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The interaction mechanism of CDs with metal ions was explored by using fluorescence kinetics.

Background: Uricase (Uox) is a major drug in gout and a supplementary drug in cancer treatment. Because allergic reactions caused by Uox limit its clinical application,10% Co/EDTA was used to chemically modify Uox from A. flavus to reduce its immunogenicity. Methods: The immunogenicity of Uox and 10% Co/EDTA-Uox was examined by determining the antibody titer and concentration of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-β in quail and rat serum. Moreover, we examined the pharmacokinetics of 10% Co/EDTA-Uox in rats and acute toxicity in mice Results: The concentration of UA decreased from 771.85 ±180.99 to 299.47 ±20.37 µmoL/L（p Conclusion: 10% Co/EDTA-Uox possesses little immunogenicity, a long half-life time, and a highly efficient degradation of UA.

BackgroundPrimary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is a rare malignant tumor. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is an indolent lymphoma occurring at extranodal sites. The stomach is the most common organ affected by MALT lymphoma, whereas liver-related lymphoma is rarely reported. Its atypical clinical presentation often delays the diagnosis. Owing to the rarity of PHL, identifying its optimal treatment still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a case of PHL of the MALT type mimicking hepatic adenoma that was treated by hepatectomy without chemotherapy and review the scarce literature. Our findings suggest that surgery is an alternative approach to cure patients with localized hepatic lymphoma.Case summaryA 55-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of upper abdominal discomfort, and a liver lesion was detected by computed tomography. She did not have nausea, fever, fatigue, jaundice, weakness, night sweats, or weight loss before admission. And her previous medical history was unremarkable. There were no positive signs on physical examination. Based on her preoperative examination including magnetic resonance imaging, the liver lesion was suspected to be a hepatic adenoma; however, the possibility of it being a malignancy like hepatocellular carcinoma was not excluded. Therefore, a decision of resection of the lesion was made. During the operation, hepatectomy of segment 4b and cholecystectomy were performed. The patient recovered well; however, after postoperative pathological examination, the lesion was diagnosed as a hepatic lymphoma of MALT type. The patient was reluctant to undergo chemotherapy or radiotherapy. At 18-month follow-up, no significant recurrence was observed, indicating that the treatment had a curative effect.ConclusionNotably, primary hepatic lymphoma of MALT type is a rare, low-grade B-cell malignancy. Making an accurate preoperative diagnosis of this disease is usually difficult, and liver biopsy is an appropriate avenue to improve the diagnostic accuracy. In patients with a localized tumor lesion, hepatectomy followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy should be considered to achieve better outcomes. Although this study describes an unusual type of hepatic lymphoma mimicking a benign tumor, it has its inherent limitations. More clinical studies are required to establish guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease.

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Recently, microRNAs (miRNA), small noncoding RNAs, have taken center stage in the field of human molecular oncology. However, their roles in tumor biology remain largely unknown. According to the assumption that miRNAs implicated in a specific tumor phenotype will show aberrant regulation of their target genes, we introduce an approach based on the miRNA target–dysregulated network (MTDN) to prioritize novel disease miRNAs. Target genes have predicted binding sites for any miRNA. The MTDN is constructed by combining computational target prediction with miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in tumor and nontumor tissues. Application of the proposed method to prostate cancer reveals that known prostate cancer miRNAs are characterized by a greater number of dysregulations and coregulators and the tendency to coregulate with each other and that they share a higher proportion of targets with other prostate cancer miRNAs. Support vector machine classifier, based on these features and changes in miRNA expression, is constructed and gives an average overall prediction accuracy of 0.8872 in cross-validation tests. The classifier is then applied to miRNAs in the MTDN. Functions enriched by dysregulated targets of novel predicted miRNAs are closely associated with oncogenesis. In addition, predicted cancer miRNAs within families or from different families show combinatorial dysregulation of target genes, as revealed by analysis of the MTDN modular organization. Finally, 3 miRNA target regulations are verified to hold in prostate cancer cells by transfection assays. These results show that the network-centric method could prioritize novel disease miRNAs and model how oncogenic lesions are mediated by miRNAs, providing important insights into tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(10); 1857–66. ©2011 AACR.

Phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage have been intensively studied because it contributes to energy conservation and emission reduction for sustainable energy use.

In this study, [Co2GdL2(OAc)(IN)](NO3)·2(CH3OH)·(CH2Cl2) (1), a novel open-chain ether Schiff base d-f heteronuclear complex has been produced with an interfacial diffusion approach through utilizing the isonicotinate (IN) and bis(5-bromine-3-methoxysalicylidene)-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamine (H2L) as the co-ligands and we further performed structural characterization with EA, IR spectra, the diffraction of single-crystal X-ray, TGA and PXRD. In the biological activity evaluation, the CCK-8 assay was finished for the exploration of the coordination complex’s anti-proliferation activity on KOSC-2 cancer cells after coordination complex treatment. The transwell assay was applied for cell migration and invasion assay. These data indicated the compound has excellent anti-cancer effect in vitro. ELISA and western blot were utilized for the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation level in KOSC-2 cancer cells. In the in vivo xenograft model, anti-tumor ability of coordination complex was also evaluated.

The application of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in biomedical research has advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of disease and provided valuable insights into new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. With the expansion of capacity for high-throughput scRNA-seq, including clinical samples, the analysis of these huge volumes of data has become a daunting prospect for researchers entering this field. Here, we review the workflow for typical scRNA-seq data analysis, covering raw data processing and quality control, basic data analysis applicable for almost all scRNA-seq data sets, and advanced data analysis that should be tailored to specific scientific questions. While summarizing the current methods for each analysis step, we also provide an online repository of software and wrapped-up scripts to support the implementation. Recommendations and caveats are pointed out for some specific analysis tasks and approaches. We hope this resource will be helpful to researchers engaging with scRNA-seq, in particular for emerging clinical applications.

The specific source of ancient sedimentary manganese (Mn) deposits is commonly complex. Here we use systematic major and trace element data with strontium (Sr) and neodymium (Nd) isotopic analyses of the Ortokarnash Mn(II) carbonate ores and associated carbonate rocks from the Upper Carboniferous Kalaatehe Formation (ca. 320 Ma) in order to constrain the Mn source. This formation consists of three members: the first member is a volcanic breccia limestone, the second member is a sandy limestone, and the third member is a black marlstone with the Mn(II) carbonate interlayers. Petrographic observations in combination with low Al2O3 (

In the research of carbon dots (CDs) containing various nitrogen sources, it was first found that urea/citric acid-CDs showed a selective discolouration reaction with sulphide ions. Therefore, by optimizing various synthesis and detection conditions of the CDs determining sulfur ions, such as the raw material ratio, temperature, time, pH, and oxidation atmosphere in the CD synthesis, a discolour CD-probe method for trace-level sulphide ions was developed. The method is environmentally friendly, shows two linear-response ranges in 0.050-1.0 mg L-1 (A = -0.0827c + 0.8366) and 1.0-15 mg L-1 S2- (A = -0.0209c + 0.7587) and can be used for the high and low concentration quantification of sulphide in various wastewaters. Subsequently, in order to realize the separation and detection of sulphide ions in wastewaters or rich- and barren-liquids containing N-methyldiethanolamine and other substances in desulphurizing solutions, an automatic pretreatment system was also established.

