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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a metal-free photocatalyst with visible light response. However, the disadvantages limit its application in a wider range, such as its small specific surface areas, fewer active sites, narrow visible light absorption range and high photogenic carrier recombination. In this paper, NaOH was used as activator for alkaline activation of g-C3N4. The phase composition, micromorphology, surface chemical state and optical properties of g-C3N4 after activation were tested. The photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 over organic dyes was also tested. The results showed that Na+ entered the interlayers of g-C3N4, expanding the spaces between layers. The specific surface area and pore volume of powder were increased. The active sites were increased. The band gap was decreased, and the photogenic carrier recombination was reduced. Alkaline activated g-C3N4 had better adsorption and degradation performance over rhodamine B and methyl orange than inactivated g-C3N4. Therefore, the alkaline activated g-C3N4 promotes its further application in the field of wastewater treatment. This work sheds light on the material modification through a simple method with the aim to efficiently use solar energy.

In hypothetical steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) accident scenario of pool-type liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor, water is injected from SG into primary circuit through the break and flash. The injected steam bubbles may transport into the core region and insert positive reactivity, which threaten the reactor safety. To accurately predict the void fraction for evaluation of accident consequence, drift flux model applied to gas-liquid metal two-phase flow is useful and need to be developed. In this contribution, an algebraic model aimed at bubble induced turbulence (BIT) is introduced to improve the underestimation of turbulent viscosity calculated by Clark’s force balance model to accurately predict the one-dimensional liquid velocity distribution along radial direction in flow channel. On this basis, the distribution parameter is calculated. Analysis result shows that distribution parameter is assuming very high values at low Re number. With Froude number increase, distribution parameter tends to decrease. At lower void factions, distribution parameter is also assumed to be high values. It indicates that the pipe size, flow rate and void fraction can all influence distribution parameter. Considering the quantitative laws of above influence factors obtained by theoretical analysis and fitting test data, a new correlation for gas-liquid metal two-phase flow is developed and evaluated.

In order to economically increase cycle lengths of pressurized water reactor, current regulatory burnup limit of 62 GWd/tU is expected to extend to ∼75 GWd/tU. According to the experimental observation in the Halden IFA-650 tests, high burnup fuel seems more susceptible to turn into fine fragments (pulvers) in loss-of-coolant accidents. Due to the cladding ballooning under temperature transients, the fragmented fuel can axially relocate into the ballooned region, which may lead to a local increase in cladding temperature and oxidation level, raising the licensing concerns related to core coolability as described in 10 CFR 50.46. Although fuel relocation has been extensively observed and well identified in various test programs, there is still data gap between experimental observation and numerical prediction. This paper proposes a three-dimensional simulation framework with discrete element method for fuel relocation, in which coarse fuel fragments are modelled with Voronoi cells and the high burnup structure is established through small isolated particles. Five tests conducted in the FR2 program were chosen to validate the simulation results, in which the predicted missing fuel lengths fitted well with the experimental observation, indicating the high fidelity of the simulation framework. Based on the validated simulation results, the mass fraction and filling ratio of fuel fragments along the axial direction were discussed to investigate the effects of cladding hoop strain on fuel relocation. Finally, a correlation of maximum mass fraction of fuel fragments with respect to cladding hoop strain was proposed to provide an implication to high burnup fuel performance evaluation under loss-of-coolant accidents for the future work.

