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Overexposure to transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-β1) induces myofibroblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which could be attenuated by myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) supernatant. However, the promyofibroblastic effects of TGF-β1 and the antimyofibroblastic effects of MDSC supernatant in MSCs have not been fully elucidated. To further clarify the latent mechanism and identify underlying therapeutic targets, we used an integrative strategy combining transcriptomics and metabolomics. Bone marrow MSCs were collected 24 h following TGF-β1 and MDSC supernatant treatment for RNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomic analysis. The integrated data were then analyzed to identify significant gene-metabolite correlations. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were assessed by Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses for exploring the mechanisms of myofibroblastic differentiation of MSCs. The integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data highlighted significantly coordinated changes in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and purine metabolism following TGF-β1 and MDSC supernatant treatment. By combining transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, this study showed that glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and purine metabolism were essential for the myofibroblastic differentiation of MSCs and may serve as promising targets for mechanistic research and clinical practice in the treatment of fibrosis by MDSC supernatant.

The development of micro/nanofluidic techniques has recently revived interest in dynamic shear flow at liquid-solid interfaces. When the nature of the liquid-solid boundaries was revisited, the slip of the fluids relative to the solid wall was predicted theoretically and confirmed experimentally. This indicates that the molecular-level structures of the liquid-solid interfaces will be influenced by the liquid flow over certain temporal and spatial criteria. However, the fluid flow at the boundary layer still cannot be precisely predicted and effectively controlled, somehow limiting its practical applications. Here, we summarize the recent advances for the microscopic structures at the liquid-solid interfaces upon shear flow. Special attention was given to a second-order nonlinear optical technique, sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, which is a powerful tool for exploring the molecular-level structures and structural dynamics at the liquid-solid interfaces and offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the fluid slip at the interfaces. Moreover, we discuss the possible approaches for controlling the interfacial slip at the molecular level and highlight the current challenges and opportunities. Although the theoretical framework of the slip at the liquid-solid interfaces is still incomplete, we hope that this Perspective will complement and enhance our understanding of various interfacial properties and phenomena with respect to practical non-equilibrium dynamic processes happening at the interfaces.

Revealing interfacial shear-induced structural responsiveness has long been an important topic in that most fluids in nature and human life are in motion and cause interesting boundary phenomena. It is amazing how the polymer chain conformation or local structural features at a boundary change under the effective shear condition. In this study, microfluidic-assisted sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation are combined to reveal that the shear flow can effectively block the so-called thermal coil-to-globule transition of the poly(

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that macrophages are significantly involved in different renal diseases. However, the role of these renal infiltrating macrophages has not been entirely uncovered. To further clarify the underlying mechanism and identify therapeutic targets, a bioinformatic analysis based on transcriptome profiles was performed. METHODS: Three transcription profiling datasets, GSE27045, GSE51466 and GSE75808, were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were assessed by Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). RESULTS: The classic signaling pathways and metabolic pathways of macrophages infiltrating the kidney in different pathophysiological processes, including lupus nephritis (LN), renal crystal formation and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), were analysed. Furthermore, the common classical pathways significantly altered in the three renal disorders were the oxidative phosphorylation, VEGF signaling and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, while the renin-angiotensin system was uniquely altered in LN, the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways were uniquely altered in models of renal crystal formation, and the calcium signaling pathway was specific to renal IRI. CONCLUSIONS: Via bioinformatics analysis, this study revealed the transcriptional features of macrophages in murine LN, renal crystal formation and IRI models, which may serve as promising targets for mechanistic research and the clinical treatment of multiple renal diseases.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a ubiquitous nonfermentative gram-negative bacillus, residing in nature widely as a conditional pathogen that is commonly isolated from nosocomial infection cases, having a larger genome (5.5–7 Mbp). P. aeruginosa possesses great environmental adaptability and higher mutation rates, which accounts for its ability to resist antibiotics. Furthermore, multi-antibiotics-resistant P. aeruginosa has recently been established to be responsible for increased nosocomial infection incidence. Therefore, to detect, diagnose, and treat this life-threatening infection early enough, we introduced a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method of rapid P. aeruginosa detection, which is time-saving, convenient, highly sensitive, and more specific than the traditional bacterial culture method. System effectiveness and efficiency were then determined by a series of experiments, where specific RPA primers and probes accurately distinguished P. aeruginosa from other common pathogenic bacteria with optimal RPA reaction procedures set at 39 °C for 20 min. Additionally, specific primers and probes were designed based on the oprF gene sequence of P. aeruginosa. Subsequently, a real-time RPA system was used to analyze 20 cases of different clinical samples for P. aeruginosa detection in blood, open wound swab, and sputum. Results indicated that this system was suitable for bacterial analysis of common clinical sample types. The DNA extraction method used in this study was based on the magnetic beads method. In conclusion, this study established that the real-time RPA system was a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for clinical P. aeruginosa detection, which can be integrated into automatic high-throughput detection machines.

