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This study aimed to isolate and characterize fungi from freshwater environments in South Korea and evaluate their extracellular enzyme activities. Fungal strains were collected from various freshwater sources and identified using phylogenetic analysis. The isolated fungi included known aquatic hyphomycetes and previously unreported species. Extracellular enzyme, including those of protease, amylase, lipase, cellulase, laccase, and chitinase, activities were evaluated. Among the isolated strains, several showed high enzyme activity, suggesting their potential role in organic matter decomposition in freshwater ecosystems. This research expands our knowledge of the diversity and enzyme activities of the fungi in freshwater environments, contributing to our understanding of their ecological roles.

In this study, we isolated several fungal strains from filtered water and sediment collected from rivers and streams. The strains were identified by molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA sequences (internal transcribed spacer [ITS], large subunit of ribosomal DNA [LSU]). The morphological characteristics of the fungi were investigated using microscopy, and the culture characteristics of fungi grown on several media were examined. We identified four species previously unknown in South Korea, namely, Dissophora globulifera, Linnemannia exigua, Mortierella rishikesha and Umbelopsis autotrophica.

This study aimed to isolated wild yeasts from freshwater in Korea. The strains were identified by using the D1/D2 domains of the 26S rDNA regions. Consequently, six strains were named as Apiotrichum chiropterorum (NNIBRFG36995), A. domesticum (NNIBRFG32938), A. dulcitum (NNIBRFG33144), A . laibachii (NNIBRFG36991), Saprochaete quercus (NNIBRFG33183) and Tausonia pullulans (NNIBRFG33181). These yeasts have not previously been recorded in Korea, this paper is the first report. We were investigated to the morphological and cultural characteristics of these yeasts. All the strains grew well on Yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD), Potato dextrose (PD), and Yeast mold (YM) media and in temperature range of 15-30℃. A. domesticum (NNIBRFG32938), A . laibachii (NNIBRFG36991) and T. pullulans (NNIBRFG33181) grew even in 20% glucose containing YPD medium, so they had glucose tolerance. A. domesticum (NNIBRFG32938) and A . laibachii (NNIBRFG36991) had salt resistance as growing even in 5% NaCl containing YPD medium.

Hypocreales is one of the largest orders within the class Sordariomycetes in Ascomycota. Several species of this order are cosmopolitan and have a broad range of habitats. Here, we isolated several fungal strains from environmental samples, including freshwater sediment and plant litter. The strains were identified via molecular and phylogenetic analyses of rDNA and other DNA markers, such as TUB, RPB2, and EF1. The morphological characteristics of the fungi were investigated using microscopy, and culture characteristics were assessed from their growth on several media. We identified 17 species previously unrecorded in Korea: Dactylonectria hordeicola, Flavocillium bifurcatum, Fusarium luffae, Ilyonectria ilicicola, Ilyonectria qitaiheensis, Ilyonectria robusta, Lecanicillium aphanocladii, Nectria ulmicola, Neonectria lugdunensis, Ovicillium oosporum, Pseudonectria foliicola, Sarocladium spinificis,, Scolecofusarium ciliatum, Trichoderma appalachiense, Trichoderma subviride, Trichoderma taiwanense, and Trichoderma tsugarense.

Various freshwater ecosystems, such as streams, lakes and rivers, provide a dynamic habitat for fungi. In this study, we isolated several fungal strains from freshwater sediment and plant litter. The strains were identified using molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA and beta tubulin (TUB) sequences. Morphological characteristics of the fungi were also investigated using microscopy and culture characteristics of the fungi grown on several media. We identified seven species previously unrecorded in Korea, Nothophoma spiraeae, Westerdykella aquatica, W. aurantiaca, W. dispersa, Chrysosporium sanyaense, C.pseudomerdarium and Taeniolella phialosperma.

Five halophytic plant species, Suaeda maritima, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda australis, Phragmites australis, and Suaeda glauca Bunge, which are native to the Muan salt marsh of South Korea, were examined for fungal endophytes by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region containing ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2. In total, 160 endophytic fungal strains were isolated and identified from the roots of the 5 plant species. Taxonomically, all 160 strains belonged to the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota. The most dominant genus was Fusarium, followed by the genera Penicillium and Alternaria. Subsequently, using 5 statistical methods, the diversity indices of the endophytes were determined at genus level. Among these halophytic plants, P. australis was found to host the greatest diversity of endophytic fungi. Culture filtrates of endophytic fungi were treated to Waito-C rice seedlings for plant growth-promoting effects. The fungal strain Su-3-4-3 isolated from S. glauca Bunge provide the maximum plant length (20.1 cm) in comparison with wild-type Gibberella fujikuroi (19.6 cm). Consequently, chromatographic analysis of the culture filtrate of Su-3-4-3 showed the presence of physiologically active gibberellins, GA1 (0.465 ng/mL), GA3 (1.808 ng/mL) along with other physiologically inactive GA9 (0.054 ng/mL) and GA24 (0.044 ng/mL). The fungal isolate Su-3-4-3 was identified as Talaromyces pinophilus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]