Doxorubicin (DOX) induced myocardial toxicity may limit its therapeutic use in clinic. Psoralen (PSO), a major active tricyclic furocoumarin extracted from Psoralea corylifolia, is widely used as an antineoplastic agent in treatment of leukemia and other cancers. This study is aim to find the protective effect of psoralen polymer lipid nanoparticles (PSO-PLN) on doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in mice. The model of myocardial toxicity induced by DOX was established. The experiment was divided into 6 groups: normal saline group, DOX + Sulfotanshinone Sodium, DOX + PSO-PLN (3 mg/kg), DOX + PSO-PLN (6 mg/kg), DOX + PSO-PLN (9 mg/ kg), DOX group. DOX alone treated mice lead to a significant decrease in the body weight, heart weight, and increase in the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and malondialdehyde (MDA) markers of cardiotoxicity. However, DOX reduced glutathione (GSH) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), were recovered by PSO-PLN. And PSO-PLN also decreased markers of cardiotoxicity in the serum. Western blotting data showed that the protective effects of PSO-PLN might be mediated via regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) and p38. Our study suggest that PSO-PLN possesses antioxidant activities, inactivating PKA and p38 effect, which in turn protect the heart from the DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

The graduation development such as employment and graduate school admission of college students are important tasks. However, mining the factors that can affect the development of graduation remains challenging, because the most important factor “course” is not independent and inequality, which are always ignored by previous researchers. Furthermore, traditional structured methods cannot handle the complex relationships between courses, and attention networks cannot distinguish the weights of compulsory and elective courses with different distributions. Therefore, we present a Graph-based Hierarchical Attention Neural Network Model with Elective Course (GHANN-EC) for the prediction of graduation development in this study. Specifically, we use graph embedding that captures the unstructured relationships between courses and hierarchical attention that assigns the importance of the courses to excavating course information that represent students’ independent interests, and can more accurately understand the relationship between graduation development and academic performance. Experimental results on the real-world datasets show that GHANN-EC outperforms the existing popular approach.

This paper studies the bending behavior of two-dimensional functionally graded (TDFG) beam based on the Timoshenko beam theory, where the material properties of the beam vary both in the length and thickness directions. By introducing a new auxiliary function, we simplify the coupled governing equations for the deflection and rotation to a single governing equation. Moreover, all physical quantities of interest can be expressed in terms of the auxiliary function. Then, the exact analytical solutions for bending of TDFG Timoshenko beams are derived for various boundary conditions. The influence of gradient indexes on the deflection and stress distribution of TDFG Timoshenko beams is discussed subjected to different transverse loadings, including uniformly distributed loading, linearly distributed loading and concentrated external loading. The introduced approach is of benefit to exact bending analysis of TDFG beams by employing other beam theories.

As the education of students attracts more and more attention, the task of graduation development prediction has gradually become a hot topic in academia and industry. The task of graduation development prediction aims to predict the employment category of students in advance via academic achievement data, which can help administrators understand students' learning status and set up a reasonable learning plan. However, existing research ignores the potential impact of social relationships on students' graduation development choices. To fully explore social relationships among students, we propose a Social-path Embedding-based Transformer Neural Network (SPE-TNN) for the task of graduation development prediction in this paper. Specifically, SPE-TNN is divided into the Social-path selection layer, the Social-path embedding layer, the Transformer layer, and the Multi-layer projection layer. Firstly, the Social-path selection layer is designed to find social relationships that impact graduation development and embed them into the student's performance features through the Social-path embedding layer. Secondly, the Transformer layer is adopted to balance the weights of the students' features. Finally, the Multi-layer projection layer is used to achieve the student graduation development prediction. Experimental results on the real-world datasets show that SPE-TNN outperforms the existing popular approaches.