Introduction: We explored the association between clinical outcomes and the cleavage rate of day-3 cleavage slow-growing embryos after overnight culture. Methods: The data collected from 303 frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles with 606 4-cell or 5-cell embryos cultured overnight (18–22 h) after thawing were analyzed. Based on the growth rate after the overnight culture, the embryos were divided into three groups: no embryo reaching eight cells (Group I), either one of the two embryos reaching eight cells (Group II), and both two embryos reaching eight cells or more (Group III). A statistical analysis of the different clinical outcomes from the three groups was performed. Results: Biochemical pregnancy rate (OR 3.22; p = 0.001), implantation rate (OR 2.44; p = 0.002), clinical pregnancy rate (OR 3.04; p = 0.001), ongoing pregnancy rate (OR 3.14; p = 0.001), and live birth rate (OR 2.78; p = 0.004) were significantly higher in Group III as compared to Group I. Group II had a significantly higher biochemical pregnancy rate (OR 2.02; p = 0.013) and implantation rate (OR 1.77; p = 0.019) than Group I. Conclusions: The capability of day-3 cleavage slow-growing embryos to reach eight cells, especially that of two embryos reaching eight cells by overnight culture, appear to result in a better pregnancy outcome.

Regarding methods of process and use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), solvents are generally employed to disperse or dissolve CNTs as a pretreatment or intermediate process step. This naturally imposes an essential issue on how CNTs and solvents interact with each other, which seems trivial, comparatively inconsequential, and might often be overlooked from the perspective of engineering scenarios. However, as a matter of fact, it is indeed a fascinating and significant topic. In this article, to investigate the interfacial properties of multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) exposed to widely utilized solvents, we applied sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) to probe solvent-wetted MWCNTs and proved that polar solvents can substantially alter the interfacial optical property of MWCNTs. First, the interfacial optical phonon vibrational modes were detected when MWCNTs were wetted by polar solvents, i.e., water and dimethylformamide (DMF), while such modes were inactive when the solvents were nonpolar, i.e., decalin and air. Second, the interfacial optical phonon vibration frequency displayed distinct dependence on surface defects of MWCNTs. Combining theoretical analysis with experimental verification, a valid conjecture with respect to surface phonon vibration activity for MWCNTs was proposed. This phenomenon of polar solvent-induced SFG activity may have the potential to find applications in optical detection and environmental sensing in the near future.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed as an effective class of antimicrobial agents against microorganisms. In this work, the interaction between an antimicrobial peptide, CM15, and a negatively charged phospholipid bilayer, DPPG, was studied via sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Two structurally correlated characteristic variables were introduced to reveal the interaction mechanism/efficiency, i.e. C-terminal amidation and temperature variation (∼20 °C, room temperature, and ∼35 °C, close to human body temperature). Experimental results indicated that owing to the increased positive charge, C-terminal amidation resulted in rapid adsorption onto the bilayer surface and efficient disruption of the outer layer, exhibiting less ordered insertion orientation. The elevated temperature (from ∼20 °C to ∼35 °C) promoted the penetration of both the outer and inner leaflets by the peptides and finally led to the disruption of the whole bilayer owing to the enhanced fluidity of the bilayer. From the perspective of the interaction mechanism, this experimental study provides two practical cues to understand the disruption process of the negatively charged model biomembranes, which can lay the structural foundation for designing and developing high-efficiency antimicrobial peptides.

