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Bashang long-tail chickens are an indigenous breed with dual purpose in China (meat and eggs) but have low egg laying performance. To improve the low egg laying performance, a genome-wide analysis of mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) from Bashang long-tail chickens and Hy-Line brown layers was performed. A total of 16,354 mRNAs and 8691 lncRNAs were obtained from ovarian follicles. Between the breeds, 160 mRNAs and 550 lncRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed. Integrated network analysis suggested some differentially expressed genes were involved in ovarian follicular development through oocyte meiosis, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, and cell cycle. The impact of lncRNAs on cis and trans target genes, indicating some lncRNAs may play important roles in ovarian follicular development. The current results provided a catalog of chicken ovarian follicular lncRNAs and genes for further study to understand their roles in regulation of egg laying performance.

Fur color in domestic goats is an important, genetically determined characteristic that is associated with economic value. This study was designed to perform a comprehensive expression profiling of genes expressed in the skin tissues from Laiwu Black goat and Lubei White goat. Comparisons of black and white goat skin transcriptomes revealed 102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 38 were upregulated and 64 downregulated in black skin compared with white skin. Among the DEGs, we identified six genes involved in pigmentation, including agouti signaling protein (ASIP), CAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 1 (CREB3L1), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), premelanosome protein (PMEL), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 (TRPM1), and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1). Notably, there were no significant differences in the expression of melanocortin 1 receptor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, and KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase between the black and white skin samples, whereas ASIP expression was detected only in white skin. PMEL, TRPM1, TYRP1, and DCT showed higher expression in black goat skin, but ASIP and CREB3L1 had higher expression in white goat skin. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results for PMEL, TRPM1, DCT, TYRP1, and CREB3L1 expression were consistent with those for RNA-seq. These results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of skin physiology and melanogenesis in goats, and provide a foundation for future studies.

The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is the only fox species occurring in the Arctic and has adapted to its extreme climatic conditions. Currently, the molecular basis of its adaptation to the extreme climate has not been characterized. Here, we applied PacBio sequencing and chromosome structure capture technique to assemble the first V. lagopus genome assembly, which is assembled into chromosome fragments. The genome assembly has a total length of 2.345 Gb with a contig N50 of 31.848 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 131.537 Mb, consisting of 25 pseudochromosomal scaffolds. The V. lagopus genome had approximately 32.33% repeat sequences. In total, 21,278 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 99.14% were functionally annotated. Compared with 12 other mammals, V. lagopus was most closely related to V. Vulpes with an estimated divergence time of ~7.1 Ma. The expanded gene families and positively selected genes potentially play roles in the adaptation of V. lagopus to Arctic extreme environment. This high-quality assembled genome will not only promote future studies of genetic diversity and evolution in foxes and other canids but also provide important resources for conservation of Arctic species.

This study performed a comprehensive expression profiling of genes expressed in the skin of goats with three different coat colors by Illumina Sequencing. A total of 91 significantly expressed genes were detected when comparing gray skin to white skin library and these included 74 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated genes in gray skin. There were 67 differentially expressed genes between brown skin and white skin libraries, 23 of which were up-regulated and 44 were down-regulated in brown skin. When we compared brown and gray libraries, 154 differentially expressed genes were found, of which 33 showed higher expression and 121 showed lower expression in brown skin. To our surprise, MC1R, MITF, TYR and KIT showed no significant difference in expression between the goats with three skin colors, whereas ASIP was detected in white skin but not in dark skins. In this study, PMEL, TRPM1, TYRP1 and DCT were significantly up-regulated in brown goat skin compare with gray and white skins. PMEL showed higher expression in gray goat skin compared with white goat skin, whereas there were no significant differences in the expression of TYRP1, TRPM1 and DCT between gray and white skin samples. In addition, ELOVL3 showed higher expression in gray goat skin than in brown and white skins, whereas there was no significant differences in the expression of ELOVL3 between brown and white skin samples. These results expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of skin physiology and melanogenesis in goat and provide a foundation for future studies.

