores the growth defect of a genome-reduced Bacillus subtilis strain and improves its metabolite production.

Author: Yamamoto J, Chumsakul O, Toya Y, Morimoto T, Liu S, Masuda K, Kageyama Y, Hirasawa T, Matsuda F, Ogasawara N, Shimizu H, Yoshida KI, Oshima T, and Ishikawa S
Subjects: Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Genome, Bacterial, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism, Bacillus subtilis genetics, Bacillus subtilis metabolism, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Bacterial Proteins metabolism
Abstract: Partial bacterial genome reduction by genome engineering can improve the productivity of various metabolites, possibly via deletion of non-essential genome regions involved in undesirable metabolic pathways competing with pathways for the desired end products. However, such reduction may cause growth defects. Genome reduction of Bacillus subtilis MGB874 increases the productivity of cellulases and proteases but reduces their growth rate. Here, we show that this growth defect could be restored by silencing redundant or less important genes affecting exponential growth by manipulating the global transcription factor AbrB. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that AbrB-regulated genes were upregulated and those involved in central metabolic pathway and synthetic pathways of amino acids and purine/pyrimidine nucleotides were downregulated in MGB874 compared with the wild-type strain, which we speculated were the cause of the growth defects. By constitutively expressing high levels of AbrB, AbrB regulon genes were repressed, while glycolytic flux increased, thereby restoring the growth rate to wild-type levels. This manipulation also enhanced the productivity of metabolites including γ-polyglutamic acid. This study provides the first evidence that undesired features induced by genome reduction can be relieved, at least partly, by manipulating a global transcription regulation system. A similar strategy could be applied to other genome engineering-based challenges aiming toward efficient material production in bacteria., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Kazusa DNA Research Institute.)
Published: 2022
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33. Gestational Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Mitochondrial Impairment in the Geniohyoid Muscle of Offspring Rats.

Author: Wongkitikamjorn W, Hosomichi J, Wada E, Maeda H, Satrawaha S, Hong H, Hayashi YK, Yoshida KI, and Ono T
Abstract: Introduction Gestational intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea during gestation, alters respiratory neural control and diaphragm muscle contractile function in the offspring. The geniohyoid (GH) muscle is innervated by the respiratory-related hypoglossal nerve and plays a role in tongue traction and suckling, motor behaviors that then give way to chewing. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of gestational exposure to IH on the muscle development and metabolism of GH and masseter muscles in male offspring rats. Materials and methods Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to IH (3-min periods of 4-21% O 2 ) for eight hours/day during gestational days 7-20. The GH and masseter muscles from 35-day-old male offspring (n = 6 in each group) were analyzed. Results Gestational IH induction reduced type IIA fiber size in the GH muscle of the offspring but not in the masseter muscle. Western blot analysis showed that gestational IH-induced significant downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) protein in the GH muscle but not in the masseter muscle. Moreover, optic atrophy 1 and mitofusin-2 proteins were decreased and mitochondrial fission 1 protein levels were increased in the GH muscle of the offspring exposed to gestational IH. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase subunit alpha and transcriptional factor A (TFAM) were decreased in the GH muscle post-gestational IH. Conclusion These findings suggest that gestational IH-induced impaired mitochondrial metabolism and alteration of oxidative myofibers of the GH muscle in the pre-adolescent offspring, but not the masseter muscle, owing to the susceptibility of GH muscular mitochondria to gestational IH., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Wongkitikamjorn et al.)
Published: 2022
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34. A novel method for transforming Geobacillus kaustophilus with a chromosomal segment of Bacillus subtilis transferred via pLS20-dependent conjugation.