Phospholipase C (PLC) represents an important type of enzymes with the feature of hydrolyzing phospholipids at the position of the glycerophosphate bond, among which PLC extracted from

Background Cellulase synthesized by fungi can environment-friendly and sustainably degrades cellulose to fermentable sugars for producing cellulosic biofuels, biobased medicine and fine chemicals. Great efforts have been made to study the regulation mechanism of cellulase biosynthesis in fungi with the focus on the carbon sources, while little attention has been paid to the impact and regulation mechanism of nitrogen sources on cellulase production. Results Glutamine displayed the strongest inhibition effect on cellulase biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei, followed by yeast extract, urea, tryptone, ammonium sulfate and l-glutamate. Cellulase production, cell growth and sporulation in T. reesei RUT-C30 grown on cellulose were all inhibited with the addition of glutamine (a preferred nitrogen source) with no change for mycelium morphology. This inhibition effect was attributed to both l-glutamine itself and the nitrogen excess induced by its presence. In agreement with the reduced cellulase production, the mRNA levels of 44 genes related to the cellulase production were decreased severely in the presence of glutamine. The transcriptional levels of genes involved in other nitrogen transport, ribosomal biogenesis and glutamine biosynthesis were decreased notably by glutamine, while the expression of genes relevant to glutamate biosynthesis, amino acid catabolism, and glutamine catabolism were increased noticeably. Moreover, the transcriptional level of cellulose signaling related proteins ooc1 and ooc2, and the cellular receptor of rapamycin trFKBP12 was increased remarkably, whose deletion exacerbated the cellulase depression influence of glutamine. Conclusion Glutamine may well be the metabolite effector in nitrogen repression of cellulase synthesis, like the role of glucose plays in carbon catabolite repression. Glutamine under excess nitrogen condition repressed cellulase biosynthesis significantly as well as cell growth and sporulation in T. reesei RUT-C30. More importantly, the presence of glutamine notably impacted the transport and metabolism of nitrogen. Genes ooc1, ooc2, and trFKBP12 are associated with the cellulase repression impact of glutamine. These findings advance our understanding of nitrogen regulation of cellulase production in filamentous fungi, which would aid in the rational design of strains and fermentation strategies for cellulase production in industry.

Trichoderma reesei has 11 putative β-glucosidases in its genome, playing key parts in the induction and production of cellulase. Nevertheless, the reason why the T. reesei genome encodes so many β-glucosidases and the distinct role each β-glucosidase plays in cellulase production remain unknown. In the present study, the cellular function and distribution of 10 known β-glucosidases (CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3H, CEL3J, CEL1A, CEL3C, CEL1B, CEL3G, and CEL3D) were explored in T. reesei, leaving out BGL1 (CEL3A), which has been well investigated. We found that the overexpression of cel3b or cel3g significantly enhanced extracellular β-glucosidase production, whereas the overexpression of cel1b severely inhibited cellulase production by cellulose, resulting in nearly no growth of T. reesei Four types of cellular distribution patterns were observed for β-glucosidases in T. reesei: (i) CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, and CEL3G forming clearly separated protein secretion vesicles in the cytoplasm; (ii) CEL3H and CEL3J diffusing the whole endomembrane as well as the cell membrane with protein aggregation, like a reticular network; (iii) CEL1A and CEL3D in vacuoles; (iv) and CEL3C in the nucleus. β-glucosidases CEL1A, CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3G, CEL3H, and CEL3J were identified as extracellular, CEL3C and CEL3D as intracellular, and CEL1B as unknown. The extracellular β-glucosidases CEL3B, CEL3E, CEL3F, CEL3H, and CEL3G were secreted through a tip-directed conventional secretion pathway, and CEL1A, via a vacuole-mediated pathway that was achieved without any signal peptide, while CEL3J was secreted via an unconventional protein pathway bypassing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi.IMPORTANCE Although β-glucosidases play an important role in fungal cellulase induction and production, our current understanding does not provide a global perspective on β-glucosidase function. This work comprehensively studies all the β-glucosidases regarding their effect on cellulase production and their cellular distribution and secretion. Overexpression of cel3b or cel3g significantly enhanced β-glucosidase production, whereas overexpression of cel1b severely inhibited cellulase production on cellulose. In addition, overexpression of cel3b, cel3e, cel3f, cel3h, cel3j, cel3c, or cel3g delayed endoglucanase (EG) production. We first identified four cellular distribution patterns of β-glucosidases in Trichoderma reesei Specially, CEL3C was located in the nucleus. CEL3J was secreted through the nonclassical protein secretion pathway bypassing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. CEL1A was secreted via a vacuole-mediated conventional secretion route without a signal peptide. These findings advance our understanding of β-glucosidase properties and secretory pathways in filamentous fungi, holding key clues for future study.

