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A process was developed to recover boron from the chemicals of an old propulsion engine. The pellet igniter in a propulsion engine is composed of oxidizers, boron compounds and binders. In order to extract the boron compounds, an organic solvent and/or aqueous treatments were employed and followed by a sintering process. A qualitative and quantitative characterization of boron was performed by differential scanning calorimeter and thermogravimetric analyses (DSC-TGA), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). Overall, 79.7% of boron recovery was achieved. The final purity level of boron was 94%, which is sufficiently pure to satisfy the US Military’s specifications (US-MIL-P-46994B) for the pellet igniter. From the pellets igniter (a), boron (b) and potassium nitrate (c) are purely separated.

For reactive oxygen species (ROS)–sensitive and CD44 receptor–mediated delivery of photosensitizers, chlorin e6 (ce6) tetramer was synthesized using tetra acid (TA) via selenocystamine linkages and then conjugated with hyaluronic acid (HA) (abbreviated as HAseseCe6TA). HAseseCe6TA nanophotosensitizers were fabricated by dialysis procedure. HAseseCe6TA nanophotosensitizers showed spherical morphology with small particle sizes less than 100 nm and monomodal pattern. When H2O2 was added, size distribution was changed to multimodal pattern and morphological observation showed disintegration of nanophotosensitizers, indicating that HAseseCe6TA nanophotosensitizers have ROS sensitivity. Furthermore, H2O2 addition resulted in acceleration of Ce6 release from HAseseCe6TA nanophotosensitizers. In vitro cell culture study, HAseseCe6TA nanophotosensitizers increase Ce6 uptake ratio, ROS production efficiency, and photodynamic therapy efficacy in both B16F10 cells and CT26 cells. Especially, CD44-receptor blocking of cancer cells by pretreatment of HA showed that fluorescence intensity in B16F10 cells was significantly decreased while fluorescence intensity in CT26 cells was not significantly changed, indicating that HAseseCe6TA nanophotosensitizers can be delivered by CD44 receptor–mediated pathway. In vivo animal tumor xenograft study, HAseseCe6TA nanophotosensitizers was selectively delivered to B16F10 tumor rather than CT26 tumor. These results indicated that HAseseCe6TA nanophotosensitizers have ROS sensitivity and have CD44 receptor–recognition properties.

The main purpose of this study is to synthesize novel types of nanophotosensitizers that are based on hyperbranched chlorin e6 (Ce6) via disulfide linkages. Moreover, hyperbranched Ce6 was conjugated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for CD44-receptor mediated delivery and redox-sensitive photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer cells. Hyperbranched Ce6 was considered to make novel types of macromolecular photosensitizer since most of the previous studies regarding nanophotosensizers are concerned with simple conjugation between monomeric units of photosensitizer and polymer materials. Hyperbranched Ce6 was synthesized by conjugation of Ce6 each other while using disulfide linkage. To synthesize Ce6 tetramer, carboxyl groups of Ce6 were conjugated with cystamine and three equivalents of Ce6 were then conjugated again with the end of amine groups of Ce6-cystamine. To synthesize Ce6 decamer as a hyperbranched Ce6, six equivalents of Ce6 was conjugated with the end of Ce6 tetramer via cystamine linkage. Furthermore, HA-cystamine was attached with Ce6 tetramer or Ce6 decamer to synthesize HA-Ce6 tetramer (Ce6tetraHA) or HA-Ce6 decamer (Ce6decaHA) conjugates. Ce6tetraHA and Ce6decaHA nanophotosensitizers showed small diameters of less than 200 nm. The addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) and hyaluronidase (HAse) induced a faster Ce6 release rate in vitro drug release study, which indicated that Ce6tetraHA nanophotosensitizers possess redox-sensitive and HAse-sensitive release properties. Ce6tetraHA nanophotosensitizers showed higher intracellular Ce6 accumulation, higher ROS generation, and higher PDT efficacy than that of Ce6 alone. Ce6tetraHA nanophotosensitizers responded to the CD44 receptor of cancer cell surface, i.e., the pre-treatment of HA blocked CD44 receptor of U87MG or HCT116 cells and then inhibited delivery of nanophotosensitizers in vitro cell culture study. Furthermore, in vivo tumorxenograft study showed that fluorescence intensity in the tumor tissues was stronger than those of other organs, while CD44 receptor blocking by HA pretreatment induced a decrease of fluorescence intensity in tumor tissues when compared to liver. These results indicated that Ce6tetraHA nanophotosensitizers delivered to tumors by redox-sensitive and CD44-sensitive manner.