Author: Mori K, Fukui K, Amatsu R, Ishikawa S, Verrone V, Wipat A, Meijer WJJ, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Chromosomes, Plasmids genetics, Bacillus subtilis genetics, Bacillus subtilis metabolism, Geobacillus genetics
Abstract: Background: Geobacillus kaustophilus is a thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium. Methods for its transformation are still under development. Earlier studies have demonstrated that pLS20catΔoriT mobilized the resident mobile plasmids from Bacillus subtilis to G. kaustophilus and transferred long segments of chromosome from one cell to another between B. subtilis., Results: In this study, we applied mobilization of the B. subtilis chromosome mediated by pLS20catΔoriT to transform G. kaustophilus. We constructed a gene cassette to be integrated into G. kaustophilus and designed it within the B. subtilis chromosome. The pLS20catΔoriT-mediated conjugation successfully transferred the gene cassette from the B. subtilis chromosome into the G. kaustophilus allowing for the desired genetic transformation., Conclusions: This transformation approach described here will provide a new tool to facilitate the flexible genetic manipulation of G. kaustophilus., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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35. Conjugation Operons in Gram-Positive Bacteria with and without Antitermination Systems.

Author: Miguel-Arribas A, Wu LJ, Michaelis C, Yoshida KI, Grohmann E, and Meijer WJJ
Abstract: Genes involved in the same cellular process are often clustered together in an operon whose expression is controlled by an upstream promoter. Generally, the activity of the promoter is strictly controlled. However, spurious transcription undermines this strict regulation, particularly affecting large operons. The negative effects of spurious transcription can be mitigated by the presence of multiple terminators inside the operon, in combination with an antitermination system. Antitermination systems modify the transcription elongation complexes and enable them to bypass terminators. Bacterial conjugation is the process by which a conjugative DNA element is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell. Conjugation involves many genes that are mostly organized in one or a few large operons. It has recently been shown that many conjugation operons present on plasmids replicating in Gram-positive bacteria possess a bipartite antitermination system that allows not only many terminators inside the conjugation operon to be bypassed, but also the differential expression of a subset of genes. Here, we show that some conjugation operons on plasmids belonging to the Inc18 family of Gram-positive broad host-range plasmids do not possess an antitermination system, suggesting that the absence of an antitermination system may have advantages. The possible (dis)advantages of conjugation operons possessing (or not) an antitermination system are discussed.
Published: 2022
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36. Elevated expression of B7 homolog 4 is associated with disease progression in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.

Author: Mizuno T, Kamai T, Tsuzuki T, Nishihara D, Kijima T, Arai K, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Cell Line, Tumor, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Neoplasm Grading, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Proportional Hazards Models, Biomarkers, Tumor, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Urologic Neoplasms genetics, Urologic Neoplasms pathology, V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1 genetics
Abstract: Background: B7 homolog 4 (B7-H4) is a negative regulator of immune responses, but its immunoregulatory role in the tumor microenvironment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remains unclear., Methods: We measured the immunohistochemical expression of B7-H4, CD8 and T cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1), a marker of activated CD8, in 133 patients with UTUC who underwent nephroureterectomy. We also studied the relationship between B7-H4, CD8 and TIA-1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics., Results: B7-H4 was mainly expressed on the surface in tumor cells, while CD8 and TIA-1 were often expressed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Elevated expression of B7-H4 in tumor cells was associated with a poorer histological grade, higher pT stage, regional lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, poorer response of recurrent metastatic lesions to systemic chemotherapy and shorter overall survival. Expression of CD-8 or TIA-1 alone did not correlate directly with clinicopathological characteristics, but among the patients with higher B7-H4 expression in the primary tumors, those with higher CD8 or TIA-1 expression had a better response to systemic chemotherapy, and longer survival, than these with lower CD8 or TIA-1 expression. Cox multivariate regression analysis revealed that higher expression of B7-H4 was associated with shorter overall survival., Conclusions: These findings suggest that B7-H4 expression in the tumor microenvironment influences the progression of UTUC through cancer immunity and metabolic activity. Tumor cell-associated B7-H4 might be a potential target for cancer immunotherapies., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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37. Editorial: Tenascins - Key Players in Tissue Homeostasis and Defense.

Author: Yoshida KI, Midwood KS, and Orend G
Subjects: Disease Management, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Multigene Family, Organ Specificity, Homeostasis, Host-Pathogen Interactions genetics, Host-Pathogen Interactions immunology, Tenascin genetics, Tenascin metabolism
Abstract: Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Published: 2022
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38. From "Bacillus subtilis conference" to "Conference on functional genomics of Gram-positive bacteria".

Author: Yoshida KI
Subjects: Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Bacillus subtilis genetics, Genomics
Published: 2022
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39. Genome sequences of two strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris with the same ancestry but a different capacity to produce exopolysaccharides.

