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A major resistance QTL was identified on chromosome 6 in rice variety Wuke; both overexpression and knockdown experiments confirmed that OsGLK1 is the candidate gene for association with Rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease. Rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease is one of the most destructive rice viral diseases in China and East Asia. Progress has been limited in RBSDVD resistance breeding due to inadequate knowledge on the underlying functional genes. In this study, a major QTL for RBSDV (rice black-streaked dwarf virus) independent of SBPH (small brown planthopper) resistance was mapped in a 1.8 Mb interval on chromosome 6 by using an F

Personalized exercise recommendation is an important research project in the field of online learning, which can explore students’ strengths and weaknesses and tailor exercises for them. However, programming exercises differs from other disciplines or types of exercises due to the comprehensive of the exercises and the specificity of program debugging. In order to assist students in learning programming, this paper proposes a programming exercise recommendation algorithm based on knowledge structure tree (KSTER). Firstly, the algorithm provides a calculation method for quantifying students’ cognitive level to obtain their knowledge needs through individual learning-related data. Secondly, a knowledge structure tree is constructed based on the association relationship of knowledge points, and a learning objective prediction method is proposed by combining the knowledge needs and the knowledge structure tree to represent and update the learning objective. Finally, KSTER imports a matching operator that calculates cognitive level and exercise difficulty based on learning objectives, and makes top-η recommendation for exercises. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the other algorithms in both precision and recall. The comparison experiments with real-world data demonstrate that KSTER effectively improves students’ learning efficiency.

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease (RBSDVD) and southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease (SRBSDVD) are the most destructive viral diseases in rice. Progress is limited in breeding due to lack of resistance resource and inadequate knowledge on the underlying functional gene. Using genome-wide association study (GWAS), linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay analyses, RNA-sequencing, and genome editing, we identified a highly RBSDVD-resistant variety and its first functional gene. A highly RBSDVD-resistant variety W44 was identified through extensive evaluation of a diverse international rice panel. Seventeen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified among which qRBSDV6-1 had the largest phenotypic effect. It was finely mapped to a 0.8-1.2 Mb region on chromosome 6, with 62 annotated genes. Analysis of the candidate genes underlying qRBSDV6-1 showed high expression of aspartic proteinase 47 (OsAP47) in a susceptible variety, W122, and a low resistance variety, W44. OsAP47 overexpressing lines exhibited significantly reduced resistance, while the knockout mutants exhibited significantly reduced SRBSDVD and RBSDVD severity. Furthermore, the resistant allele Hap1 of OsAP47 is almost exclusive to Indica, but rare in Japonica. Results suggest that OsAP47 knockout by editing is effective for improving RBSDVD and SRBSDVD resistance. This study provides genetic information for breeding resistant cultivars.

In this article, we propose the Raptor coded random access (RCRA) scheme to enable reliable transmission in the decentralized unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) network. The considered network is composed of several overlapped random access systems with interference nodes, and the proposed RCRA scheme reduces bit-error ratio (BER) of the random access systems by three steps. First, we choose the number of slots based on a derived lower bound, which is necessary for reliable random access. Second, error-correcting codes are incorporated as the precode before random access, and then the access probability is optimized to achieve the minimum BER. Third, by correlating two consecutive slots, an idle-slot-filling approach is designed to further improve the efficiency of the random access systems. Numerical results show that the proposed RCRA scheme reduces significantly both block-error ratio (BLER) and BER at moderate- and high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. With $E_{s}/N_{0}$ equal to 0 dB, the RCRA scheme saves 20% slots, compared with the existing frameless ALOHA scheme, to achieve a target BER of 10−4.

With the rapid development of the information age, a large amount of data is used in popular research areas such as data mining. Missing data has a very serious impact on both the process and the result of data mining, and it is important to find out how to fill the missing values accurately and efficiently. In this paper, we propose a method to optimally fill the missing values based on the backpropagation of evaluation functions for non-time-series data. Based on both the target value error and its own error after filling, four classical filling methods, namely mean, interpolation, model prediction, and K-nearest neighbor, are considered for selection. Finally, single-model padding and multi-model weighted padding schemes are compared, and the results show that the padding method with the highest fitness value is selected to work best for data with different degrees of missingness in different datasets.