Skin carcinomas are among the most commonly diagnosed tumors in the world. In this study, we investigated the transfection of immortalized keratinocytes, used as an in vitro model for skin carcinoma, using the antisense technology and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)-based copolymers. In order to improve the transfection efficiency of the classic PDMAEMA polymers, copolymers were synthesized including a poly(N-morpholino)ethylmethacrylate) (PMEMA) moiety for an improved proton-sponge effect, intended to favour the release of the oligonucleotide from the acidic endosome. These copolymers were synthesized either statistically (with alternating PDMAEMA and PMEMA fragments) or in blocks (one PDMAEMA block followed by one PMEMA block). MTT assays were performed using the PDMAEMA-PMEMA copolymers and revealed no significant cytotoxicity of these polymers at an N/P ratio of 7.3. Using fluorescent oligonucleotides and analyzing transfection efficiency by flow cytometry, we noticed no significant differences between the two kinds of copolymers. However copolymers with a higher DMAEMA content and a higher Mn were also those displaying the highest vectorization efficiency. Confocal microscopy showed that these copolymers induced a fine granular distribution of the transfected antisense oligonucleotides inside the cells. We also assessed the functionality of the transfected antisense oligonucleotide by transfecting immortalized GFP expressing keratinocytes with a GFP antisense oligonucleotide using these copolymers. A significant silencing was achieved with a PDMAEMA-PMEMA in block copolymer (Mn=41 000, 89 % PDMAEMA). Together, these results suggest that PDMAEMA-PMEMA copolymers combining low toxicity, vectorization and proton sponge properties, can be efficiently used to transfect immortalized keratinocytes and so open new perspectives in the therapy of skin carcinomas as well as of other skin diseases of genetic or immunological origin.

Skin carcinoma are among the most spread diagnosed tumours in the world. In this study, we investigated the transfection of immortalized keratinocytes, used as an in vitro model for skin carcinoma, using antisense technology and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)-based polymers, with original architecture and functionalities. We tested PDMAEMA polymers with different structures: linear, with two (DEA-PDMAEMA) or three (TEA-PDMAEMA) arms. The cytotoxicity of these polymers was assessed over a wide range of apparent M n (from 7600 to 64 600). At a N/P ratio of 7.38, cytotoxicity increases with the M n. Keratinocytes were transfected with a fluorescent oligonucleotide and then analyzed by flow cytometry. For the three architectures tested, the percentage of transfected cells and abundance of internalized oligonucleotide were closely related to the M n of the polymer. Confocal microscopy and FACS analyses showed a wide spread fine granular distribution of the oligonucleotide up to 3 days post-transfection. Then, we assessed the silencing efficiency of the polymers, targeting GFP in GFP expressing keratinocytes. The maximal silencing effect (±40%) was obtained using a DEA-PDMAEMA polymer (M n = 30 300). These results suggest that PDMAEMA-based polymers can be efficiently used to transfect immortalized keratinocytes and, thus, open new perspectives in the therapy of skin carcinoma.

Two different and well-defined methacrylate-based (co)polymers were employed as a polymeric siRNA delivery system. siRNA, poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) homopolymers (PDMAEMA) and poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)-b-poly (ethyleneglycol) α-methoxy, ω-methacrylate (PDMAEMA-b-PMAPEG) palm-tree-like copolymer ternary complexes were prepared using a rapid and simple two-step mixing protocol involving noncovalent post-PEGylation, and physicochemical properties including hydrodynamic diameter, zeta-potential and siRNA condensation efficiency were characterized. Transfection efficiency, intracellular uptake, and cytotoxicity of ternary complexes were also evaluated. Ternary complexes provide efficient condensation and compaction of siRNA within the cationic core of complexes. Noncovalent post-PEGylation provides the ternary complexes with enzymatic and serum stability without harming complex formation and condensation of siRNA. Thereby, under an optimal N/P ratio, ternary complexes exhibited brilliant gene silencing efficiency with low cytotoxicity in media containing 10% serum. Confocal microscopy clearly showed efficient and even intracellular uptake of complexes by cells via endocytosis. This study highlights the excellent properties of noncovalent post-PEGylated ternary complexes produced by rapid and simple mixing. Accordingly, these findings suggest that the formation of ternary complexes could be utilized as a safe and effective polymeric siRNA delivery strategy.