Author: Gotoh Y, Kita K, Tanaka K, Ishikawa S, Suzuki T, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Base Sequence, Lactococcus metabolism, Genome, Bacterial, Lactococcus genetics, Polysaccharides, Bacterial metabolism
Abstract: Strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris are used to produce yogurt containing exopolysaccharides with a sticky texture. When strain G3-2 producing exopolysaccharides was grown at elevated temperatures, a spontaneous mutant EPSC, which had lost exopolysaccharides biosynthesis, was isolated. Genomes of the two strains were determined to be composed of a 2.4-Mb chromosome and up to eleven plasmids, and it was revealed that one of the plasmids encoding the gene cluster for exopolysaccharides biosynthesis was lost selectively in EPSC.
Published: 2021
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40. Myocardial ischemic injury derived from multiple thromboemboli due to eosinophilic endomyocarditis (Löffler endocarditis) causing right ventricular rupture.

Author: Yoshizawa H, Ikeda Y, Hatakeyama K, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Aged, Endocarditis complications, Endocarditis diagnosis, Heart Ventricles pathology, Humans, Male, Myocardial Ischemia pathology, Eosinophilia complications, Eosinophilia diagnosis, Heart Rupture etiology, Myocarditis complications, Myocarditis diagnosis, Thromboembolism complications, Thromboembolism etiology
Published: 2021
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41. Assessment of Bacillus subtilis Plasmid pLS20 Conjugation in the Absence of Quorum Sensing Repression.

Author: Mori K, Verrone V, Amatsu R, Fukui K, Meijer WJJ, Ishikawa S, Wipat A, and Yoshida KI
Abstract: Bacillus subtilis conjugative plasmid pLS20 uses a quorum-sensing mechanism to control expression levels of its conjugation genes, involving the repressor Rco pLS20 , the anti-repressor Rap pLS20 , and the signaling peptide Phr* pLS20 . In previous studies, artificial overexpression of rap pLS20 in the donor cells was shown to enhance conjugation efficiency. However, we found that the overexpression of rap pLS20 led to various phenotypic traits, including cell aggregation and death, which might have affected the correct determination of the conjugation efficiency when determined by colony formation assay. In the current study, conjugation efficiencies were determined under different conditions using a two-color fluorescence-activated flow cytometry method and measuring a single-round of pLS20-mediated transfer of a mobilizable plasmid. Under standard conditions, the conjugation efficiency obtained by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry was 23-fold higher than that obtained by colony formation. Furthermore, the efficiency difference increased to 45-fold when rap pLS20 was overexpressed.
Published: 2021
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42. Skeletal EWSR1-NFATC2 sarcoma previously diagnosed as Ewing-like adamantinoma: A case report and literature review emphasizing its unique radiological features.

Author: Makise N, Yoshida KI, Iijima T, Yoshida A, Ushiku T, and Ishida T
Subjects: Adamantinoma pathology, Adult, Bone Neoplasms pathology, Female, Gene Fusion, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Radiography, Sarcoma pathology, Sarcoma, Ewing pathology, Adamantinoma diagnostic imaging, Bone Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, NFATC Transcription Factors genetics, RNA-Binding Protein EWS genetics, Sarcoma diagnostic imaging, Sarcoma, Ewing diagnostic imaging
Abstract: Ewing-like adamantinoma (EAD) is a rare bone tumor. It remains unclear whether EAD belongs to adamantinoma, Ewing sarcoma (ES), or an independent category. Herein, we present a case of femoral sarcoma previously diagnosed as EAD in a 26-year-old woman. We observed amplified EWSR1 and NFATC2 fusion signals using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Prompted by its unique radiological features, we reviewed the current literature on skeletal EWSR1-NFATC2 sarcoma (ENS) and EAD. In addition to the similar histological features, we found that both ENS and EAD displayed similar characteristic radiological features, such as the tendency to occur in the diaphysis of long bones, cortical expansion and buttressing-type thickening, and bone surface involvement with saucer-like erosion without cortical destruction. We believe that these unique radiological features were related to its indolent behavior. Altogether, it is possible that previously reported EAD cases may be neither ES nor the classic adamantinoma but ENS. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between EAD and ENS., (© 2021 Japanese Society of Pathology and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
Published: 2021
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43. Identification of genes encoding a novel ABC transporter in Lactobacillus delbrueckii for inulin polymers uptake.