Lu Chen,1 Shan-Yong Zhou,2 Wei Zhu,3 Sheng-Ping Liu,4 Jing-Xi Zhang,5 He Zhuang,5 Jing-Ling Zhang,5 Yong-Sheng Li,6 Fei Gao4 1Department of paediatrics, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China; 2Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Urology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China; 4Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Urology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Fei Gao; Yongsheng Li, Tel/Fax +86 591-83357896-8242, Email xuzhougaofei@126.com; Lysdr163@163.comIntroduction: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) has been regarded as a gold standard for early diagnosis and prognosis monitoring of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in clinical practice. Owing to its low concentration in blood, accurate determination of cTnI often requires high sensitivity. However, current established point-of-care (POC) assays are insufficient to meet clinically analytical requirements due to their low sensitivity.Methods: To this end, we established a highly sensitive and reliable POC lateral flow strip based on lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (NPs) for cTnI determination in human blood samples. The capture of cTnI on the lateral flow strip was performed in a sandwich assay, where Eu3+-doped vanadate nanoparticles (GdVO4:30% Eu NPs) were used as luminescent probes to allow quantification.Results: Our platform realized the analytical sensitivity enhancement with limit-of-detection (LOD) as low as 17 pg mL− 1 for cTnI detection, which was lower than the commercial counterpart; meanwhile, it displayed high specificity, excellent reproducibility and outstanding accuracy for analyzing clinical serum samples.Conclusion: Overall, this strategy provided an ultrasensitive, cost-effective and user-friendly platform for on-site cTnI detection, demonstrating the prospect of lanthanide-doped NPs-based POC diagnosis of disease-related biomarkers.Keywords: cardiac troponin I, GdVO4:30% Eu NPs, lateral flow test strip, point-of-care test

ObjectiveCurrent pharmacological intervention for the cancer-related pain is still limited. The aim of this study was to explore whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) could be an effective adjuvant therapy to reduce pain in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsThis was a randomized, sham–controlled study. A total of 41 advanced NSCLC patients with uncontrolled pain (score≥4 on pain intensity assessed with an 11-point numeric rating scale) were randomized to receive active (10 Hz, 2000 stimuli) (n = 20) or sham rTMS (n = 20) for 3 weeks. Pain was the primary outcome and was assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Secondary outcomes were oral morphine equivalent (OME) daily dose, quality of life (WHO Quality of Life-BREF), and psychological distress (the Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale). All outcomes were measured at baseline, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks.ResultsThe pain intensity in both groups decreased gradually from day 3 and decreased to the lowest at the week 3, with a decrease rate of 41.09% in the rTMS group and 23.23% in the sham group. The NRS score of the rTMS group was significantly lower than that of the sham group on the week 2 (p < 0.001, Cohen’s d =1.135) and week 3 (p=0.017, Cohen’s d = -0.822). The OME daily dose, physiology and psychology domains of WHOQOL-BREF scores, as well as the HAM-A and HAM-D scores all were significantly improved at week 3 in rTMS group.ConclusionAdvanced NSCL patients with cancer pain treated with rTMS showed better greater pain relief, lower dosage of opioid, and better mood states and quality of life. rTMS is expected to be a new effective adjuvant therapy for cancer pain in advanced NSCLC patients.

The use of a recirculating-flow catalysis detection system (RFCD) explored competition and the influence of ascorbic acid (AsA) in peroxidase (POD)-catalyzed reactions. The study identified that AsA is neither the inhibitor of POD nor could directly deplete H2O2; it directly reacts with chromogenic products to form colorless intermediates, which can react with H2O2 to again rapidly re-generate the chromogenic products. If using the reactions (trinder reactions or enzyme-linked reactions) to determine POD activity (EPOD), substrates or analytes, the interference of concomitant AsA should be removed and the conclusions have significance for oxidase/POD catalyzed reactions. In addition, the RFCD system was also used to simultaneously determine EPOD and AsA.

We describe here the effects of metal complexation on the molecular recognition behavior of cavitands with quinoxaline walls. The nitrogen atoms of the quinoxalines are near the upper rim of the vase-like shape and treatment with Pd(II) gave 2:1 metal:cavitand derivatives. Characterization by (1)H, (13)C NMR spectroscopy, HR ESI-MS, and computations showed that the metals bridged adjacent quinoxaline panels and gave cavitands with C(2v) symmetry. Both water-soluble and organic-soluble versions were prepared and their host/guest complexes with alkanes, alcohols, acids, and diols (up to C12) were studied by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of the binding behavior indicated that the metals rigidified the walls of the receptive vase conformation and enhanced the binding of hydrophobic and even water-soluble guests, compared to related cavitands reported previously. The results demonstrated that the conformational dynamics of the cavitand were slowed by the coordination of Pd(II) and stabilized the host’s complexes.