BackgroundAntibody-mediated rejection (AMR) occupies a major position for chronic rejection after kidney transplantation. Regulatory B cell (Breg) has been reported to have an inhibitory immune function, which contributes to the resistance for AMR.MethodsA nested case–control study for nine healthy donors, 25 stable (ST) patients, and 18 AMR patients was performed to determine the type of Breg in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing AMR.ResultsCompared to the ST group, circulating interleukin (IL)-10+ Bregs, but not Bregs, significantly decreased. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that rather than the circulating Bregs, decreased circulating IL-10+ Breg levels were positively associated with AMR. However, kidney B cell and IL-10 infiltration was significantly increased in the AMR group with high expression of C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13). In addition, circulating IL-10+ Bregs, rather than Bregs, remained higher than those at pre-operation, during the 90-day post-operation in immune homeostasis.ConclusionThe circulating IL-10+ Breg levels are more appropriate measures for assessing the resistance of AMR after kidney transplantation.

Coral polyps are basic clonal biological units of reef corals. However, in vitro experimental model for long-term physiological and ecological studies has not been well developed due to the difficulty of effectively acquiring and culturing single polyps. This study developed an experimental platform based on microfluidics for culturing single coral polyps and tracing its growth state over time in the long run. The corresponding computational modeling was conducted to predict the metabolic processes under the static and dynamic conditions by coupling the mass transfer and reaction with Navier-Stokes equations. Design and fabrication of the microfluidic chip was the key to provide a constant laminar flow environment that enabled the controlled high oxygen and bicarbonate transfer for the cultivation of the single coral polyps. The single coral polyps were induced to bail out of the coral reef upon the chemical stress and cultured for more than fifteen days in the microfluidic chip. It was found that the single coral polyps in the microfluidic chip can maintain their normal metabolic process over the cultivation period, suggesting that our microfluidic platform can serve as a suitable tool to study the coral polyps by providing a controllable and suitable biological microenvironment.

Body fluids flow all over the body and affect the biological processes at biointerfaces. To simulate such a case, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and a self-designed microfluidic chip were combined together to investigate the interaction between a pH-responsive polymeric drug, poly(α-propylacrylic acid) (PPAAc), and the model cell membranes in different liquid environments. By examining the SFG spectra under the static and flowing conditions, the drug-membrane interaction was revealed comprehensively. The interfacial water layer was screened as the key factor affecting the drug-membrane interaction. The interfacial water layer can prevent the side propyl groups on PPAAc from inserting into the model cell membrane but would be disrupted by numerous ions in buffer solutions. Without flowing, at pH 6.6, the interaction between PPAAc and the model cell membrane was strongest; with flowing, at pH 5.8, the interaction was strongest. Flowing was proven to substantially affect the interaction between PPAAc and the model cell membranes, suggesting that the fluid environment was of key significance for biointerfaces. This work demonstrated that, by combining SFG and microfluidics, new information about the molecular-level interaction between macromolecules and the model cell membranes can be acquired, which cannot be obtained by collecting the normal static SFG spectra.

Additional file 3: Table S1. Detailed data of genes regulation and location which were related to ATPase and urease. Table S2. DEGs related to ribosome. Table S3. EDS analysis of lumpy substances in Fig. 5. Table S4. DEGs related to four enzymes of fatty acid degradation.