Author: Tsujikawa Y, Ishikawa S, Sakane I, Yoshida KI, and Osawa R
Subjects: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters genetics, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Biological Transport, Lactobacillus delbrueckii genetics, Lactobacillus delbrueckii growth & development, RNA-Seq, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters metabolism, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Inulin metabolism, Lactobacillus delbrueckii metabolism, Polymers metabolism
Abstract: Lactobacillus delbrueckii JCM 1002 T grows on highly polymerized inulin-type fructans as its sole carbon source. When it was grown on inulin, a > 10 kb long gene cluster inuABCDEF (Ldb1381-1386) encoding a plausible ABC transporter was suggested to be induced, since a transcriptome analysis revealed that the fourth gene inuD (Ldb1384) was up-regulated most prominently. Although Bacillus subtilis 168 is originally unable to utilize inulin, it became to grow on inulin upon heterologous expression of inuABCDEF. When freshly cultured cells of the recombinant B. subtilis were then densely suspended in buffer containing inulin polymers and incubated, inulin gradually disappeared from the buffer and accumulated in the cells without being degraded, whereas levan-type fructans did not disappear. The results imply that inuABCDEF might encode a novel ABC transporter in L. delbrueckii to "monopolize" inulin polymers selectively, thereby, providing a possible advantage in competition with other concomitant inulin-utilizing bacteria., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
Published: 2021
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44. Single nucleotide variants of succinate dehydrogenase A gene in renal cell carcinoma.

Author: Kamai T, Higashi S, Murakami S, Arai K, Namatame T, Kijima T, Abe H, Jamiyan T, Ishida K, Shirataki H, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Adult, Aged, Carcinoma, Renal Cell metabolism, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, HeLa Cells, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Kidney Neoplasms metabolism, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein genetics, Carcinoma, Renal Cell genetics, Down-Regulation, Electron Transport Complex II genetics, Electron Transport Complex II metabolism, Kidney Neoplasms genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Abstract: Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is mainly associated with a mutation in the SDHB gene and sometimes with mutations in the SDHC or SDHD genes. However, only three cases of succinate dehydrogenase A (SDHA)-deficient RCC have been reported, and the relation between SDHA mutations and RCC has not been clarified. This study assessed the role of SDHA gene mutations in human RCC. We investigated SDHA/B/C/D gene mutations in 129 human RCCs. Targeted next-generation sequencing and direct Sanger sequencing revealed single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of the SDHA gene with amino acid sequence variations in 11/129 tumors, while no SDHB/C/D gene mutations were found. Tumor cells with SNVs of the SDHA gene were characterized by eosinophilic cytoplasm and various patterns of proliferation. Immunohistochemistry examination found that the 11 tumors with SNVs of the SDHA gene showed significant reduction of SDHA protein and SDHB protein expression compared to the 19 tumors without SDHA or SDHB mutations (both P < .0001). Western blotting showed a greater decrease in the expression of SDHA and SDHB proteins in the 11 tumors with SNVs of the SDHA gene than in the 19 tumors without (both P < .0001). There was a positive correlation between SDHA and SDHB protein levels (P < .0001). On immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, the 11 tumors with SNVs of the SDHA gene had higher protein expression for nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) compared to the 19 tumors without the mutation (P < .01). These observations suggest that SDHA gene mutations might be associated with a subset of RCC., (© 2021 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.)
Published: 2021
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45. Pathology of Pulmonary Vein Isolation in a Patient With Transthyretin-Related Amyloidosis.

Author: Obikane H, Migita S, Yoshida KI, Shimodai-Yamada S, Okumura Y, and Hao H
Abstract: Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Published: 2021
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46. Increased expression of adenosine 2A receptors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma is associated with poorer response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and anti-PD-1/Anti-CTLA4 antibodies and shorter survival.

