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Using Sprague-Dawley rats and rat PC12 cells treated with sodium fluoride (NaF), we investigated the effects of SIK2-CRTC1 signaling on the neurobehavioral toxicity induced by fluoride. The in vivo results demonstrated that NaF treatment induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in juvenile rats, resulting in histological and ultrastructural abnormalities in the rat hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, NaF exposure induced neuronal loss and excessive apoptosis. We also found that NaF elevated the expression of SIK2 and reduced the expression of CRTC1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and VGF. The in vitro results showed that NaF suppressed cell viability, induced SIK2-CRTC1 signaling dysfunction, and caused excessive apoptosis in PC12 cells. Notably, targeted knockout of SIK2 with SIK2-siRNA or blocking of SIK2-CRTC1 signaling with 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) (as well as venlafaxine) can reduce apoptosis and increase cell viability in vitro. These findings suggest that neuronal death resulting from abnormal SIK2-CRTC1 signaling contributes to neurobehavioral toxicity induced by fluoride.

A total of 649 children aged 7–13 years of age were recruited in a cross-sectional study in Tongxu County, China (2017) to assess the effects of interaction between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SOD2 and SOD3 gene and fluoride exposure on dental fluorosis (DF) status. Associations between biomarkers and DF status were evaluated. Logistic regression suggested that the risk of DF in children with rs10370 GG genotype and rs5746136 TT genotype was 1.89-fold and 1.72-fold than that in children with TT/CC genotype, respectively. Increased T-SOD activity was associated with a lower risk of DF (OR = 0.99). The rs2855262*rs10370*UF model was regarded as the optimal interaction model in generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analyses. Our findings suggested that rs4880 and rs10370 might be useful genetic markers for DF, and there might be interactions among rs10370 in SOD2, rs2855262 in SOD3, and fluoride exposure on DF status.

Prenatal air pollution, protein C (PROC) gene abnormal methylation, and genetic mutation can cause a series of neonatal diseases, but the complex relationship between them remains unclear. Here, we recruited 552 mothers and their own babies during January 2010-January 2012 in Zhengzhou to explore such association. The air pollutant data was obtained from the Environmental Monitoring Stations. The rs1799809 genotype and the methylation levels at the promoter region of PROC in genomic DNA samples were detected respectively by TaqMan probe and quantitative methylation specific PCR using real-time PCR system. The results show that the levels of neonatal PROC methylation were negatively associated with concentrations of NO2 during the entire pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester. Of particular significance, only in newborns carrying rs1799809 AA genotype, negatively significant associations between PROC methylation levels and exposure concentrations of air pollutants were observed. Further, we observed a significant interactive effect between neonatal rs1799809 genotype and SO2 exposure during the entire pregnancy on neonatal PROC methylation levels. Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants specifically was associated with the neonatal PROC promoter methylation level of newborns carrying the rs1799809 AA genotype. Taken together, these findings suggest that neonatal PROC methylation levels are associated with prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants, and this association can be modified by rs1799809 genotype.

A number of studies have explored the association between ambient temperature and preterm birth (PTB), but rarely among adolescent mothers.To estimate the effects of ambient temperature on the risk of PTB and gestational age of newborns delivered by adolescent mothers in rural areas of Henan province.We obtained 5394 medical records of adolescent mothers with results of pre-pregnancy physical examination and pregnancy outcomes from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project (NFPHEP) in Henan province. Meteorological information was obtained from the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System. Individual exposure levels were evaluated with an inverse distance-weighted model. A multiple logistic regression model and multiple linear regression model were used to estimate the effects of ambient temperature on the risk of PTB and gestational age, respectively. Stratified and interaction analyses were also performed.Of newborns in this study, 3.45% (186/5394) were PTB. Mean, maximum and minimum temperature during the entire pregnancy, especially the last 1-4 weeks of pregnancy, were positively associated with the risk of PTB and negatively associated with gestational age (P 0.05). Nevertheless, a masking effect was observed that gestational age was positively associated with ambient temperature during the first trimester of pregnancy, due to the strongly inverse correlation between ambient temperature during the early and late stages of pregnancy. Stratified analyses showed that increasing temperature during the last 1-4 weeks of pregnancy increased the risk of PTB and decreased gestational age in newborns born in the cold season (P 0.05). Furthermore, interaction analyses showed that birth season modified the effects of temperature on the gestational age (PElevated ambient temperature can decrease gestational age and increase the risk of PTB in offspring of adolescent mothers in rural areas. The birth season may modify the effects of temperature on gestational age.

Due to the poor living and healthcare conditions, preterm birth (PTB) in rural population is a pressing health issue. However, PTB studies in rural population are rare. To explore the effects of air pollutants on PTB in rural population, we collected 697,316 medical records during 2014–2016 based on the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between air pollutants and PTB and the modifying effects of demographic characteristics. Relative contribution and principal component analysis-generalized linear model (PCA-GLM) analysis were used to explore the most significant air pollutant and gestational period. Our results demonstrated that PTB risk is positively associated with exposure to air pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO, while negatively associated with O3 exposure (P

Gold nanorods (GNRs) modified with functional molecules are useful in chemical and biological sensing. In this work, the extinction spectrum of purified GNRs prepared by seed-mediated growth is systematically characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy to test its stability before and after alkane-thiol modification. The results show that purification of GNRs makes the GNRs less stable, while a GNRs colloid solution functionalized by 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), 3,3′-dithiobis[6-nitrobenzoic acid]bis(succinimide)ester (DSNB), or 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA), respectively is stable over time. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a sample protein can be successfully attached to DSNB modified GNRs and form stable BSA–DSNB-GNRs probes. The red-shift observed in the extinction spectrum due to the BSA attachment is consistent over repeated experiments. Finally, anti-PSA (prostate-specific antigen) as a capture antibody is also attached to DSNB-modified GNRs. The attached anti-PSA is capable of interacting with prostate-specific antigens and induces a further red-shift, suggesting potential applications of thiol modified GNRs in bio-sensing.

Formation of an orthogonal supramolecular polymer on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface was demonstrated for the first time by means of scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to characterize the variation of both the thickness and the topography of the film formed from (1) monomer 1, (2) monomer 1/Zn(2+), and (3) monomer 1/Zn(2+)/cross-linker 2, respectively. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to monitor the self-assembly behavior of monomer 1 itself, as well as 1/Zn(2+) ions binary system on graphite surface, further testifying for the formation of linear polymer via coordination interaction at the single molecule level. These results, given by the strong surface characterization tool of SPM, confirm the formation of the orthogonal polymer on the surface of graphite, which has great significance in regard to fabricating a complex superstructure on surfaces.

We consider multidimensional bit interleaved coded modulation with iterative decoding (MD-BICM-ID) using 8-PSK constellations. We show that an optimum MD-labeling with a designed interleaver outperforms the two dimensional BICM-ID in the whole SNR region when modulation doping is used to compensate for the loss at the low SNR regions. In addition to this, a new interleaver design for MD-BICM-ID is introduced.