Search

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women in China. To this end, we enrolled 200 HIV-positive and 182 HIV-negative women in this cross-sectional cohort study. The following sampling methods were used: (i) structured interview, (ii) CD4 cell counts, and (iii) cervical specimens. HPV genotype (total 23 types) was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction assay. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent causative factors for HPV infection. The prevalence of HPV infection was 3-fold higher in the HIV-positive women than in the HIV-negative women. The overall prevalences of HPV infection, high risk (HR)-HPV infection, and multiple HPV infections in the HIV-positive women were 36.5%, 33.5%, and 13.0%, respectively, and the corresponding values in HIV-negative women were 12.1%, 10.4%, and 6.0%, respectively (P0.05). The types of HR-HPVs were similar in the HIV-positive and HIV-negative women (HPV-16, -52, -58, and -18), and the prevalences of infections by these viruses were 1.5- to 3-fold higher in the HIV-positive group than in the HIV-negative group. HR-HPV infection among the HIV-positive women was associated with three factors: low CD4 count (OR for 200 ≤ CD4 ≤ 350 and CD4200/µL were 2.11 and 3.13, respectively), HIV infection through sexual contact (OR, 7.90; 95% CI, 2.38-14.60), and having HIV-positive sexual partners (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.03-3.95). We found that the prevalence of HPV infection among the HIV-positive Chinese women was higher than that among the HIV-negative women; moreover, among the HIV-positive women, factors associated with HIV infection were risk factors for HR-HPV infection.

Several large scale failures of power system took place due to extreme weather disaster recent years, which aroused the consideration of power network security operation. Considering that the line failure events caused by natural disaster presented random characteristic, using Poisson distribution theory to depict the probability of line failure, a stochastic power system optimal dispatch model based on chance constraints theory was also proposed. We adopted the Differential Evolution algorithm to calculate the total loss based on Monte-Carlo simulation. The results of IEEE 9-bus case study imply that the dispatch model will give full consideration of weather effects, and provide a more reasonable dispatch plan for power system disaster prevention and reduction.

Rationale: The aim of the study was to evaluate stereotactic biopsy for diagnosing intracranial lesions in patients with AIDS. Patient concerns: Seven AIDS patients with an intracranial lesion who underwent stereotactic biopsy were included in this retrospective study (4 males and 3 females, 15 to 49 years old). The patients’ disease history ranged from 1 month to 1 year. The samples were examined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical examination. Diagnoses, interventions and outcomes: All patients were successfully sampled, and the histological results showed inflammation in 4 cases, toxoplasma gondii infection in 1 case, astrocytoma in 1 case, and abscess in 1 case. The clinical diagnosis included toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) in 2 cases, cryptococcus encephalitis in 2 cases, cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis in 2 case, tubercular abscess in 1 case, astrocytoma in 1 case, and co-infection of TE with Cryptococcus infection in 1 patient. The clinical diagnosis was made according to the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory testing, the imaging data and the histological findings. The diagnostic yield was 100%, and the post-operation morbidity was 14.3% (1/7) with an asymptomatic haemorrhage and seizure in 1 case. There was no operation-related mortality. Patients were followed up for 6 months to 6 years; 1 case fully recovered, 4 cases significantly improved in symptoms, and 2 died. Lessons: Stereotactic biopsy is a safe and effective way of diagnosing intracranial lesions in patient with AIDS. It is helpful for the differential diagnosis and for choosing a suitable therapy. Due to the broad spectrum of nervous system abnormalities in AIDS, histological findings are very valuable. However, histology is not a unique tool for making a definite diagnosis, whereas the combination of molecular pathology and stereotactic biopsy should play a more important role in the future.

To investigate prevalence HPV infections in cervix among HIV-infected Chinese women.From September 2009 to May 2011, 293 women with positive HIV underwent cervical cancer screening as study group matched with 200 women with negative HIV as control group. Questionnaires including demographic information and HIV associated information were collected, Pap smear and 23 subtype of HPV were performed in those women. The women with positive HPV were followed up per 6 months, and the period of following up were more than 12 months. Binary logistic analysis was used for high risk factors of HPV persistent infection.Prevalent HPV infection was 44.4% (130/293) in study group and 20.0% (40/200) in control group, respectively, which reached statistical difference (P0.05). The most common genotype of HPV was HPV 16, which prevalence was 13.7% (40/293) in study group and 7.0% (14/200) in control group. The other HPV subtype prevalence was HPV-58, HPV-52, HPV-43 and HPV-18, which was 9.2% (27/293), 8.2% (24/293), 8.2% (24/293), 6.8% (20/293) in study group and 3.0% (6/200), 2.5% (5/200), 1.5% (3/200), 2.5% (5/200) in control group. At time point of 12 months following up, the persistent prevalence of HPV was 47.5% (48/101) in study group and 21.1% (8/38) in control group, which reached statistical difference (P0.05). Multiple HPV infections (OR = 6.4, 95%CI: 1.6 - 25.6), abnormal cytology (OR = 18.1, 95%CI: 4.5 - 76.9) and lower CD(4) T cell count (compared with CD(4)3.5 × 10(8)/L, if 2.0 × 10(8) ≤ CD(4) ≤ 3.5 × 10(8), OR = 8.1, 95%CI: 1.3 - 56.3; if CD(4)2.0 × 10(8)/L, OR = 9.1, 95%CI: 1.8 - 46.9) were independently associated with HPV persistence among HIV-positive subjects.Prevalence and persistence of HPV infections were more common among HIV-positive Chinese women than those in HIV-negative Chinese women. Improving immune function, decreasing multiple HPV infections, treating abnormal cervical cytology could decrease prevalence of HPV infection.