Author: Kamai T, Kijima T, Tsuzuki T, Nukui A, Abe H, Arai K, and Yoshida KI
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Biomarkers, Tumor metabolism, Carcinoma, Renal Cell drug therapy, Carcinoma, Renal Cell metabolism, Carcinoma, Renal Cell pathology, Case-Control Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Kidney Neoplasms drug therapy, Kidney Neoplasms metabolism, Kidney Neoplasms secondary, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Receptor, Adenosine A2A genetics, Retrospective Studies, Survival Rate, Young Adult, CTLA-4 Antigen antagonists & inhibitors, Carcinoma, Renal Cell mortality, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors therapeutic use, Kidney Neoplasms mortality, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor antagonists & inhibitors, Receptor, Adenosine A2A metabolism, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A antagonists & inhibitors
Abstract: Background: Adenosine and its adenosine 2A receptors (A2AR) mediate the immunosuppressive mechanism by which tumors escape immunosurveillance and impede anti-tumor immunity within the tumor microenvironment. However, we do not know whether the adenosine pathway (CD39/CD73/A2AR) plays a role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Therefore, we studied the role of immunosuppression in RCC by assessing the adenosine pathway in patients with RCC treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents or immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs) or both., Methods: In 60 patients with metastatic RCC, we examined the expression of CD39, CD73, A2AR, and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemically in surgically resected tumor tissues and studied the clinicopathological characteristics of these patients. Patients were treated by cytoreductive nephrectomy with systemic therapy with anti-VEGF agent or a combination of the ICIs anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) antibody and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody., Results: Increased expression of A2AR in the primary tumors was associated with metastatic profiles. Patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibody in monotherapy, a combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies, or anti-VEGF agents showed better response and longer overall survival if the primary tumor had higher PD-L1 expression and lower A2AR expression. In Cox multivariate regression analysis, higher expression of A2AR was associated with shorter overall survival., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the expression of A2AR and PD-L1 in the primary tumors in RCC might predict the outcomes of treatment with anti-VEGF agents and ICIs and that the A2AR pathway might be a molecular target for immunotherapy.
Published: 2021
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47. Selective β2-Adrenoceptor Blockade Rescues Mandibular Growth Retardation in Adolescent Rats Exposed to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia.

Author: Hong H, Hosomichi J, Maeda H, Ishida Y, Usumi-Fujita R, Yoshida KI, and Ono T
Abstract: Activation of the sympathoadrenal system is associated with sleep apnea-related symptoms and metabolic dysfunction induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH). IH can induce hormonal imbalances and growth retardation of the craniofacial bones. However, the relationship between IH and β2-adrenergic receptor signaling in the context of skeletal growth regulation is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of β2-adrenergic receptors in IH-induced mandibular growth retardation and bone metabolic alterations. Male 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to IH for 3 weeks. IH conditions were established using original customized hypoxic chambers; IH was induced at a rate of 20 cycles per hour (oxygen levels changed from 4 to 21% in one cycle) for 8 h per day during the 12 h "lights on" period. The rats received intraperitoneal administration of a β2-adrenergic antagonist (butoxamine) or saline. To exclude dietary effects on general growth, the normoxic rats with saline, normoxic rats with butoxamine, and IH rats with butoxamine were subjected to food restriction to match the body weight gains between IH and other three groups. Body weight, heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma concentrations of leptin, serotonin, and growth hormone were measured. Bone growth and metabolism were evaluated using radiography, microcomputed tomography, and immunohistochemical staining. Plasma leptin levels were significantly increased, whereas that of serotonin and growth hormone were significantly decreased following IH exposure. Leptin levels recovered following butoxamine administration. Butoxamine rescued IH-induced mandibular growth retardation, with alterations in bone mineral density at the condylar head of the mandible. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly lower expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in the condylar head of IH-exposed rats. Conversely, recovery of RANKL expression was observed in IH-exposed rats administered with butoxamine. Collectively, our findings suggest that the activation of β2-adrenergic receptors and leptin signaling during growth may be involved in IH-induced skeletal growth retardation of the mandible, which may be mediated by concomitant changes in RANKL expression at the growing condyle., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Hong, Hosomichi, Maeda, Ishida, Usumi-Fujita, Yoshida and Ono.)
Published: 2021
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48. Intermittent hypoxia induces turbinate mucosal hypertrophy via upregulating the gene expression related to inflammation and EMT in rats.