Novel synthetic transfection vectors with linear triblock and star-shaped diblock copolymer architectures have been synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Based on 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and copolymerization with poly(ethyleneglycol) α-methoxy, ω-methacrylate (MAPEG), the synthesis was realized using CuBr ligated with 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA) as catalytic complex and either ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EB i B) or bis(α-bromoisobutyryl) N -methyl diethanolamine (DEA) or tris(α-bromoisobutyryl) triethanolamine (TEA) as (multifunctional)initiator. The polymers were characterized by GPC and NMR. The solution properties of these homopolymers and palm-tree-like copolymers were investigated by viscometry either in pure water or in buffered aqueous solutions. Interestingly, all the synthesized polymers show polyelectrolyte effect in Millipore water (25 °C) and in Hepes (20 mM) buffer solution (pH 7.4, NaCl 155 mM, 25 °C). Fitting of these viscometric data according to either Fuoss or Fedors equation allows for calculating the intrinsic viscosity of the polymers. These results are compared with dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments to determine absolute masses. Finally, DEA based palm-tree-like copolymer is investigated to AFM measurement and micelles were observed at pH 8.

Surfactant-free nanoparticles of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles were prepared with or without poly(L-lactide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (LE) diblock copolymer (abbreviated as PLGA/LE and PLGA nanoparticles) by dialysis method. LE diblock copolymer was used to make PLGA nanoparticles to alternate conventional surfactant. The size of PLGA and PLGA/LE nanoparticles was 295.3 ± 171.3 and 307.6 ± 27.2 nm, respectively, suggesting LE diblock copolymer might be coated onto the surface of nanoparticles. Observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that PLGA/LE nanoparticles have spherical shapes ranging ∼ 200–500 nm. In 1H-NMR study, characteristic peaks of the methyl protons of PLGA disappeared in D2O, whereas characteristic peaks of the methyl proton of both PEG and PLGA were shown in both CDCl3 and D2O, indicating that LE diblock copolymer coated on the surface of the PLGA nanoparticles. The higher the initial content of drug, the higher the drug contents and the lower the loading efficiency. PLGA/LE nanoparticles at higher drug contents resulted in slower adriamycin·HCl (ADR) release rate than that of lower drug contents. Also, slower release rate of ADR was achieved by entrapped into the PLGA/LE nanoparticles, whereas LE polymeric micelles showed rapid ADR release. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1116–1123, 2003

Background Nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. Since the folate receptor is universally over-expressed on the tumor cell membrane, folic acid is often used to modify the fate of nanoparticles in biologicals. Methods To fabricate targetable nanoparticles, folic acid was conjugated to a pullulan backbone and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) (abbreviated as FAPuLG) was conjugated. KB cells and NIH3T3-cell-bearing mice were prepared to prove folate receptor targeting of FAPuLG nanoparticles. Results and discussion Nanoparticles of FAPuLG copolymer that self-assembled in water were small with diameters