The glass insulator formulation is a major factor affecting the production yield of glass insulators. In actual production, there are multiple production stages, such as incoming, laboratory and manufacturing, and there are inconsistencies in the corresponding time scales of the raw materials in the formula at different production stages. During the production process, the inconsistency in the time scale of each production stage causes the ratio of raw materials in the formulation to change frequently, which has a significant impact on the quality of the product. To solve the current problem that the generation of glass insulator recipes can only be achieved manually, which is time-consuming and labourintensive, and is prone to errors due to the inconsistent time scales of each production stage. we propose a method for automatic generation of glass insulator recipes based on uniform time scales in combination with machine learning, and evaluate the results of the method using MAPE and RMSE metrics. It is concluded that the time-scale-uniform glass insulator recipe generation method is more effective than the method without time-scale uniformity.

Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is one of the most serious viral diseases of maize in China. The object of this study is to develop a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for rapid and sensitive detection of MRDD pathogen. Four RT-LAMP primers were designed on the basis of S10. Template RNA from infected leaves were used for RT-LAMP which were carried out under isothermal conditions at 61 °C for 90 min. RT-LAMP products were analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose gels or visual inspection of color change after staining with calcein. Sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assay was 100-fold higher than RT-PCR. This method can distinguish RBSDV from SRBSDV and the vectors carrying RBSDV from Rice stripe virus (RSV). The RT-LAMP assay shows excellent potential for application in the rapid and sensitive detection of MRDD pathogens in field samples or vector.

ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins play crucial roles in plant defence against virus invasion. To date, the role of OsAGO2 in rice antiviral defence remains largely unknown. In this study, we determined that the expression of OsAGO2 in rice was induced upon rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) infection. Using transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsAGO2 and Osago2 mutants generated through transposon‐insertion or CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we found that overexpression of OsAGO2 enhanced rice susceptibility to RBSDV infection. Osago2 mutant lines exhibited strong resistance to RBSDV infection through the elicitation of an early defence response, including reprogramming defence gene expression and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared to Nipponbare control, the expression level of OsHXK1 (HEXOKINASE 1) increased significantly, and the methylation levels of its promoter decreased in the Osago2 mutant on RBSDV infection. The expression profile of OsHXK1 was the opposite to that of OsAGO2 during RBSDV infection. Overexpression of OsHXK1 in rice also induced ROS production and enhanced rice resistance to RBSDV infection. These results indicate that OsHXK1 controls ROS accumulation and is regulated by OsAGO2 through epigenetic regulation. It is noteworthy that the Osago2 mutant plants are also resistant to southern rice black‐streaked dwarf virus infection, another member of the genus Fijivirus. Based on the results presented in this paper, we conclude that OsAGO2 modulates rice susceptibility to fijivirus infection by suppressing OsHXK1 expression, leading to the onset of ROS‐mediated resistance. This discovery may benefit future rice breeding programmes for virus resistance., Expression of OsAGO2 is induced on rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) infection, which represses OsHXK1 expression via DNA methylation and controls reactive oxygen species‐mediated resistance in an inactivated mode to facilitate RBSDV infection.

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), an important rice virus, is transmitted by vector small brown planthopper (SBPH) in a persistent manner, but not transovarial transmission. In order to obtain viruliferous SBPH nymphs for relevant research, a simple and reliable method was developed, through allowing SBPH adults laying eggs on RBSDV-infected rice plants. The results showed the hatching nymphs on diseased plants could early acquire virus, and the virus was detected in 2nd-instar nymphs from the spawning method, which was earlier than insect feed on diseased plant. The average viruliferous rate of SBPH from the spawning method was 32.9%, which was not lower than the feeding diseased plant method. The novel method was very easy to operate and time-saving, facilitating the study on the interaction between RBSDV and SBPH nymphs (especially young 2nd-4th instar nymphs), such as, the effect of RBSDV on nymph development, host plant orientation preference of viruliferous nymph, identification of viral interacting protein in nymph, etc.