Author: Kuma YI, Hosomichi J, Maeda H, Oishi S, Usumi-Fujita R, Shimizu Y, Kaneko S, Suzuki JI, Yoshida KI, and Ono T
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Male, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition physiology, Hypertrophy physiopathology, Hypoxia physiopathology, Inflammation physiopathology, Mucous Membrane physiopathology, Turbinates physiopathology, Up-Regulation physiology
Abstract: Purpose: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) plays a pivotal role in the consequences of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It has been demonstrated that IH impairs nasomaxillary complex growth to reduce nasal airway cavity size in rodent models. Although turbinate dysfunction with inflammatory mucosal hypertrophy is related to OSA, the role of IH in turbinate hypertrophy with inflammation-driven fibrosis is unknown. Here, we aimed to clarify the pathogenesis of inflammatory mucosal hypertrophy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the nasal turbinate under IH., Methods: Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to IH (4% O 2 to 21% O 2 with 0% CO 2 ) at a rate of 20 cycles/h., Results: Hypertrophy of the turbinate mucosa occurred after 3 weeks, with the turbinate mucosa of the experimental group becoming significantly thicker than in the control group. Immunostaining showed that IH increased the expression of TGFβ and N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin expression in the turbinate mucosa. Quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that IH enhanced the expression of not only the inflammatory markers Tnf-a, Il-1b, and Nos2 but also the EMT markers Tgf-b1, Col1a1, and Postn., Conclusions: Collectively, these results suggest that IH induced turbinate hypertrophy via upregulation of gene expression related to inflammation and EMT in the nasal mucosa.
Published: 2021
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49. Confirmation of NKX3-1 Expression in EWSR1-NFATC2 Sarcoma and Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Using Monoclonal Antibody Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and RNA In Situ Hybridization.

Author: Yoshida A, Hashimoto T, Ryo E, Yoshida KI, Motoi T, Yatabe Y, and Mori T
Subjects: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Homeodomain Proteins, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, In Situ Hybridization, NFATC Transcription Factors genetics, RNA, RNA-Binding Protein EWS genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Transcription Factors, Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal diagnosis, Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal genetics, Sarcoma genetics
Abstract: Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: Supported in part by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists 18K15108 (A.Y.). The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.
Published: 2021
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50. Intermittent hypoxia retards mandibular growth and alters RANKL expression in adolescent and juvenile rats.

Author: Hong H, Hosomichi J, Maeda H, Lekvijittada K, Oishi S, Ishida Y, Usumi-Fujita R, Kaneko S, Suzuki JI, Yoshida KI, and Ono T
Subjects: Animals, Male, Mandible diagnostic imaging, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, X-Ray Microtomography, Hypoxia complications, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
Abstract: Objectives: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH), a common state experienced in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), retards mandibular growth in adolescent rats. The aim of this study was to elucidate the differential effects of IH on mandibular growth in different growth stages., Materials and Methods: Three-week-old (juvenile stage) and 7-week-old (adolescent stage) male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent IH for 3 weeks. Age-matched control rats were exposed to room air. Mandibular growth was evaluated by radiograph analysis, micro-computed tomography, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistology. Tibial growth was evaluated as an index of systemic skeletal growth., Results: IH had no significant impact on the general growth of either the juvenile or adolescent rats. However, it significantly decreased the total mandibular length and the posterior corpus length of the mandible in the adolescent rats and the anterior corpus length in the juvenile rats. IH also increased bone mineral density (BMD) of the condylar head in adolescent rats but did not affect the BMD of the tibia. Immunohistological analysis showed that the expression level of receptor activation of nuclear factor-κB ligand significantly decreased (in contrast to its messenger ribonucleicacid level) in the condylar head of adolescent rats with IH, while the number of osteoprotegerin-positive cells was comparable in the mandibles of adolescent IH rats and control rats., Limitations: The animal model could not simulate the pathological conditions of OSA completely and there were differences in bone growth between humans and rodents., Conclusions: These results suggest that the susceptibility of mandibular growth retardation to IH depends on the growth stage of the rats., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2021
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