Since surfactant or emulsifiers remained on the nanoparticle surface significantly affect the physicochemical properties, the biodegradation rate, the biodistribution, and the biocompatibility of nanoparticles, surfactant-free nanoparticles should be good candidate. surfactant-free PLGA nanoparticles were successfully prepared by both the dialysis method and the solvent diffusion method. The PLGA nanoparticles prepared using the solvent diffusion method has a smaller particle size than the dialysis method. The solvent diffusion method was better for a higher loading efficiency than the dialysis method but the nanoparticle yield was lower. Testosterone (TST) release from the PLGA nanoparticles was dependent on the particle size rather than the drug contents. Testosterone release from the PLGA nanoparticles prepared by the solvent diffusion method using acetone was faster than those prepared by the dialysis method. TST release from the PLGA nanoparticles prepared by the solvent diffusion method using acetone and the dialysis method using dimethylformamide (DMF) was completed for 4 days while the PLGA nanoparticles prepared by the dialysis method using acetone showed approximately 80% TST release after 4 days. Since the PLGA nanoparticle degradation ratio was below 20% within 5 days at all samples while TST release completed within 4 days, TST release was dependent on the diffusion mechanism rather than degradation.

Core–shell type nanoparticles of poly(L-lactide)/poly(ethylene glycol) (LE) diblock copolymer were prepared by a dialysis technique. Their size was confirmed as 40–70 nm using photon correlation spectroscopy. The 1H-NMR analysis confirmed the formation of core–shell type nanoparticles and drug loading. The particle size, drug loading, and drug release rate of the LE nanoparticles were slightly changed by the initial solvents that were used. The drug release behavior of LE core–shell type nanoparticles showed an initial burst during the first 12 h and then a sustained release until 100 h. The degradation behavior of LE block copolymer nanoparticles was divided into three phases: the initial rapid degradation phase, the stationary phase, and the rapid degradation phase until complete degradation. It was suggested that lidocaine release kinetics were predominantly governed by the diffusion mechanism in the initial burst phase and after that by both of the diffusion and degradation mechanisms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2625–2634, 2002

The preparation of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles was performed by a dialysis method without surfactant or emulsifiers. The size of the PLGA nanoparticles prepared from dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as an initial solvent was smaller than that from acetone. The sizes of the PLGA nanoparticles from DMAc and acetone were 200.4 ± 133.0 and 642.3 ± 131.1 nm, respectively. The effects of the initial solvent selected to dissolve the copolymer and the lactide:glycolide ratio were investigated. The PLGA nanoparticles were spherical as revealed by the results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. From these results it was shown that PLGA nanoparticles could be formed by the dialysis method without surfactant. The drug-loading contents and efficiency were also dependent on the lactide:glycolide ratio and initial feeding amount of the drug. A higher lactide ratio resulted in higher drug loading and higher loading efficiency. However, a higher initial feeding amount of the drug resulted in higher drug loading and lower loading efficiency. Clonazepam was released for at least 2 days and the release rate was slower with a higher lactide:glycolide ratio and a larger amount of drug-loading nanoparticles than that with a lower lactide:glycolide ratio and a smaller amount of drug-loading nanoparticles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2228–2236, 2001

This study investigates the use of a new biocompatible block copolymer poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-N-(morpholino)ethyl methacrylate (PDMAEMA-b-PMEMA) for the delivery of a particular antisense oligonucleotide targeting E6 gene from human papilloma virus. This antisense oligonucleotide was derivatized with a polyazaaromatic Ru(II) complex which, under visible illumination, is able to produce an irreversible crosslink with the complementary targeted sequence. The purpose of this study is to determine whether by the use of a suitable transfection agent, it is possible to increase the efficiency of the antisense oligonucleotide targeting E6 gene, named Ru-P-4. In a recent study, we showed that Oligofectamine transfected Ru-P-4 antisense oligonucleotide failed to inhibit efficiently the growth of cervical cancer cell line SiHa, contrarily to the Ru-P-6 antisense oligonucleotide, another sequence also targeting the E6 gene. The ability of PDMAEMA-b-PMEMA to form polyplexes with optimal physicochemical characteristics was investigated first. Then the ability of the PDMAEMA-b-PMEMA/Ru-P-4 antisense oligonucleotide polyplexes to transfect two keratinocyte cell lines (SiHa and HaCat) and the capacity of polyplexes to inhibit HPV16+ cervical cancer cell growth was evaluated. PDMAEMA-b-PMEMA base polyplexes at the optimal molar ratio of polymer nitrogen atoms to DNA phosphates (N/P), were able to deliver Ru-P-4 antisense oligonucleotide and to induce a higher growth inhibition in human cervical cancer SiHa cells, compared to other formulations based on Oligofectamine.