Geminiviruses are an important group of circular, single-stranded DNA viruses that cause devastating diseases in crops. Geminiviruses replicate their genomic DNA in the nucleus. The newly-synthesized viral DNA is subsequently transported to the cytoplasm, moved to adjacent cells through plasmodesmata with the help of viral movement proteins, and, ultimately, moved long-distance to establish systemic infection. Thus, the nucleocytoplasmic transportation is crucial for a successful infection by geminiviruses. For Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), the V1 protein is known to bind and shuttle viral genomic DNA, but the role of V2 protein in this process is still unclear. Here, we report that the nucleus-localized V1 protein dramatically decreases when co-expressed with V2 protein, and that V2-facilitated nuclear export of V1 protein depends on host exportin-α and a specific V1-V2 interaction. Chemical inhibition of exportin-α or a substitutions at cysteine 85 of V2 protein, which abolishes the V1-V2 interaction, blocks the promoted redistribution of V1 protein to the perinuclear region and the cytoplasm. When the V2C85S mutation is incorporated into a TYLCV infectious clone, the TYLCV-C85S causes delayed onset of very mild symptoms compared to wild-type TYLCV, indicating that the V1-V2 interaction and, thus, V2-mediated nuclear export of V1 protein is crucial for viral spread and systemic infection. Our data point to a critical role of the V2 protein in promoting the nuclear export of the V1 protein, likely by promoting V1-mediated nucleocytoplasmic transportation of TYLCV genomic DNA, and in turn, promoting viral systemic infection.Author summaryAs both replication and the transcription of geminiviruses occur in the nucleus, transportation of the viral genomic DNA into and out of the nucleus of the infected cells is essential for a successful infection cycle. However, the nuclear export of geminiviruses is still little known and even less is known about the process for monopartite geminiviruses. We use TYLCV, a typical monopartite begomovirus in the family Geminiviridae, to examine the nucleocytoplasmic transportation. In this study, we found TYLCV V2 is able to redistribute the nucleus-localized V1 protein to the perinuclear region. Moreover, the nuclear export of V1 protein is dependent on the V1-V2 interaction and host exportin-α. Blocking the V1-V2 interaction impeded the V2-mediated V1 protein redistribution and decrease TYLCV infection efficiency with delayed and mild symptoms. This report shows us a new explanation for the role of V2 in the nuclear export of V1 protein and TYLCV viral systemic infection.

The V2 protein encoded by Begomovirus is essential for virus infection and is involved in multiple functions, such as virus movement and suppression of the host defence response. In this study, we reported that V2 encoded by the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), which is one of the most devastating tomato-infecting begomoviruses, could interact with itself and a S71A mutation of V2 (V2S71A) abolished its self-interaction. Fluorescence results showed that V2 localized primarily in the cytoplasm and around the nucleus. Site-directed mutagenesis V2S71A had the similar subcellular localization, but V2S71A formed fewer large aggregates in the cytoplasm compared to wild-type V2, whereas the level of aggregates came to a similar after treatment with MG132, which indicates that the S71A mutation might affect 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of V2 aggregates. Meanwhile, heterologous expression of V2S71A from a Potato virus X vector induced mild symptoms compared to wild-type V2, delay of virus infection associated with mild symptoms was observed in plants inoculated with TYLCV-S71A, which indicates that the amino acid on position 71 is also involved in the pathogenicity of V2. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to state that the S71A mutation of V2 encoded by TYLCV affects the self-interaction, aggregate formation and pathogenicity of V2.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved mechanism against viruses in plants and animals. It is thought to inactivate the viral genome by producing virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is transmitted to plants by the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus), and seriously threatens production of rice in East Asia, particularly Oryza sativa japonica subspecies. Through deep sequencing, genome-wide comparisons of RBSDV-derived vsiRNAs were made between the japonica variety Nipponbare, and the indica variety 9311. Four small RNA libraries were constructed from the leaves and shoots of each variety. We found 659,756 unique vsiRNAs in the four samples, and only 43,485 reads were commonly shared. The size distributions of vsiRNAs were mostly 21- and 22-nt long, and A/U bias (66-68%) existed at the first nucleotide of vsiRNAs. Additionally, vsiRNAs were continuously but heterogeneously distributed along S1-S10 segments of the RBSDV genome. Distribution profiles of vsiRNA hotspots were similar in different hosts and tissues, and the 5'- and 3'-terminal regions of S4, S5, and S8 had more hotspots. Distribution and abundance of RBSDV vsiRNAs could be useful in designing efficient targets for exploiting RNA interference for virus resistance. Degradome analysis found 25 and 11 host genes appeared to be targeted by vsiRNAs in 9311 and Nipponbare. We report for the first time vsiRNAs derived from RBSDV-infected rice.

