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While Saudi coffee (SC) holds deep cultural and historical significance within the Kingdom, rising global exposure and modern coffee shops are driving domestic consumers toward other coffee (OC) varieties. In this context, this study has two objectives: First, to segment the coffee market and analyze how consumer characteristics vary among its components, and second, to estimate the coffee expenditure function. The study data were collected through our custom online survey. We employed a multinomial probit model to estimate choices within the identified market segments of individuals consuming: (1) SC, (2) OC varieties, such as American or Turkish coffee and (3) Both Saudi and OC types. Additionally, we applied an ordered probit model to estimate coffee-related expenditure. The results offer valuable insights for marketing and policy considerations relevant to the concurrent government’s efforts as consumers are increasing their consumption of OC types.

The primary objective of the study is to determine how environmental performance is affected by several factors, including trade freedom, industrial production, urbanization, financial inclusion, and energy efficiency. This research provides a novel perspective on the environmental performance of Belt and Roads Initiatives (BRI) member states by employing panel data from 1991 to 2021. It contributes to our understanding of the role of several factors in improving environmental performance. Panel data analysis also incorporates the CD, CIPS, FMOLS, DOLS, and PMG-ARDL tests. This research possesses substantial theoretical ramifications, as it might enable the expansion and refinement of current economic and environmental theories. As per the findings of this research, each factor significantly affects environmental performance (ecological foot-point). This contributes to short-term environmental issues by conserving resources and lowering emissions, creating the framework for long-term environmentally friendly procedures and innovation. Strong environmental policies that may cause effective environmental performance in Belt and Roads Initiatives (BRI) countries.

Environmental laws in Saudi Arabia ban the using of local firewood, restricting consumers to only imported types. Hence, the study aims to investigate the factors affecting consumers’ choices of imported firewood. To obtain variations in consumers' choices of firewood, in the absence of local firewood, the study employed the stated preference approach to estimate the probability of choosing imported firewood using Logistic regression. The results pose that environmental attitudes and knowledge positively affect imported firewood choices while the aroma and country of origin negatively influence the imported firewood selection. Shopping from stores of recreational supplies and supermarkets increases the likelihood of selecting imported firewood. The collection available in the bagged logs shows a positive effect in selecting imported firewood. The essential of findings supply to shift preferences toward imported firewood comprise increasing environmental awareness, importing logs with a similar aroma to that of local types, and providing labels for the exporter countries. As local firewood is illegal, the latter insight might stimulate the selection mentality among only imported types of firewood.

The goal of this study was to look at the economic relationship between energy, water use, and plant and animal food production in Saudi Arabia from 1995 to 2020. The results showed that about 55.5%, 82.4%, and 2.5% of changes in the index of plant and animal food production were related to changes in the consumption of water, electricity, and diesel, respectively, using an econometric analysis and the partial correlation coefficient of the second order. The proposed model demonstrated that a 10% change in predicted water, power, or fuel consumption resulted in a 1.97%, 2.78%, and 0.73% change in the index of plant and animal food production, respectively. In light of the Green Middle East Initiative, which intended to minimize carbon emissions, and Saudi agriculture’s goal of rationalizing water use, the country’s total consumption does not exceed 8 billion m3 of renewable groundwater. This is intended to reduce the use of fuel and increase the use of electricity in the agricultural sector. This rationalizing water consumption, reducing diesel consumption, and expanding electricity consumption affects the production of plant and animal food. In light of the strong interdependence between water, energy, and food production, the agricultural policy has become necessary to increase the amount supplied or available for water to be used in food production, in addition to expanding the production of clean energy and its use in the agricultural sector.

Saudi Arabia aims to enhance the productivity of fish production and culture of consumption of fish products and increase the export of fish products through implementing the National Transformation Program. This study aimed to identify the current status of marine fish production and most critical climatic and environmental factors affecting the production of natural fisheries and estimate the maximum sustainable yield in Saudi Arabia by focusing on the primary fisheries in the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea during the period 2000–2019. We found that the most important economic, climatic, and environmental factors affecting marine fish production in Saudi Arabia were the number of industrial fishing boats, number of fishers, and wind speed. There was a significant positive relationship between the quantity of fish production in Saudi’s fisheries and the number of industrial fishing boats and fisher numbers. In contrast, there was an inverse relationship between wind speed and fish production in these fisheries. The total output elasticity was 0.10, which is less than 1, indicating that fish production in these fisheries is in the second production stage, which is called the economic production stage. In contrast, there is an opportunity to increase the production variables with diminishing returns. Schaefer’s model analysis confirmed the ability to increase production in most of the study period in both the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea with fishing production not exceeding the maximum sustainable level.