Based on ion chromatography, this study developed a rapid method for simultaneous determination of linear polyphosphates (PPs) of orthophosphate (P1), pyrophosphate (P2), trimetaphosphate (P3m), tripolyphosphate (P3), tetraphosphate (P4), pentaphosphate (P5), and hexaphosphate (P6) in water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate (WAPP). Investigation indicated that the retention of PPs in column was endothermic and cooling column benefited the elution of PPs. With adjusting the elution mode, eluent (KOH) concentration, gradient time, flowrate, and column temperature, the optimized results were as follows: the injection volume of sample was 1.3 μL, column temperature was 30 °C, and flowrate of the eluent was 1.2 ml min−1. The linear equations for six phosphates are: y = 0.011cP1 + 0.021 (r = 0.9998), y = 0.012cP2 + 0.023, y = 0.011cP3m − 0.013 (r = 0.9997), y = 0.12cP3 + 0.017 (r = 0.9999), y = 0.011cP4 + 0.004 (r = 0.9983), y = 0.011cP5 − 0.082 (r = 0.9962), and y = 0.013cP6 − 0.029 (r = 0.9989), respectively. The determination ranges are: 1–500 mg L−1 for P1, P2, P3m, and P3; and 1–100 mg L−1 for P4, P5, and P6. The recovery is in the range 95–104% for P1, P2, P3m, P3, P4, P5, and P6; the detection limit is in the range 0.17–0.54 mg L−1 and RSDs of intra- and inter-day determination are 0.56–2.51% (n = 5) for seven PPs, and the analysis period is 15 min. The method was consistent with both gravimetric method and molybdenum blue method, while the RSD was in the range 0.61–1.87%. This rapid method can be applied in the determination of total phosphorus and various phosphates in PPs.

It is agreed that air-cooled heat sink (ACHS) would become incapable of 3-D integrated circuits (ICs). A switch from ACHS to a microfluidic heat sink (MFHS) is believed to be a promising solution. Tier-specific MFHS, where the flow rate of each tier can be controlled independently, has been further proposed in consideration of the power consumptions of pumps. However, these works are generally based on a steady power map, which in reality is mostly time-dependent. In this paper, a machine learning (ML)-based control method, combining the Bayesian optimization (BO) and the artificial neural network (ANN), is applied to 3-D ICs with the tier-specific MFHS, considering a time-dependent power map. BO is first applied because it has been demonstrated to outperform other state-of-the-art black-box optimization techniques due to its quick converge. However, as more and more data are acquired when the system keeps working, its computational time increases sharply due to the increasing calculation complexity, which cannot be accepted as we aim for dynamic thermal management. Therefore, ANN is then applied. With the online learning method, its calculation complexity remains constant as more data are acquired. Because of this, its time consumption remains small as the system keeps working. Results of the flow rates and the temperatures are finally presented, which prove that with the ML-based control method, power consumptions of the pumps are intelligently saved while, at the same time, the temperature constraints are met.

In this paper, the plane-pair partial element equivalent circuit method coupled with the field equivalence principle is developed and applied to calculate the radiated fields of multilayer power planes. The proposed method can be used to solve near-field and far-field radiation problems for multilayer parallel-plane structures with decoupling capacitors. The proposed method is validated by full-wave simulation and experiment. In addition, the proposed method achieves ten times higher computational efficiency than the full-wave simulation.