Background Virus infection induces and suppresses host gene expression on a global level. Rice stripe virus (RSV) is the type species of the genus Tenuivirus and infects rice and Arabidopsis plants. Microarray-based and next generation sequencing-based transcriptomic approaches have been used to study rice-RSV interactions. However, our knowledge of the response of Arabidopsis plants to RSV infection is limited, and it requires further investigation to determine the similarities (or differences) in virus-host interactions between monocot and dicot hosts infected with RSV. Methods We characterized transcriptome changes in Arabidopsis thaliana infected with rice stripe virus (RSV) with RNA-seq based digital gene expression (DGE) analysis. The transcriptomes of RSV-infected samples were compared to those of mock-treated samples at 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) during different stages of symptom development. Results We identified 624 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Arabidopsis influenced by RSV at 14 dpi and 21 dpi, among which at 14 dpi, 255 transcripts were induced, and 38 were repressed; at 21 dpi, 146 were induced, and 237 were repressed. Functional annotation indicated that these DEGs were related to multiple biological functions, including defense response, secondary metabolism, protein amino acid phosphorylation and response to abiotic stress. Conclusions Importantly, the transcription of genes related to host defense systems was activated by RSV infection at an early stage of symptom development (14 dpi), whereas over the infection period (21 dpi), the host defense response systems were suppressed. A total of 52 genes were continuously differentially expressed between the two time points, indicating that the majority of DEGs were transient and unique to a particular time point during symptom development. The DEGs, particularly the defense response genes, identified in this study are candidates suitable for further functional analysis during the RSV-Arabidopsis interaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0663-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

As wireless sensing has developed, wireless behavior recognition has become a promising research area, in which human motion duration is one of the basic and significant parameters to measure human behavior. At present, however, there is no consideration of the duration estimation of human motion leveraging wireless signals. In this paper, we propose a novel system for robust duration estimation of human motion (R-DEHM) with WiFi in the area of interest. To achieve this, we first collect channel statement information (CSI) measurements on commodity WiFi devices and extract robust features from the CSI amplitude. Then, the back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm is introduced for detection by seeking a cutting line of the features for different states, i.e., moving human presence and absence. Instead of directly estimating the duration of human motion, we transform the complex and continuous duration estimation problem into a simple and discrete human motion detection by segmenting the CSI sequences. Furthermore, R-DEHM is implemented and evaluated in detail. The results of our experiments show that R-DEHM achieves the human motion detection and duration estimation with the average detection rate for human motion more than 94% and the average error rate for duration estimation less than 8%, respectively.

BACKGROUND Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) causes severe to economic losses in tomato crops in China. The control of TYLCVD is based primarily on the use of synthetic insecticide to control its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). To look for an alternative method for disease control, we investigated the effect of eugenol on controlling TYLCVD. The potential of eugenol to trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato (Jiangsu 14) plants against TYLCV was also investigated. RESULTS In greenhouse experiments, eugenol significantly reduced disease severity when applied as a foliar spray, thus demonstrating a systemic effect. The disease spread rapidly in control plants and by the end of the experiment almost all control plants showed severe symptoms. Eugenol also induced H2O2 accumulation in tomato plants. Activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly induced compared with those of control plants. As further consequences, increase of salicylic acid (SA) levels and expression of PR-1 proteins, a molecular marker of SAR in tomato, could also be observed. CONCLUSION This is the first report of eugenol as an elicitor and its ability to suppress plant virus diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that eugenol has the potential to be an effective biocontrol agent against TYLCV in tomato plants. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) causes southern rice black-streaked dwarf and maize rough dwarf diseases, which lead to severe yield losses of crops in Southeast Asia. We report here a SYBR Green I-based One-Step Real Time RT-PCR assay for quantifying SRBSDV in rice rapidly and accurately. Primers used for assay were designed from the conserved sequence in S9 RNA among SRBSDV isolates. The RNA standards targeting the S9 region were obtained by transcription in vitro for generation of a standard curve. The assay developed in this study was found to be 100 times more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR for SRBSDV detection. The primers were very specific for SRBSDV. This study clearly demonstrated the potential usefulness of developed assay for detection and quantitation of SRBSDV in rice samples.