Background The ureolytic bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii is well-known for its capability of microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP), representing a great potential in constructional engineering and material applications. However, the molecular mechanism for its biomineralization remains unresolved, as few studies were carried out. Results The addition of urea into the culture medium provided an alkaline environment that is suitable for S. pasteurii. As compared to S. pasteurii cultivated without urea, S. pasteurii grown with urea showed faster growth and urease production, better shape, more negative surface charge and higher biomineralization ability. To survive the unfavorable growth environment due to the absence of urea, S. pasteurii up-regulated the expression of genes involved in urease production, ATPase synthesis and flagella, possibly occupying resources that can be deployed for MICP. As compared to non-mineralizing bacteria, S. pasteurii exhibited more negative cell surface charge for binding calcium ions and more robust cell structure as nucleation sites. During MICP process, the genes for ATPase synthesis in S. pasteurii was up-regulated while genes for urease production were unchanged. Interestingly, genes involved in flagella were down-regulated during MICP, which might lead to poor mobility of S. pasteurii. Meanwhile, genes in fatty acid degradation pathway were inhibited to maintain the intact cell structure found in calcite precipitation. Both weak mobility and intact cell structure are advantageous for S. pasteurii to serve as nucleation sites during MICP. Conclusions Four factors are demonstrated to benefit the super performance of S. pasteurii in MICP. First, the good correlation of biomass growth and urease production of S. pasteurii provides sufficient biomass and urease simultaneously for improved biomineralization. Second, the highly negative cell surface charge of S. pasteurii is good for binding calcium ions. Third, the robust cell structure and fourth, the weak mobility, are key for S. pasteurii to be nucleation sites during MICP.

Image-text matching is central to visual-semantic cross-modal retrieval and has been attracting extensive attention recently. Previous studies have been devoted to finding the latent correspondence between image regions and words, e.g., connecting key words to specific regions of salient objects. However, existing methods are usually committed to handle concrete objects, rather than abstract ones, e.g., a description of some action, which in fact are also ubiquitous in description texts of real-world. The main challenge in dealing with abstract objects is that there is no explicit connections between them, unlike their concrete counterparts. One therefore has to alternatively find the implicit and intrinsic connections between them. In this paper, we propose a relation-wise dual attention network (RDAN) for image-text matching. Specifically, we maintain an over-complete set that contains pairs of regions and words. Then built upon this set, we encode the local correlations and the global dependencies between regions and words by training a visual-semantic network. Then a dual pathway attention network is presented to infer the visual-semantic alignments and image-text similarity. Extensive experiments validate the efficacy of our method, by achieving the state-of-the-art performance on several public benchmark datasets.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of combined detection of serum carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. A total of 50 patients with colorectal cancer were selected as Group A and 50 healthy subjects as the control group. A sample of 2 ml fasting venous blood was drawn from patients in each group, and serum CEA, CA19-9 and COX-2 were detected using electrochemiluminescence analyzer and ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed on analyze the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods for colorectal cancer patients at different stages. The expression levels of CEA, CA199 and COX-2 in the cancer patients group were significantly higher than those in the healthy group (P

The effects of B cell subsets with regulatory activity on the immune response to an allograft have evoked increasing interest. Here, we summarize the function and signaling of regulatory B cells (Bregs) and their potential effects on transplantation. These cells are able to suppress the immune system directly via ligand–receptor interactions and indirectly by secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, particularly IL-10. In experimental animal models, the extensively studied IL-10-producing B cells have shown unique therapeutic advantages in the transplant field. In addition, adoptive transfer of B cell subsets with regulatory activity may reveal a new approach to prolonging allograft survival. Recent clinical observations on currently available therapies targeting B cells have revealed that Bregs play an important role in immune tolerance and that these cells are expected to become a new target of immunotherapy for transplant-related diseases.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of microRNA (miR)-21 and miR-145 in serum and tumor tissues of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), and to explore the correlation between the expression of these miRs and the clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of CRC patients.Serum specimens, frozen tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue of 50 CRC patients who were hospitalized in our hospital from February 2009 to February 2011 were collected, along with serum specimens of 30 healthy people (control). The expression levels of miR-21 and miR-145 in serum, tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The correlation between the expression of the two miRs in serum was analyzed by Spearman method. The relationship between the expression of miR- 21 and miR-145 in serum and the pathological parameters and prognosis of patients with CRC were analyzed using clinical data.The expression level of miR-21 in CRC tissue was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues, while the expression of miR-145 in CRC tissue was significantly lower than that in adjacent normal tissues. The expression level of miR-21 in the serum of CRC patients was significantly higher compared with healthy people, while the expression of miR-145 in the serum of CRC patients was significantly lower than that in healthy people. The expression of miR-21 and miR-145 in the serum was positively correlated with their expression in tumor tissue. High expression level of miR-21 in the serum was correlated with tumor size, grade of differentiation, invasion, metastasis and clinical stage, and low expression level of miR-145 in the serum was correlated with tumor size, grade of differentiation, invasion, metastasis and clinical stage. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 52% (26/50). Single factor survival analysis showed that miR-21 and miR-145 were the influencing factors of OS of patients with CRC.High expression of miR-21 and low expression of miR-145 are closely related to the development and progression of CRC, especially with the grade of differentiation, invasion, metastasis and clinical stage. MiR-21 and miR-145 in the serum can be used as markers for early screening of CRC and indicators for prognosis prediction.