In using a flow-injection recirculating-catalysis system developed by us to research the simultaneous quantification for peroxidase and ascorbate, it was discovered that the concentrations of peroxidase activity and ascorbate are correlative with the slope and the negative intercept of the linear response curve during a peroxidase-catalyzed kinetic course. Therefore, based on this finding, a new analytical method and a simplified equation for quantifying the peroxidase activity concentration were proposed, Then, test conditions were optimized, finally the use of the method has realized the simultaneous determination for peroxidase of 2-40 U/L and ascorbate of 0.4-12 mg/L in various vegetables (60 μL). The assayed results were consistent with the comparison method, in which the repeatability (RSD 1.43%, n = 11) was satisfactory. Another important conclusion obtained in this study is that the determination of the peroxidase activity in biosamples must use the kinetic curve method for fear of the influence from the ascorbate's lag phase.

A new fluorescence probe method for the detection of Hg(II) in serum was established, which has the detection limit of 3.57 nM and quantification limit of 5 nM, based on the electrostatic induced agglomeration quenching and complexation between Hg(II) and silicon-nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (Si/N-CDs). Furthermore, the fluorescence probe also showed the satisfactory results in the determination of Hg(II) in human serum. Subsequently, take advantage of the uric acid (UA) to recover the fluorescence of the Si/N-CDs-Hg(II) complex probe, another enzyme-free ways to determine UA was developed. The complex probe can selectively detect the UA content in the 0.5–30 μM range, and its detection limit can reach 0.14 μM, which has successfully detected the UA in total serum, and the results were no significant difference comparing with the controls.

To evaluate the grain size and particle number formed in a non-equilibrium flow mixing state, flow-injection analysis (FIA) was combined with focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM). The influence of BaCl2, PEG-4000, ethanol, flowrate, temperature and acidity on the dynamic formation of BaSO4 particles was evaluated. Optimization parameters obtained were 5% BaCl2 as the reagent, 2% PEG-4000 + 6% ethanol as the stabilizer and 0.3 mol L-1 HCl as the carrier with 4 ml min-1 flowrate, and the BaSO4 particle size distribution in the system was in the 1-50 μm range. Under optimized conditions, the system was successfully used for the determination of high sulfate concentrations in the wet-process phosphoric acid process in the 3.2-48 g L-1 (Sct = 55c + 208, r = 0.998, n = 3) range for SO42-. The relative standard deviation was less than 1.86% (n = 11), the detection limit was 0.95 g L-1, the sample throughput reached 30 samples per h, recovery data were within the 97-106% range, and the results were consistent with those of gravimetry (RD < 3%). The system avoids the large error caused by high dilution and the slow analysis speed when measuring high sulfate concentrations.

Background. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) critically impacts the modulation of tumor developments and progressions. Our study is aimed at investigating the expressing patterns, clinical significance, and biological roles of lncRNA TSPEAR-AS2 (TSPEAR-AS2) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Material and Approach. The expressing states achieved by TSPEAR-AS2 were examined in OSCC specimens and cell lines by RT-PCR. The clinical significance of TSPEAR-AS2 was statistically analyzed. OSCC proliferating, invading, and migrating processes were examined with the use of wound healing assays, transwell, colony formation, and cell counting kit-8. Additionally, the downstream molecular mechanism of TSPEAR-AS2 in OSCC was explored. Results. TSPEAR-AS2 was overexpressed in OSCC tumors and cells. High TSPEAR-AS2 was associated with advanced TNM stage. Patients with high TSPEAR-AS2 expression displayed a shorter disease-free survival and total survival of OSCC patients than those with low TSPEAR-AS2 expressing level. It was found that knockdown of TSPEAR-AS2 could inhibit the proliferating, invading, and migrating processes pertaining to OSCC cells. Luciferase reporter tests and RNA pull-down results revealed that TSPEAR-AS2 enhanced the expressions of PPM1A by regulating miR-487a-3p, and TSPEAR-AS2 could be adopted as a miR-487a-3p sponge to inhibit PPM1A expression. Conclusion. Our study highlighted the significance of the TSPEAR-AS2/miR-487a-3p/PPM1A axis within OSCC progression and offered a novel biomarker and novel strategies for OSCC treatments.