To investigate the incidence of hepatotoxicity in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients on combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) containing nevirapine (NVP) and to assess the risk factors and its impact on cART.330 AIDS patients from March 2003 to June 2008 at local county were enrolled and a retrospective study using Kaplan-meier survival and Multivariate logistic regression modeling was conducted.267 out of 330 patients received NVP based cART and 63 cases received EFV-based cART. The deference of prevalences of hepatotoxicity between the two groups is statistically significant (Chi2 = 6.691, P = 0.01). 133 out of 267 (49.8%) patients on NVP based cART had at least one episode of ALT elevation during a median 21 months (interquartile ranges, IQR 6, 37) follow-up time, amounts for 28.5 cases per 100 person-years. Baseline ALT elevation (OR = 14.368, P = 0.017)and HCV co-infection (OR = 3.009, P = 0.000) were risk factors for cART related hepatotoxicity, while greatly increased CD4+ T(CD4) cell count was protective against hepatotoxicity development (OR = 0.996, P = 0.000). Patients co-infected with HCV received NVP-based cART had the higher probability of hepatotoxicity than those without HCV co-infection (Log rank: Chi2 = 16.764, P = 0.000). 23 out of the 133 subjects (17.3%) with NVP related hepatotoxicity discontinued cART temporarily or shifted NVP to efavirenz.NVP related hepatotoxicity was common among ARV naive HIV infected subjects in our cohort. Baseline ALT elevation and HCV co-infection were associated statistically with the development of hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity led to discontinuing cART temporarily or switching to other regimens in some subjects. It suggested that NVP should be used with caution in patients co-infected with HCV among whom anti-HCV therapy before cART initiation may contribute to minimizing the probability of NVP associated hepatotoxicity.

To estimate prevalence of HIV/AIDS among children and the transmission routes in a highly endemic villages of AIDS.Totally 208 high-risk women of child bearing age and 159 of their children aged 0 - 14 years were investigated. Their medical histories of blood donation or transfusion were collected, blood samples were taken and sera were separated for HIV test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot assay were performed for HIV antibody. The Nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay amplifying gag gene p17 was performed on samples of children aged less than 18 months.Thirty-seven HIV infected cases were found among 159 children aged 0 - 14 years of whom 33 were infected by mother-to-child transmission (89.2%, 33/37), 3 by blood transfusion (8.1%, 3/37) and one by iatrogenic route (2.7%, 1/37). Sixty seven mothers who were seropositive for HIV and their 86 children who were born after 1992 were investigated, 33 cases of them were infected with HIV. The rate of vertical transmission was 38.4% (33/86). The HIV vertical transmission rate among mothers with AIDS (68.8%, 22/32) was significantly greater than that among mothers with asymptomatic HIV infection (20.4%, 11/54, P0.05). The number of children infected with HIV through vertical transmission increased from 1993 to 2001. Among 37 children infected with HIV, 12 cases developed AIDS and 4 of them died, of whom 2 cases died from tuberculosis. The morbidity of AIDS was 27.3% (9/33). Ninety three point nine percent (31/33) of infected mothers didn't know their HIV seropositive status before pregnancy and delivery. Of 8 pregnant women infected with HIV, one had aggravation of AIDS, 2 miscarried, 2 terminated their pregnancy and 3 continued their pregnancy.Mother-to-child transmission of HIV was the major route of HIV/AIDS transmission to the children. The main reason leading to HIV infection in children was the lack of prenatal HIV counseling and testing for the high-risk women of childbearing age and lake of interventions. The countermeasures must be taken to control the further transmission of AIDS in order to protect the health of women and children in the highly endemic areas of AIDS.

To investigate the chemical constituents in flower buds of Artemisia scoparia.The constituents were separated and purified by means of various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were determined on the basis of physical and chemical properties and spectral data.Four flavones were isolated and their structures were identified as cirsilineol (I), cirsimaritin(II), arcapillin(III) and cirsiliol(IV) respectively.Compounds I, III and IV were isolated from this plant for the first time.