The aim of this study was to screen the active regions and transcription factor binding sites in the promoter of the CBD103 gene related to Arctic fox coat color, and to provide a basis for revealing the molecular genetic mechanism of CBD103 gene regulating the coat color formation. The 5'-flanking region fragment 2 123 bp of Arctic fox CBD103 gene was cloned, and 4 truncated promoter reporter vectors of different lengths were constructed. The promoter activity was detected by the dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Point mutations were performed on the 3 predicted specificity protein 1 (Sp1) transcription factor binding sites in the highest promoter active region, and 3 mutant vectors were constructed. The activity was then detected by the dual-luciferase reporter assay system. The results showed that the region 1 656 (-1 604/+51) had the highest activity in the 4 truncated promoters of different lengths, and the promoter activity of the three mutant vectors constructed in this region were significantly lower than that of the wild type (fragment 1 656). The region of -1 604 /+51 was the core promoter region of CBD103 gene in Arctic fox and -1 552/-1 564, -1 439/-1 454 and -329/-339 regions were positive regulatory regions. This study successfully obtained the core promoter region and positive regulation regions of the Arctic fox CBD103 gene, which laid a foundation for further study on the molecular genetic mechanism of this gene regulating Arctic fox coat color.本研究旨在筛选调控北极狐毛色基因CBD103 的启动子活性区域及转录因子结合位点，为揭示CBD103基因调控北极狐毛色形成的分子遗传机制提供依据。克隆获得了北极狐CBD103 基因5′侧翼区2 123 bp 的片段，并构建了4 个不同长度的启动子缺失片段表达载体，通过双荧光素酶检测系统对启动子活性进行检测。对启动子活性最高区域预测出的3 个特异性蛋白1 (Sp1) 转录因子结合位点分别进行点突变并构建3 个突变载体，利用双荧光素酶检测系统测定其活性。结果显示，在构建的4 个不同长度启动子缺失片段中1 656 (−1 604/+51) 区域活性最高，在此区域构建的3 个突变载体的启动子活性较野生型 (片段1 656) 均显著降低，说明−1 604/+51 区域为北极狐CBD103 基因的核心启动子区，−1 552/−1 564、−1 439/−1 454 和−329/−339 区域为正调控区域。文中成功获得了北极狐CBD103 基因的核心启动子区域和正调控区域，这为进一步研究该基因调控北极狐被毛颜色分子遗传机制奠定了基础。.

Despite extensive research on the role of miR-135a in biological processes, very little attention has been paid to the regulation of its transcription. We have previously reported that miR-135a suppresses 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis by directly targeting the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and activating the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, but the regulatory elements that regulate the expression of the two isoforms of miR-135a (miR-135a-1 and miR-135a-2) remain poorly understood. Here, by using deletion analysis, we predicted two binding sites (-874/-856 and -2020/-2002) for the transcription factor Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 5a (STAT5a) within the core promoters of miR-135a-1 and miR-135a-2 (-1128/-556 and -2264/-1773), and the subsequent site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the two STAT5a binding sites regulated the activity of the miR-135a-1 and miR-135a-2 promoters. The binding of STAT5a to the miR-135a-1/2 core promoters in vitro and in cell culture was identified by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Overexpression and RNAi knockdown of STAT5a showed that the transcription factor regulated the endogenous miR-135a expression. Additionally, The expression time frame of STAT5a and APC indicated a potential negative feedback between them. In sum, the overall results from this study indicate that STAT5a regulates miR-135a transcription by binding to both miR-135a-1 and miR135a-2 promoter elements and the findings provide novel insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of miR-135a during adipogenesis.

To explore the activity of the pmel core promoter of Bashang long-tail chickens, we constructed dual-luciferase expression vectors and transiently transfected into DF1 cells with Lipofectamine 2000. We measured the luciferase activity with the dual-luciferase detection kit. The 1 268 bp fragment in 5-flanking region of the pmel gene in Bashang long-tail chickens was cloned. The region from -1 200 bp to +68 bp included 2 CpG islands and multiple transcription factor binding sites. We constructed 9 expression vectors with different promoter regions and a mutant vector of the core promoter region of the pmel gene of Bashang long-tail chickens. The core promoter region from -840 bp to +68 bp was identified in the pmel gene. The region from -590 to -525 bp negatively regulated the pmel gene during the transcription process. The -840--590 bp and -525--266 bp regions were positive regulatory regions. The polymorphic sites (-456, -435, -410, -374 and -341) had a significant effect on the promoter activity of the pmel gene.为探明坝上长尾鸡的前黑素小体蛋白 (Pre-melanosomal protein，Pmel)基因核心启动子区，首先构建了双荧光素酶表达载体，通过脂质体瞬时转染鸡胚成纤维细胞DF1，并利用双荧光素酶检测试剂盒进行启动活性检测。成功克隆了坝上长尾鸡pmel 基因5侧翼区片段1 268 bp，预测启动子区 (−1 200–+68) 含有2 个CpG 岛和多种转录因子结合位点，构建了9 个含有不同长度pmel 基因启动子片段的表达载体及1 个核心启动子区突变载体，说明鸡pmel 基因启动子的核心区域为−840–+68 bp，其中−840–−590 bp 和−525–−266 bp 区域为正调控区，−590–−525 bp 区域为负调控区，多态位点 (−456、−435、−410、−374 和−341) 对pmel 基因启动子活性有较大影响。.