Herein, cobalt and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (Co-N-CDs) were fabricated via a one-pot hydrothermal approach. The obtained Co-N-CDs displayed peroxidase-like activity and fluorescence properties. It could catalyze the oxidization of guaiacol (GA) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and thus, resulted in color change, accompanied by a new absorption peak in 470 nm. Owing to the inner filter effect, the oxidized product of GA (known as 2-PQ) largely absorbed the Co-N-CD fluorescence which was excited at 380 nm. Such changes in absorbance and fluorescence intensity were H2O2 concentration-dependent. Specifically, H2O2 could be generated by glucose oxidase to catalyze the oxidation of glucose, and thus, a colorimetric and fluorimetric sensor for glucose was established with high selectivity and excellent sensitivity. After the optimization of experimental conditions, this colorimetric sensor has a good linear range from 2 to 100 μM for glucose and the detection limit was 1.16 μM. Besides, the linear relationship between the fluorescence quenching value (ΔF) and the glucose concentration (0.4-40 μM) was obtained with a detection limit of 0.18 μM. Meanwhile, the proposed sensor has also been successfully applied for glucose detection in human serum samples, and the results were consistent with those of the standard method.

Peroxidase (POD) and ascorbic acid (AsA) usually coexist in organisms to synergistically protect them from reactive oxygen damage, and their contents undergo dynamic changes under different physiological conditions. What's more, the response of POD-catalytic activity in spectrophotometry has to be corrected using the content of concomitant AsA because we found that there is an extinction reaction between AsA and chromogenic products obtained from POD catalysis. With these implications, by skilfully using the chromogenic and the extinction phenomena in the guaiacol/POD/H2O2 reaction, an automatic analysis system for simultaneous quantification of POD (73-440 U L-1) and AsA (4-60 mg L-1) was successfully established based on flow injection analysis (FIA). Furthermore, under acidic conditions (0.5 mol L-1 of HCl), hydrothermal synthesis (250 °C for 1 h) was used for synthesizing new carbon dots (sPOD-CDs) of methylthymol blue (0.08 g L-1)/FeCl3 (0.8 g L-1), which is a simulative enzyme for POD, and it was first used for catalyzing the guaiacol/H2O2 reaction within the FIA system to replace natural HRP in the extinction reaction. This sPOD-CD solution has no background absorption and its concentration shows excellent correlation with simulative POD-activity. Finally, after optimization, this FIA system was utilized to testify that the reducibility of AsA is due to ascorbate ions and to determine POD and AsA in some plant samples. The standard addition recovery experiment showed that there was no interference from the matrix in real samples (recoveries: 95%-105%), and the obtained POD and AsA results were also consistent with the reference experiments (relative deviation ≤ 2.80%, t-test ≥ 0.07). The proposed FIA system is characterized by high sample-throughput (40 samples per h), better repeatability (relative standard deviation ≤ 1.4%), etc.

Water-soluble host molecules offer a range of environments to their guests. Polar functions of guests are exposed to the medium while hydrophobic groups are generally buried in the containers and hidden from reagents in solution. Here, we apply these preferences to convert α,ω-dienes to epoxy alkenes using cavitands as reaction vessels. Reaction of one end of a diene with NBS in water gives a bromohydrin that binds in the cavitand with the hydroxyl exposed and the remaining alkene buried. Treatment with base converts the bromohydrin to an epoxide. The reaction sequence provided up to 84% yields of monoepoxides from symmetrical dienes separated by 4 to 10 methylene groups. With 1,4-diisopropenyl benzene, a nearly quantitative yield of the monoepoxide was obtained. The application should be general for converting symmetrical hydrophobic guests to unsymmetrical, amphiphilic ones.

Conventional package lid induces additional unintentional radiation due to the resonances between the conventional metal lid and ground plane on package board. In this paper, a novel package lid is proposed based on the gap waveguide theory, which adopts mushroom-type electromagnetic bandgap structures to mitigate the increased unintentional emission. In addition, a scalable equivalent circuit model is presented as an assistance for designing the proposed package lid. Both the simulation and measurement results confirm that the proposed lid can significantly reduce the unintentional radiation within the specific frequency range as designed.