Primers sequences used for the validation of DEGs and expression of RSV CP and SP genes. (DOC 33Â kb)

Rice stripe virus (RSV), a member of the genus Tenuivirus, causes rice stripe disease in East Asia and is one of the most economically important rice pathogens. The pathogenesis of RSV and the molecular basis of plant responses to the pathogen are poorly understood. We investigated the process of RSV infection in Arabidopsis thaliana which is highly susceptible to the virus. A simple inoculation method using viruliferous small brown planthoppers was developed to infect A. thaliana plants with RSV. The symptoms were developed within 2 weeks of inoculation. One month after inoculation, all infected plants showed stunted growth and vein chlorosis in newly emerged leaves. Forty-five days after inoculation, RSV-infected plants showed severely stunted growth and distorted flower stalks. RSV replication in A. thaliana was confirmed using a dot immunobinding assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and a protein gel blot assay. RSV infection strongly induced PR1, PR2 and GST1 but not PDF1.2 expression, indicating that the pathogen activated salicylic acid-dependent basal defence mechanism, which is consistent with the characteristics of plant RNA virus. This Arabidopsis–RSV pathosystem provides an approach for analysing interactions between RSV and plants.

In order to preserve virus for identifying the resistance of rice varieties against rice black-streaked dwarf disease, a simple and reliable method was developed, through which virus-free small brown planthopper (SBPH) acquired rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) from frozen infected leaves and the virus was transmitted to healthy rice plants. The experimental results showed that SBPH could obtain RBSDV from frozen infected rice leaves and the virus could be transmitted to a susceptible rice variety. For the ability to acquire RBSDV and transmit the virus to healthy plants by SBPH, there was no significant difference between frozen infected leaves and in vitro infected leaves. The novel method could be applied to identification of rice variety resistance to rice black-streaked dwarf disease, facilitating the breeding process for rice black-streaked dwarf disease resistance.

Mechanisms of resistance to rice stripe disease in a Chinese rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L., cv. Zhendao 88) were determined, and molecular markers for the resistance gene were identified. Single tillers at the seedling stage were inoculated with Rice stripe virus (RSV) and its vector, the small brown planthopper (SBPH) Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, to test for non-preference and antibiosis. The inheritance of resistance in the F2 and F2 : 3 lines from the cross cvs Zhendao 88× Wuyujing No. 3 was also examined by single-tiller inoculation. Cv. Zhendao 88 was highly resistant to RSV and weakly resistant to SBPH. The resistance gene was mapped by SSR and RAPD analyses to rice chromosome 11 within 4.7 cm of a SSR marker RM229 and a RAPD marker OPO11. Data and inheritance analysis indicated that rice stripe disease resistance in cv. Zhendao 88 was derived principally from resistance to RSV and controlled by a single dominant gene. Breeding for rice stripe resistance could be accelerated by using cv. Zhendao 88 as a resistant parent if the linked marker for virus resistance were used in a marker-assisted progeny selection programme.

Reaction of 2-arylchromone-4-semicarbazones with POCl 3 in the presence of SOCl 2, followed by treatment with EtOH or MeOH gave 4-aryl-3,4-dihydrochromeno[3,4- D][1,2,3]diazaphospholes. Likewise, 2,4-diaryl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-chromeno[3,4- D][1,2,3]diazaphospholes were obtained from 2--phenylchromone-4-arylhydrazones.