Despite the rich variety in plumage color found in nature, genetic studies on how feather follicles affect pigmentation are often limited to animals that have black and white pigment. To test how gene expression influences plumage color, transcriptomes of chicken feather follicles with white, black, hemp, reed catkins, silvery grey, and landscape plumage colors were generated using Illumina sequencing. We generated six RNA-Seq libraries with over 25 million paired-end clean reads per library with percentage of paired-end clean reads ranging from 96.73 to 96.98%. 78% of the reads mapped to the chicken genome, and approximately 70% of the reads were mapped to exons and 6% mapped to introns. Transcriptomes of feather follicles producing hemp and land plumage were similar, but these two showed moderate differences compared with gray and reed colored plumage. The black and white follicle transcriptomes were most divergent from the other colors. We identified several candidate genes, including GPNMB, PMEL, TYRP1, GPR143, OCA2, SOX10, SLC45A2, KRT75, and TYR. All of these genes are known to induce pigment formation in mice. White feathers result from the lack of pigment formation, and our results suggest that the white chickens due to the recessive insertion mutation of TYR. The formation of black area size and color depth may be due to the expression levels of GPNMB, PMEL, TYRP1, GPR143, OCA2, SOX10, SLC45A2, KRT75, and TYR. The GO analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that DEGs in our transcriptome analysis were enriched in cytoskeleton and cell structure related pathways. The black plumage transcriptome showed significant differences in melanogenesis, tyrosine metabolism, and riboflavin metabolism compared with transcriptomes of other plumage colors. The transcriptome profiles of the different chicken plumage colors provide a valuable resource to understand how gene expression influences plumage color, and will be an important resource for identifying candidate genes in breeding programs.

Zinc finger protein 217 (Zfp217), a member of the kruppel-type zinc finger protein family, plays diverse roles in cell differentiation and development of mammals. Despite extensive research on the functions of Zfp217 in cancer, pluripotency and reprogramming, its physiological roles in adipogenesis remain unknown. Our previous RNA sequencing data suggest the involvement of Zfp217 in adipogenesis. In this study, the potential function of Zfp217 in adipogenesis was investigated through bioinformatics analysis and a series of experiments. The expression of Zfp217 was found to be gradually upregulated during the adipogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells, which was consistent with that of the adipogenic marker gene Pparg2. Furthermore, there was a positive, significant relationship between Zfp217 expression and adipocyte differentiation. It was also observed that Zfp217 could not only trigger proliferative defect in C3H10T1/2 cells, but also interact with Ezh2 and suppress the downstream target genes of Ezh2. Besides, three microRNAs (miR-503-5p, miR-135a-5p and miR-19a-3p) which target Zfp217 were found to suppress the process of adipogenesis. This is the first report showing that Zfp217 has the capacity to regulate adipogenesis.

MicroRNAs are endogenous, conserved, and non-coding small RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of fat development and adipogenesis. Adipogenic marker genes, such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (Cebpa), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparg), adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (Ap2), and fatty acid synthase (Fas), are regarded as the essential transcriptional regulators of preadipocyte differentiation and lipid storage in mature adipocytes. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is recognized as a negative molecular switch during adipogenesis. In the present work we found that miR-135a-5p is markedly downregulated during the process of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Overexpression of miR-135a-5p impairs the expressions of adipogenic marker genes as well as lipid droplet accumulation and triglyceride content, indicating the importance of miR-135a-5p for adipogenic differentiation and adipogenesis. Further studies show that miR-135a-5p directly targets adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc), contributes to the translocation of β-catenin from cytoplasm to nucleus, and then activates the expressions of cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) and Cmyc, indicating the induction of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, inhibition of APC with siRNA exhibits the same effects as overexpression of miR-135a-5p. Our findings demonstrate that miR-135a-5p suppresses 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis through the activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling by directly targeting Apc. Taken together, these results offer profound insights into the adipogenesis mechanism and the development of adipose tissue.

The words 'hair follicles' was replaced with 'feather follicles' in the title and the main text.