BackgroundMajor limiting factors for cell therapy in solid tumors include clonal heterogeneity and the related lack of universally expressed tumor-specific antigens. As the only truly polyclonal cell product in advanced development, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) offer the broadest diversity of tumor reactivity but can be limited by suboptimal effector function in situ. Here we present a novel platform designed to leverage the diverse TCR repertoire of TILs while amplifying their anti-tumor activity via a synthetic costimulatory antigen receptor (CoStAR).MethodsA CoStAR molecule encoding an extracellular folate receptor alpha (FOLR1)-targeting single-chain fragment variable (scFv) and intracellular CD28 and CD40 signaling sequences was transduced into peripherally harvested T cells (healthy donor) and primary ovarian cancer TILs. Coculture experiments were performed with engineered cell lines and autologous tumor digests expressing varying levels TCR-stimulus and/or FOLR1. Cytolytic activity, activation markers, proliferation and cytokine secretion were measured.ResultsAnti-FOLR1 CoStAR T cells activated with TCR stimulation and FOLR1 displayed increased activation markers (eg, CD137, > 50% increase), improved cytolytic activity, cytokine production (eg, IL-2, >15-fold) and ~7-fold increased proliferation when compared to either unmodified cells or when stimulated via TCR alone. Importantly, no T cell effector function, as measured by cytolytic activity, cytokine secretion, upregulation of activation markers or proliferation, was observed when CoStAR T cells were cocultured with targets expressing only FOLR1, underscoring the costimulation-only mechanism of action and reliance on native TCR repertoire for tumor recognition. Furthermore, increased activity was also observed when primary ovarian cancer anti-FOLR1 CoStAR TILs were cocultured with autologous tumor.ConclusionsCoStAR is a novel platform that leverages synthetic biology and T-cell-intrinsic circuits to create a product with markedly increased functional activity including cytotoxicity, proliferation, and cytokine expression while retaining broad, patient-specific neoantigen recognition to limit both antigen escape and off-tumor toxicity. Instil plans to initiate its first-in-human clinical trial with ITIL-306, an investigational anti-FOLR1 CoStAR TIL product in 1H 2022. Additional scFv targets are being evaluated for clinical application across a broad range of solid tumor histologies.

Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide and represents 12% of all cancer cases. Improvements in survival rates are largely attributed to improved screening and diagnosis. Conventional chemotherapy remains an important treatment option but it is beset with poor cell selectivity, serious side effects and resistance. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems bring promising opportunities to breast cancer treatment. They may improve chemotherapy by targeting drugs to tumors, generating high drug concentrations at tumors providing slow release of the drug, increased drug stability and concomitant reductions in side effects. The nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches and the current research and application status of nano-targeted agents for breast cancer are discussed in this review to provide a basis for further study on targeted drug delivery systems.

The early hydration heat and hydration process, hydration products and strength of binders containing 20% copper slag with different fineness has been studied. The ordinary Portland cement is taken as the comparison sample. Results show that the replacement of cement in the same proportion copper slag can prolong its induction period, reduce its early hydration heat and prolong the hydration process, which was caused by the dilution of cement clinker after adding 20% copper slag, the limited pozzolanic activity and the agglomeration effect of copper slag particles, as well as the chemical composition which contained heavy metal compounds. Adding copper slag can reduce both the compressive and flexural strength, while the reduction rate of flexural strength is slightly smaller than that of compressive strength. Copper slag with specific surface areas 503 m2 (kg)−1 has the optimal strength development. Hydration products of composite binders such as calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium aluminum silicate hydrate are about the same with the comparison sample ordinary Portland cement, while calcium iron oxide content Fe is always exist. With the curing aging growing, especially for sample with the highest fineness copper slag, the hydration will be deeper and generate calcium aluminum oxide carbonate hydrate.

A polymer-lipid hybrid nanocarrier was developed to encapsulate psoralen (PSO) to improve its water solubility and bioavailability. The effects of PSO-loaded polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PSO-PLNs) on breast cancer MCF-7 cells were investigated. PSO-PLNs were prepared through a nanoprecipitation method and were optimized by a central composite design-response surface methodology using particle size and entrapment efficiency as indices. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the physicochemical characterizations of PSO-PLNs, which had an average size of 93.44 ± 2.39 nm and a zeta potential of −27.63 ± 0.31 mV. In vitro drug release of PSO-PLNs was evaluated using dialysis and showed a delayed release compared with free PSO. The in vivo anticancer efficiency of PSO-PLNs was appreciated using a MCF-7 breast tumor model. Administration of PSO-PLNs showed similar antitumor efficacy but lower toxicity compared with doxorubicin. Our designed nanocarriers successfully optimized the pharmacokinetics of PSO via improved systemic delivery.