Information has become the important and strategic resource, and social informatization has become the developing trend and core. The information safety will play an extremely important role in the information society. It is directly related to the national security, business and the normal life. Wireless Public Key Infrastrcture(WPKI) is a technology of wireless networks security, which is applied to transform the EBusiness and the Internet for shopping, banking and transacting with one another in anywhere at anytime by using the wireless devices of mobile phone, PDA, IPAD and so on. Wireless application protocol (WAP) can ensure the secure e-business services and wireless applications. So the structure, principle, security infrastructure, application model and environment of WPKI are described in detail. Then the mobile E-business security model based on WPKI Technology is proposed in this paper. It will analyze and demonstrate how the WPKI technology can provide the security services to mobile Ebusiness with similar security requirements and provide the reader with a high level technical application of the WPKI technology. And a application system provided an excellent example for demonstrating the effectiveness, and the secrecy, identity authentication and non repudiation are studied and analyzed.

Transformer substation operation process should first ensure the running safety. Job skill of substation operation staff is one of the important factors to make sure the safe operation of power system reliability. Therefore, the attendant must pass professional training to mount guard operation. Traditional training methods are taught through the book, on the drawings or analog board practice operation and conducting simulation exercises to foster the operational personnel skills and the ability of dealing with accidents. Although all play a role, due to lacking sense of reality, the training effect is not so good. The traditional way of training is not only high cost, the effect is not ideal, and some faults in the actual occurs only can obtain the actual operation. Substation simulation training system can simulate a similar real substation simulation substation, in this way, training personnel can carry out a series of training skills in this simulation substation operation, patrol, accident rehearsal and etc. The characteristics of substation simulation training Substation simulation training system consists of 6 KV, 35 KV, 110 KV, 220 KV and 500 KV v voltage grades, different voltage grade substation mutual connects with each other,. The simulation of each substation is a real substation running right now, and it can be combined closely with the training and the sound field. The software is established in the graphical modeling support on the basis of a substation operation staff training system. It not only makes a comprehensive simulation of the first and second part of the transformer substation. And for the integrated automation part, it also does simulation. The stage of substation is achieved by means of 3-D scene parts. Using the graphical modeling to support the system, which allows the user to program and modify the simulation system. Students adopt the l atest graphics, image processing making image more realistic and operation more simple. Software is mainly divided into three parts: teaching control, the main program, and the students at the scene of the substation. Substation simulation and simulation grid integration design can truly simulate mutual connection and mutual function between the power system grid and substations. Using 3-D graphics technology to build 3-D interactive virtual scene makes the substation training personnel more comprehensive and detailed for study. Adopting the model of network classroom to train students is supported by a group of faculty and 20 groups of students. There are two computers in each group of faculty and students: one computer displays simulation substation control side, the operation side, the other machine simulates substation site sections with 3-D image, and each group is independent. Teachers can control any student by training system in order to train students to make their own study, and learn under the guidance of teachers. It makes learning way more diversity, and the training effect is obvious.

Modern manufacturing industries demand STEP-NC controllers, having higher level input languages than G-code, and less proprietary vendor dependencies. And the development of information extraction system model based on STEP-NC program is the premise of STEP-NC controller development. In this paper, STEP-NC data model integration and machining program structure are firstly analyzed. With late binding ideology of Standard Data Access Interface, the information extraction system model is developed based on Visual C++6.0. Principles and realization method of model entity construction, lexical analysis, entity-instance matching, information extraction and information display are discussed in detail. Finally, through the experiments, the information extraction system model is verified to be effective. The information extraction system model based on STEP-NC program has a unified format for data exchange, and will provide the conditions for the STEP-NC controller development in the future, which has intelligence, openness and compatibility. (5 pages)