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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to extract nano-exosomes from Aloe vera bark callus and validate their effects on collagen synthesis and skin corneous improvement.Methods: Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) was used to validate collagen synthesis, while HaCaT cells, a human keratin cell line, were used to verify absorption capability. The Folin–Denis technique was used to determine the polyphenol content. In addition, lotion formulations and skin application experiments were also carried out.Results: Nano-exosomes with size ranging 50–150 nm were successfully isolated from Aloe vera bark callus (alosomes). Alosomes produced 22.11% more collagen in HDF than Aloe vera bark extract at 1.0% concentration. In the cytotoxicity test, 80% of cells were survived at concentrations of 1% or less. After one hour, a considerable quantity was transported into the cytoplasm of HaCaT cells. The polyphenol concentration was four times that of Aloe vera bark extract. Skin tests using alosome-containing lotion demonstrated that skin surface, hydration, and elasticity were improved after 4 weeks. Moisture contents of the stratum corneum and dermis layer were improved, whereas moisture content of corneous was reduced after 4 weeks.Conclusion: The skin-improving effect of nano-exosomes derived from Aloe vera bark callus is shown in this study, indicating its potential as a functional cosmetic raw material.

Purpose: In this study, the cytotoxicity and antioxidant effects of Aloe arborescens oil isolated from supercritical fluid extraction were confirmed, and an aloe oil cream was manufactured to evaluate the skin wrinkle improvement effect. Thus, we provided scientific evidence for functional cosmetic ingredients.Methods: Aloe oil was extracted from Jeju Aloe arborescens using a supercritical fluid extraction method. Aloe oil chromaticity and fatty acid analysis were determined. MTT assay and DPPH radical scavenging activity were used to assess the cell viability and antioxidant effect of NIH-3T3, HaCaT, and B16F10 cells. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of an aloe-containing cream on skin wrinkle improvement on 22 adult women 40–60 years of age.Results: Aloe oil extracted from Aloe arborescens using supercritical fluid extraction contained 0.02 g of fatty acid per 100 g, which included behenic, palmitic, α-linolenic, oleic, linoleic, and elaidic acids. The L value was 12.46±2.15, the a value was 3.73±0.26, the b value was 10.35±0.51, and the ΔE was 81.4 as a result of chromaticity. The cell viability of NIH-3T3, HaCaT, and B16F10 cells showed low cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Aloe oil outperformed aloe supercritical extract in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity. According to the results of a skin wrinkle improvement efficacy test, a cream containing aloe oil has a significantly high skin wrinkle improvement effect.Conclusion: We discovered that aloe oil isolated from supercritical fluid extraction has a strong antioxidant effect and significantly improves skin wrinkles.

Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a type of dementia that leads to loss of memory and learning ability. Aloe arborescens is a traditional medicinal plant in Europe and Africa. It has been reported that A. arborescens showed anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. Previously, we reported that fermented A. arborescens extract had neuroprotective activity in glutamate-insulted HT22 cells. Materials and Methods In this study, we evaluated its cognitive enhancing activity by using scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice as a model system. Morris water maze test was carried out to evaluate spatial memory enhancing activity and a passive avoidance test was performed to evaluate an effect on learning memory. A. arborescens was extracted with methanol in an ultrasonic extraction device and fermented with Lactobacillus brevis. Fermented A. arborescens extract was treated to scopolamine-insulted Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice at a concentration of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Results The fermented A. arborescens extract significantly improved the scopolamine-insulted memory impairment. Fermented A. arborescens extract inhibited acetylcholine esterase activity and boosted brain-derived neurotrophic factor and phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (p-CREB) expression. These results showed that fermented AA extract improved memory impairment through the increase of the BDNF and p-CREB signal pathway. Conclusion According to these results, we considered that the fermented A. arborescens extract can be a useful candidate for new nutraceuticals for improving memory impairment.