It is common in most service industries to obtain customer satisfaction ratings in the form of questionnaires to improve services, an approach that suffers from sample acquisition difficulties, irrational distribution and subjective error due to customer willingness to participate. To address this issue, this article uses emotion recognition technology to analyze customer emotion expressions in videos instead of traditional questionnaires,but the task of this kind of dynamic facial expression recognition based on image sequences in the process of expression changes still faces huge challenges: traditional recognition methods ignore the relationship between expressions changes and keyframe information.Therefore, this paper proposes a network model based on BiLSTM-Attention structure in combination with VGG16. BiLSTM is used to obtain the contextual characteristics of pictures and capture the relationship between long-term emotional fluctuations. The application of attention mechanism assigns the importance of pictures representing short-term facial expressions of people, and make the model automatically learn information that is highly relevant to decision-making. Experiments show that this method can accurately determine people's comprehensive emotions over a period of time and has a good learning performance.

Shenqi Maixintong capsule (SMC), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, exerts various therapeutic effects, including nourishing one’s vitality, improving blood circulation, regulating vital energy, and promoting coronary circulation. Studies have demonstrated that SMC could effectively alleviate atherosclerosis (AS) and delay its development. However, the effect of SMC on lipid metabolism remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of SMC on lipid metabolism of RAW264.7 cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Drug-containing serum was prepared by intragastric administration of SD (Sprague Dawley) rats. RAW264.7 cells were transformed into foam cells with 25 mg/L ox-LDL. SMC-treated rat serum increased the survival rate of ox-LDL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Oil Red staining, total cholesterol, and free cholesterol detection data showed that the intermediated dose of SMC had the best effect on reducing the lipid accumulation, lipid droplets, intracellular cholesterol, and total cholesterol content of RAW264.7 cells. The results of western blotting showed that the expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, LXRα, PPARγ, and peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) was increased by SMC, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) was reduced, which promoted reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) of RAW264.7 cells and inhibited foam cell formation. Furthermore, SOD and MDA data indicated that SMC could reduce the senescence of RAW264.7 cells. These findings suggest that SMC might prevent ox-LDL-induced damage of macrophages in AS patients by improving cell viability and slowing down lipid accumulation and senescence.

This study aims at comparing the hydration characteristics between two kinds of cements, the Portland slag cement (PSC) containing 50 wt.% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and the supersulfated cement (SSC) containing 85 wt.% GGBFS. The reason caused the different hydration properties with the same type raw materials were analyzed by determining the compressive strength of the pastes, the hydration heat release and the hydration products at different curing ages. The results show that in PSC system, alkali activation was predominating and it mainly generated hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H gels) and calcium hydroxide (CH). While in SSC system, the hydration mechanism was the combination of sulfate and alkali excitation, it mainly generated C-S-H gels and ettringite. The compressive strength of PSC was higher than that of SSC at every curing age. However, the difference of the compressive strength between PSC and SSC narrowed gradually as curing age went on. The early compressive strength of PSC was high while at late hydration age it increased slowly. The early compressive strength of SSC was low, while the later compressive strength increased quikly. Compared with PSC, the hydration heat evolution rate of SSC was slower and the hydration heat of SSC was relatively less low. Moreover, the second exothermic peak of SSC delayed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.4.17746

