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This study investigates dubbing strategies used in Korean-to-English film translations to identify differences between on-screen and off-screen dubbing. The data comprises 12 original and English-dubbed Korean film DVDs released in North America in the 21st century. Using a multimodal corpus ELAN, the film texts are segmented into individual shots, with the dubbed dialogue analyzed based on shot sizes and sound types. Findings reveal that the dubbing of on-screen and off-screen dialogue is independent of each other, indicating the use of distinct approaches in dubbing Korean film dialogue into English. Reduction emerges as the most prevalent translation strategy, regardless of whether the characters are on-screen or off-screen. The study further explores how the linguistic characteristics of the English and Korean contribute to the necessity of reduction in dubbing to match the length of speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wereport the successful multifunctional colloids that enable reversiblephase transfer between organic and aqueous phases via layer-by-layer(LbL) assembly. These colloids exhibited a high level of dispersionstability in a variety of solvents ranging from nonpolar to aqueousmedia, based on the type of outermost layer adsorbed onto the colloids.Hydrophobic nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using carboxylic acidor ammonium moiety-based ligands (i.e., oleic acid or tetraoctylammonium)in a nonpolar solvent (toluene, hexane, or chloroform) were directlydeposited onto dendrimer-coated SiO2colloids via ligandexchange between the hydrophobic ligands and the amine-functionalizeddendrimers in the same organic solvent. Additionally, these hydrophobicNPs were adsorbed onto the colloids forming the densely packed layerstructure that could not be easily achieved by conventional electrostaticLbL assembly. The subsequent adsorption of amine-functionalized dendrimersonto hydrophobic NP-coated colloids led to well-dispersed colloidsin aqueous media as well as alcohol solvent and possibly induced thedeposition of electrostatic LbL-assembled films, such as (cationicAuNP/anionic polyelectrolyte (PE))nor (cationic PE/anionic enzyme)nmultilayers. Furthermore, the additional deposition of ligand exchange-inducedmultilayers (i.e., (dendrimer/hydrophobic NP)n) onto electrostatic multilayer-coated colloids produced colloidswith highly dispersible properties in organic media. Given that previousapproaches to the reversible phase transfer of colloids have dependedon the physicochemical properties of selective ligands under limitedand specific conditions, our approach may provide a basis for thedesign and exploitation of high-performance colloids with tailoredfunctionality in a variety of solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust method for preparing nanocomposite multilayers was developed to facilitate the assembly of well-defined hydrophobic nanoparticles (i.e., metal and transition metal oxide NPs) with a wide range of functionalities. The resulting multilayers were stable in both organic and aqueous media and were characterized by a high NP packing density. For example, inorganic NPs (including Ag, Au, Pd, Fe₃O₄, MnO₂) dispersed in organic media [corrected]were shown to undergo layer-by-layer assembly with amine-functionalized polymers to form nanocomposite multilayers while incurring minimal physical and chemical degradation of the inorganic NPs. In addition, the nanocomposite multilayer films formed onto flat and colloidal substrates could directly induce the adsorption of the electrostatically charged layers without the need for additional surface treatments. This approach is applicable to the preparation of electronic film devices, such as nonvolatile memory devices requiring a high memory performance (ON/OFF current ratio >10(3) and good memory stability).