ASIP has been described to regulate lipid metabolism and acts as a paracrine factor in the regulation of adiposity. The RT-qPCR and Western Blotting was used to investigate the expression level of Agouti mRNA and Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) in viscera (heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney) of goat with white, brown with gray and black coat color. The main trend of Agouti mRNA abundance represented white goat and liver tissue obviously. The protein was detected in all viscera tissues and it expressed white goat and kidney mainly. However, ASIP differential expresses in different viscera for goats weren't consistent with the mRNA levels. The differences might be the result from the transcription regulation, translation regulation, protein modified and protein interaction and so on.

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) functioned as a demethyl methylase gene, underlying a wide range of biological processes, including cancer, cell apoptosis, differentiation, and development. To further understand the functions of the porcine LSD1 gene, we first obtained cDNA sequence of porcine LSD1 gene, using in silico cloning method. We further found that the porcine LSD1 gene has two transcripts, in which cDNA sequences are 2,716 and 2,656 bp, ORF are 2,622 and 2,562 bp, respectively. Then, RT-PCR analysis showed that the LSD1 gene is expressed in various tissues and relatively higher in the tissues of ovary, kidney, and spleen. Besides, the LSD1 gene was expressed higher in the growth nonage and peaked at 3 days in muscle tissue. Meanwhile, the expression of two transcript variants of LSD1 gene presented the same change trend. Besides, the level of DNA methylation was approximately fourfold higher in a 3-day muscle than in an old pig (180 days), significantly positive related to the gene expression of LSD1 (R = 0.9362, P

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small ∼22 nucleotide regulatory RNAs that regulate the stability and translation of cognate mRNAs. MiRNAs participate in the regulation of adipogenesis, and identification of the full repertoire of miRNAs expressed in adipose tisse is likely to improve our understanding of adipose tissue growth and development significantly. In the present study, miR-215-5p was found to inhibit adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B) and catenin, beta interacting protein 1 (CTNNBIP1) were found to be direct targets of miR-215-5p. Further studies in mouse 3T3-L1 cell-line suggests that miR-215-5p is a negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation through post-transcriptional regulation of FNDC3B and CTNNBIP1 during early adipogenesis.

Capra hircus, an economically important livestock, plays an indispensable role in the world animal fiber industry. To identify additional genes that may play important roles in coat color regulation, Illumina/Solexa high throughput sequencing technology was used to catalog the global gene expression profiles in the skin of three different coat colors goat (Lubei white goat (white), Jining gray goat (gray) and Jianyang big ear goat (brown)). The RNA-Seq analysis generated 83174342, 70222592 and 52091212 clean reads in white skin, gray skin and brown skin, respectively, which provided abundant data for further analysis. A total of 91 genes were differentially expressed between the gray skin and white skin libraries, with 74 upregulated and 17 genes downregulated. Between the brown skin and white skin libraries, there were 23 upregulated genes and 44 downregulated genes, while there were 33 upregulated genes and 121 downregulated genes between the brown skin and gray skin libraries. To our surprise, MC1R, MITF, TYR, KIT and KITLG showed no significant difference in the skin of three different coat colors and the expression of ASIP was only detected in white skin and not in gray and brown skins. The expression of PMEL,TRPM1, DCT, TYRP1 and ELOVL3 was validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the results of the qPCR were consistent with the RNA-seq except the expression of TYRP1 between the gray skin and white skin libraries. This study provides several candidate genes that may be associated with the development of diferent coat colors goat skin. More importantly, the fact that the ASIP gene was only detected in the white skin and not in the other dark skins and the MC1R gene showed no significant difference in expression between the three different coat colors goat is of particular interest for future studies that aim to elucidate theirs functional role in the regulation of skin color. These results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of skin physiology and melanogenesis in goat and provide a foundation for future studies.

Obesity is a serious health problem worldwide associated with an increased risk of life-threatening diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and certain types of cancer. Understanding the molecular basis of adipogenesis and fat cell development in obesity is essential to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the development of anti-obesity drugs. Recent computational and experimental studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) appear to play regulatory roles in many biological processes associated with obesity, including adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. In addition, many miRNAs are dysregulated in metabolic tissues from obese animals and humans, which potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated complications. The discovery of circulating miRNAs has highlighted their potential as both endocrine signaling molecules and disease markers. The potential of miRNA based therapeutics targeting obesity is highlighted as well as recommendations for future research which could lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of obesity.