Rice black-streaked dwarf disease, caused by rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), is transmitted by small brown planthoppers (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén, SBPH) and causes severe yield loss in epidemic years in China and other East Asian countries. Breeding for resistance to RBSDV is a promising strategy to control the disease. We identified Tetep that showed resistance to RBSDV using a field test and artificial inoculation test. An evaluation of the resistance mechanism revealed that Tetep was resistant to RBSDV but not to SBPH. Genetic analysis showed that the resistance of Tetep to RBSDV was controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Three new QTLs for RBSDV resistance were identified in this study, i.e., qRBSDV-3, qRBSDV-10 and qRBSDV-11. The LOD scores of qRBSDV-3, qRBSDV-10 and qRBSDV-11 were 4.07, 2.24 and 2.21, accounting for 17.5%, 0.3% and 12.4% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. All the resistance loci identified in this study were associated with virus resistance genes. The alleles for enhancing resistance on chromosomes 3 and 11 originated from Tetep, whereas the other allele on chromosome 10 originated from a susceptible parent. The identified new resistance QTLs in this study are useful resources for efficiently breeding resistant rice cultivars to RBSDV.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be viewed as energy constrained database systems, and join query processing is a very important topic in the field of sensor based systems. Join query for WSNs in a multi-dimensional and continuous way has not been widely explored, as well as is not energy efficient enough. In this paper, we proposed a continuous Multi-attribute Join Query Processing (MJQP) within latest sampling periods for WSNs based applications. We developed a filter-based scheme to discard non-joining tuples, which the center points of filters are identified and updated. Besides, we design an optimized solution to reduce the transmission of non-joining tuples, which is very benefit on energy efficiency. Experiments on real-world data set show that our methods outperform the centralized algorithm

The inheritance of resistance to white tip disease (WTDR) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was analyzed with an artificial inoculation test in a segregating population derived from the cross between Tetep, a highly resistant variety that was identified in a previous study, and a susceptible cultivar. Three resistance-associated traits, including the number of Aphelenchoides besseyi (A. besseyi) individuals in 100 grains (NA), the loss rate of panicle weight (LRPW) and the loss rate of the total grains per panicle (LRGPP) were analyzed for the detection of the quantitative trait locus (QTL) in the population after construction of a genetic map. Six QTLs distributed on chromosomes 3, 5 and 9 were mapped. qNA3 and qNA9, conferring reproduction number of A. besseyi in the panicle, accounted for 16.91% and 12.54% of the total phenotypic variance, respectively. qDRPW5a and qDRPW5b, associated with yield loss, were located at two adjacent marker intervals on chromosome 5 and explained 14.15% and 14.59% of the total phenotypic variation and possessed LOD values of 3.40 and 3.39, respectively. qDRPW9 was considered as a minor QTL and only explained 1.02% of the phenotypic variation. qLRGPP5 contributed to the loss in the number of grains and explained 10.91% of the phenotypic variation. This study provides useful information for the breeding of resistant cultivars against white tip disease in rice.

Wireless Sensor Network is an important part of the Internet of Things. Data privacy preservation in wireless sensor networks is extremely urgent and challenging. To address this problem, we propose in this paper a privacy-preserving data aggregation protocol in wireless sensor networks. Compared to the previous research, our protocol protects the actual data from other nodes based on a rotation scheme while reducing communication overhead dramatically. The protocol achieves accurate aggregation results. Finally, theoretical analysis and simulation results confirm the high privacy and efficiency of our proposal.

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) naturally infects Gramineae plants through small brown planthopper (SBPH) as a vector. However, RBSDV cannot be transmitted to the SBPH offspring through transovarian transmission. Wheat plant, an important intermediate host in winter, is essential for the completion of the annual cycle of RBSDV in farm ecosystem. We developed a novel, in vivo, indoor method to preserve RBSDV in SBPH using wheat seedling as a bridge host. The temperature range of 23-27°C was initially selected to rear the insects and plants. Before initiating the scheme cycle, viruliferous SBPH was obtained by feeding the virus-free 1st to 2nd instar nymphs with RBSDV-infected rice plants. Four to six RBSDV-infected SBPH were placed per plant to inoculate wheat seedlings at two-to-four leaf stages. After 48 h of inoculation, the viruliferous SBPH were removed. Five mated, newly emerged virus-free SBPH females were then transferred onto each inoculated plant and allowed to lay eggs for 48 h. The newly hatched SBPH were raised on wheat seedlings until the 2nd instar nymph stage, and then transferred onto healthy rice seedlings for further development until 5th instar nymphs or adults. These newly obtained viruliferous SBPH can be used for inoculating new wheat seedlings in the succeeding maintenance cycles, or for further experiments. We discovered that the incubation period of RBSDV in wheat seedlings synchronized with the gestation period of SBPH eggs at four to six inoculated viruliferous SBPH per plant and lasted for approximately seven days. In addition, this period was optimal for enhancing the SBPH infection ratio because SBPH nymphs can only acquire the virus after they hatch. The RBSDV infection ratio of the SBPHs acquired through this method consistently exceeded 50%.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) causes severe to economic losses in tomato crops in China. The control of TYLCVD is based primarily on the use of synthetic insecticide to control its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). To look for an alternative method for disease control, we investigated the effect of eugenol on controlling TYLCVD. The potential of eugenol to trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato (Jiangsu 14) plants against TYLCV was also investigated.In greenhouse experiments, eugenol significantly reduced disease severity when applied as a foliar spray, thus demonstrating a systemic effect. The disease spread rapidly in control plants and by the end of the experiment almost all control plants showed severe symptoms. Eugenol also induced H₂O₂ accumulation in tomato plants. Activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly induced compared with those of control plants. As further consequences, increase of salicylic acid (SA) levels and expression of PR-1 proteins, a molecular marker of SAR in tomato, could also be observed.This is the first report of eugenol as an elicitor and its ability to suppress plant virus diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that eugenol has the potential to be an effective biocontrol agent against TYLCV in tomato plants.