Deregulation of several microRNAs (miRs) can influence critical developmental checkpoints during hematopoiesis as well as cell functions, eventually leading to the development of autoimmune disease or cancer. We found that miR-125b is expressed in bone marrow multipotent progenitors and myeloid cells but shut down in the B-cell lineage, and the gene encoding miR-125b lacked transcriptional activation markers in B cells. To understand the biological importance of the physiological silencing of miR-125b expression in B cells, we drove its expression in the B-cell lineage and found that dysregulated miR-125b expression impaired egress of immature B cells from the bone marrow to peripheral blood. Such impairment appeared to be mediated primarily by inhibited expression of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1). Enforced expression of S1PR1 or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9–mediated genome editing of the miR-125b targeting site in the S1PR1 3′ untranslated region rescued the miR-125b–mediated defect in B-cell egress. In addition to impaired B-cell egress, miR-125b dysregulation initially reduced pre–B-cell output but later induced pre–B-cell lymphoma/leukemia in mice. Genetic deletion of IRF4 was found in miR-125b–induced B-cell cancer, but its role in oncogenic miR-125b–induced B-cell transformation is still unknown. Here, we further demonstrated an interaction of the effects of miR-125b and IRF4 in cancer induction by showing that miR125b-induced B-cell leukemia was greatly accelerated in IRF4 homozygous mutant mice. Thus, we conclude that physiological silencing of miR-125b is required for normal B-cell development and also acts as a mechanism of cancer suppression.

Developing drilling fluid materials from modified biomass to meet drilling and environmental requirements has always been of concern. This paper reports for the first time the use of polyampholyte hydrophobically modified by epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), as a potential shale inhibitor. It (AADE) was prepared by micellar polymerization of acrylamide (AM), 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) with pre-prepared ESO-derived methacrylate monomer (ESO-MA). Its molecular structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. A comparative study of obtained AADE and the polyampholyte without hydrophobic modification (AAD) was carried out through thermal properties, rheological properties, inhibition performance and drilling fluid compatibility tests. The results showed that AADE possessed higher thermal stability due to the presence of hydrophobic associative ability and crosslinkable epoxy groups, and the hydrophobic interaction between AADE chains dominated the shear-thinning behavior and lowered the viscosity-temperature and viscosity-salt dependence. Also, AADE at a lower concentration more effectively prevented clay hydration swelling and inhibited shale disintegration than AAD and conventional inhibitors. Meanwhile, AADE was well compatible with bentonite dispersion in both fresh water and brine, and improved rheological properties and decreased API and high temperature high pressure (HTHP) fluid loss before and after hot rolling. The inhibition mechanism of AADE was revealed to be the synergetic actions of physical plugging of hydrophobic associated multipolymer aggregates in micro-pores of shale, chemical film with a hydrophobic shell formed on clay surface, and the surface activity to reduce capillary driven force. This research might provide an insight for the application of hydrophobically modified polymer, particularly plant oil-based, as shale inhibitor in water-based drilling fluid.

The present study investigated the rates of detection and the positive rates of computed tomography (CT)-guided aspiration of lung biopsy for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, and analyzed the relationship between gene mutation and clinical characteristics to improve the rate of related factors of gene detection. The clinical data and CT-guided aspiration biopsy specimen of 250 patients with lung cancer. Data showed that the rate of EGFR gene mutation was 41.2% (103/250) in biopsy specimens of non-small cell lung cancer patients. The rate of EGFR gene mutation of adenocarcinoma (56.6%, P50 was higher. The rate of ALK protein immunohistochemical detection was 87.2%, and the rate of coarse needle biopsy detection was higher than that of the fine needle (91 and 72%, P0.05). The rate of detection was associated with tumor cell number (P0.05). The rate of detection of EGFR and ALK genes was associated with tumor cell number and had no correlation with the proportion of tumor cells. The rate of detection is higher when the number of tumor cells is more than 50.

TiO2/cement composites were prepared by a spraying method to degrade organic pollutants. After coated with waterproof liquid, pure cement pastes/mortars were sprayed with TiO2 suspensions with different TiO2 contents and spraying times. Photocatalytic properties, mechanical strength and durability were studied. Maximum photocatalytic activity and uniform TiO2 distribution were achieved at the optimal conditions of 10 wt% TiO2 content in suspension and 3 spraying times. The TiO2/cement pastes had better degradation performance over Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) than that over methyl orange (MO). After 20 times of cycling degradation, the photocatalytic efficiencies had no significant reduction. The TiO2/cement mortars had good mechanical strengths, meeting the mechanical demands of wastewater treatment tanks. In durability, the TiO2/cement mortars had better water penetration resistance, chloride penetration resistance and anti-carbonation than pure cement mortars.