Purpose: This study aims to establish the appropriate conditions for induction and proliferation of callus from the flower stalk of Calanthe discolor Lindl. (CFS) and to analyze the antioxidant properties as well as the skin irritation level of its extracts.Methods: Murashige & Skoog medium was used to induce the callus from CFS with NB0 (α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 0 mg/L, benzyl adenine (BA) 0 mg/L), NB1 (NAA 0.2 mg/L, BA 0.1 mg/L), NB5 (NAA 0.2 mg/L, BA 0.5 mg/L), and NB10 (0.2 mg/L, BA 1.0 mg/L) as plant growth regulators (PGR). The callus powder was extracted by ultrasonic treatment, and the total phenolic contents (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and human skin irritation test using callus extracts were performed.Results: As a result of callus induction from CFS with PGR, NB5 showed the highest growth rate of callus with a weight of 4.2±0.3 g. The TPC of the callus extracts NB0, NB1, NB5, and NB10 were 33.71±0.27, 37.59±0.51, 46.26±0.18, and 55.92±0.33 mg GAE/g, respectively. NB10 showed the highest value of DPPH radical scavenging activity than that of NB0, NB1, NB5, and NB10, in various concentrations. CFS callus extract showed very low human skin irritation compared to that of the control group, 10% SLS.Conclusion: The optimal PGR condition for induction of CFS callus was established as NB10. CFS callus extracts can be used as functional materials for cosmetics as it has significant antioxidant activity and low skin irritation value.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a novel composition of multifunctional sunblock (NCMFS) by combining extracts from Eisenia bicyclis (E. bicyclis ) and Aloe vera (A. vera ) with a mixture of micron- and nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders, which are MP-100 and MPT-136, respectively, characterized by ultraviolet (UV)-blocking properties. Methods: The mixed compound was prepared by combining micron-TiO2 and nano-TiO2 particles. The NCMFS was prepared by combining E. bicyclis and A. vera extracts with the mixed compound. The physicochemical properties (particle shape and size) of the mixed compound and UV, infrared (IR), and thermal blocking efficiency of each compound were analyzed. Results: Analysis of the physicochemical properties of the mixed compounds showed that the optimum ratio of mixing MP-100 and MPT-136 was 2.5:7.5. Measurement of sun protection factor (SPF) and protection grade of UV-A (PA) values of A. vera , E. bicyclis , and mixed extracts and NCMFS showed that the NCMFS mixture had the highest values, which were 34.35±0.36 and 34.87±0.36, respectively. Similarly, upon measuring the SPF and PA values, the highest values, 34.39±0.41 and 34.37±0.52, respectively, were measured for NCMFS and compared to the values of each single compound or the mixed compound. In addition, it was found NCMFS has excellent antifine dust adhesion rate and water-resistant properties. Conclusion: Therefore, our results suggested that the NCMFS consisting of the mixture of TiO2 and E. bicyclis and A. vera extracts has not only UV, IR, and thermal-blocking activity but also antidust protectant and water-resistance properties.

Aloe is widely used as a cosmetic and medicinal plant. Numerous studies have reported that aloe gel extract has antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, immunity, and skin antiaging properties. However, few studies have investigated the properties of fermentation products of aloe processing byproducts. Aloe stalks and leaves remain as byproducts after the aloe beverage manufacturing process. This study evaluated whether fermentation products of blender and press extracts of aloe processing byproducts (BF and PF, respectively) that remain after beverage manufacturing were useful as functional biomaterial by investigating their effects on adipocyte differentiation, hyaluronic acid (HA) production, tyrosinase activity, and antioxidant activity. Co-fermentation of G. xylinus and S. cerevisiae was conducted for fermentation of aloe processing byproducts. The BF and PF products did not induce observable cytotoxicity effects. However, BF and PF products did inhibit a 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation compared with control, with the BF product displaying greater inhibition of 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation than the PF product. HA production increased in HaCaT cell cultures as the concentration of the MF product increased, as compared with the untreated control. The levels of tyrosinase inhibition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity also depended on the MF product concentration. This study indicates that the fermented products of aloe processing byproducts have biological potential for applications in the manufacturing of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and beverages. These laboratory bench results provide the foundation for future studies of scaling and practical applications at the industrial level.