Privacy preservation in wireless sensor networks has attracted more and more attentions. Answering generic query in wireless sensor networks while preserving data privacy is a challenge. In this paper, we present a Aggregation-based Privacy-preservation Approximate Query Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (APAQ). APAQ provides approximate results for multiple types of query, such as Top-k query, range query, SUM, MAX/MIN, etc. APAQ adopts in-network aggregation to reduce energy consumption. Theoretical analysis and simulation results by using real-world data confirm the high efficacy and efficiency of APAQ.

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), a member of the genus Fijivirus in the family Reoviridae, is propagatively transmitted by the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus Fallen). RBSDV causes rice black-streaked dwarf and maize rough dwarf diseases, which lead to severe yield losses in crops in China. Although several RBSDV proteins have been studied in detail, the functions of the nonstructural protein P7-1 are still largely unknown. To investigate the role of the P7-1 protein in virus pathogenicity, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants were generated in which the P7-1 gene was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter. The RBSDV P7-1-transgenic Arabidopsis plants (named P7-1-OE) were male sterility. Flowers and pollen from P7-1-transgenic plants were of normal size and shape, and anthers developed to the normal size but failed to dehisce. The non-dehiscent anthers observed in P7-1-OE were attributed to decreased lignin content in the anthers. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species levels were quite low in the transgenic plants compared with the wild type. These results indicate that ectopic expression of the RBSDV P7-1 protein in A. thaliana causes male sterility, possibly through the disruption of the lignin biosynthesis and H2O2-dependent polymerization pathways.

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) causes one of the most serious viral diseases of rice in Southeast Asia. A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for detection of SRBSDV using total RNA extracted from rice tissues and the insect pest, white-backed planthopper. The assay was based on a set of four primers matching a total of six sequences in the S9 region of SRBSDV genome. Presence of the virus could be detected in RT-LAMP reactions containing 1.2×10(-6)μg of a total RNA extract, which was ten times more sensitive than a classical RT-PCR assay. The SRBSDV could be distinguished from the closely related rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) by this method, indicating a high degree of specificity. This simple and sensitive RT-LAMP assay shows potential for detection of SRBSDV in field samples of hosts or vectors at a relatively low cost.

Drive model of electric vehicle (Ev) experienced from internal combustion engines to electric motors, to computer-controlled wheel motor-driven. At present there are several problems, such as without power consumption, small mileage, the high cost of manufacturing and use,and so on. To improve reliability, reduce costs, increase mileage, improve ride comfort, the paper designs a new Ev drive model by the DC wheel motors in series. Automatic differential speed by motors in series, remove drive by short-circuit switch, enhance drive voltage by voltage booster, CVT by PWM of the model. The model can achieve the differential of the process of turning or walking, CVT and the differential remove. Vehicles using the model have the advantage of comfortable, reliable, useful, and so on. The model can completely replace the current common model.

In spite of the exponential growth in the number of online education programs, there seems to be few effective theories that could offer a cogent basis to orient the practice of, or judge the quality of those products. However, the theories about the communities of practice provide an encompassing solution to the problem, because it can help us understand how individuals can achieve their optimal functioning level through guided social participation. And the FET8601 Course at the University of Southern Queensland is just the very example of online communities of practice.