To study predation by Coccinella septempunctata adults on 4 stages of Poratrioza sinica Yang Li, predation functional response, mutual interference, density influence and preference of C. septempunctata on P. sinica were investigated in laboratory and preying effect in field. The study indicated that functional response of adult C. septempunctata to P. sinica could be fitted by Holling 2 model, the daily maximum numbers of P. sinica eggs, 1为了测定七星瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食作用,分别在室内测定七星瓢虫的捕食功能反应、种内干扰、自身密度干扰、捕食偏好性以及在田间七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食效果.结果表明: 七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,其中对卵的最大捕食量为112.6粒,对1～2龄若虫、3～5龄若虫、成虫的最大捕食量分别为536、415和113.9头;田间罩笼试验结果证明,七星瓢虫成虫在其生长周期30 d内能使枸杞木虱总虫口密度下降80.1%;七星瓢虫对1～2龄枸杞木虱若虫的搜寻效率参数

HIV controllers (HCs) are individuals who can naturally control HIV infection, partially due to potent HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Here, we examined the hypothesis that superior function of CD8+ T cells from HCs is encoded by their T cell receptors (TCRs). We compared the functional properties of immunodominant HIV-specific TCRs obtained from HLA-B*2705 HCs and chronic progressors (CPs) following expression in primary T cells. T cells transduced with TCRs from HCs and CPs showed equivalent induction of epitope-specific cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, and antigen-binding properties. Transduced T cells comparably, albeit modestly, also suppressed HIV infection in vitro and in humanized mice. We also performed extensive molecular dynamics simulations that provided a structural basis for similarities in cytotoxicity and epitope cross-reactivity. These results demonstrate that the differential abilities of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from HCs and CPs are not genetically encoded in the TCRs alone and must depend on additional factors.

This study sought to investigate the possible association between the dynamics of oral streptococci community profiles and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) development, compared with caries-free (CF) controls. Supragingival plaque samples were evaluated from 8-32-month-old children who had previously been assessed for overall profiles of their oral microbial community. Twelve children were in each group. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and amplified using rnpB-specific primers for streptococci; the products were then subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequence analysis. We observed that the mean values for species richness (N) and diversity of oral streptococci (H') were significantly lower in the S-ECC group than in the CF group (N = 1.25 ± 4.14 vs 14.92 ± 2.84; H' = 1.41 ± 0.29 vs 1.64 ± 0.18) at 32 months of age (P 0.05). Significantly higher detection rates of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii were found in the CF group compared with the S-ECC group at 32 months of age (P 0.05). Cluster analysis of DGGE profiles showed that most of the clusters were constructed from one individual over time. These results suggested that the onset of S-ECC is accompanied by reduced diversity of oral streptococci, that the detection rates of S. sanguinis and S. gordonii have negative correlations with S-ECC; and that there are high levels of intra-individual similarity for the oral streptococci community over time.

Dendritic cell (DC) activation and antigen presentation are critical for efficient priming of T cell responses. Here, we study how lentiviral vectors (LVs) deliver antigen and activate DCs to generate T cell immunization in vivo. We report that antigenic proteins delivered in vector particles via pseudotransduction were sufficient to stimulate an antigen-specific immune response. The delivery of the viral genome encoding the antigen increased the magnitude of this response in vivo but was irrelevant in vitro. Activation of DCs by LVs was independent of MyD88, TRIF, and MAVS, ruling out an involvement of Toll-like receptor or RIG-I–like receptor signaling. Cellular DNA packaged in LV preparations induced DC activation by the host STING (stimulator of interferon genes) and cGAS (cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase) pathway. Envelope-mediated viral fusion also activated DCs in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase–dependent but STING-independent process. Pseudotransduction, transduction, viral fusion, and delivery of cellular DNA collaborate to make the DC-targeted LV preparation an effective immunogen.