Diblock copolymers composed of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), or methoxy polyethylene glycol(PEG), were synthesized via a combination of ring-opening polymerization and atom-transfer radical polymerization in order to prepare polymeric nanoparticles as an antifungal drug carrier. Amphotericin B (AmB), a natural antibiotic, was incorporated into the polymeric nanoparticles. The physical properties of AmB-incorporated polymeric nanoparticles with PCL-b-PDMAEMA and PCL-b-PEG were studied in relation to morphology and particle size. In the aggregation state study, AmB-incorporated PCL-b- PDMAEMA nanoparticles exhibited a monomeric state pattern of free AmB, whereas AmB-incorporated PCL-b- PEG nanoparticles displayed an aggregated pattern. In in vitro hemolysis tests with human red blood cells, AmBincorporated PCL-b-PDMAEMA nanoparticles were seen to be 10 times less cytotoxic than free AmB (5 microgram/ml). In addition, an improved antifungal activity of AmBincorporated polymeric nanoparticles was observed through antifungal activity tests using Candida albicans, whereas polymeric nanoparticles themselves were seen not to affect activity. Finally, in vitro AmB release studies were conducted, proving the potential of AmB-incorporated PCL-b-PDMAEMA nanoparticles as a new formulation candidate for AmB.

The purpose of this study is to suggest direction for future study of the energy-IT industry that will be used for framework to increase IT utilization in the energy industry. Recently, Green IT is a becoming global issue because of global environmental pollution. Also, IT roles in energy industry are becoming more important. However, the related studies were IT industry oriented that is not sufficient to make plan for Green energy. Therefore, after analyzing existing studies related to Green energy and Green IT, re-categorization for Green energy-IT industry was suggested. Direction of framework is based on energy industry that enable to link between energy and IT. The results of this study suggest comprehensive insight to Green energy-IT industry. Thus it is able to provide useful implications and guidelines to increase IT utilization in the energy industry., {"references":["KDB Research Institute, \"Environment and implications of eco-friendly Green IT: case of IT service industry,\" 2008.","Danish Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, \"Green IT\naction plan,\" 2008.","Japan ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, \"Green IT initiative,\"\n2008.","S. Murugesan, \"Harnessing green IT: principles and practices,\" IT\nprofessional, vol. 10, pp. 24-29, 2008.","Gartner, \"Green IT: the new industry shock wave,\" Gartner Group, 2007.","Korea Ministry of Knowledge Economy, \"Development of strategy of\nGreen energy industry,\" 2008.","Korea Ministry of Knowledge Economy, \"National energy master plan\n2030,\" 2008.","Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Kim, M. Shon, and J. S. Jung, \"Reconceptualizing the\nconcept of edutainment,\" The Journal of Educational Information and\nMedia, vol. 14, pp. 173-192, 2008.","H. J. Lee, \"Green management and green IT,\" Journal of Electronics\nEngineers, vol. 35, pp. 43-55, 2008.\n[10] E. M. Lee and S. O. Lim, \"Regulation and response for promoting green\nIT,\" Information and Communications Policy, Korea Information Society\nDevelopment Institute, vol. 20, pp. 1-21, 2008.\n[11] IBM Korea, \"Strategy and plan for promoting green IT,\" 2008.\n[12] K. B. Lee, C. K. Park, and T. S. Yong, \"A comparative study on energy\nefficiency policies of EU and Korea by using Information Technology,\"\nInformation Policy, vol. 15, pp. 21-41, 2008.\n[13] New & Renewable Energy Center, (2009, 8, 1). Available:\nhttp://www.energy.or.kr/.\n[14] W. W. Lee, \"Direction of energy policy for green growth,\" Korea Research Institute for Human settlement, vol. 327, pp. 40-51, 2009.\n[15] S. Jacobsson and A. Johnson, \"The diffusion of renewable energy\ntechnology: an analytical framework and key issues for research,\" Energy\nPolicy, vol. 28, pp. 625-640, 2000.\n[16] KT Economic management Institute, \"Vision and strategy of green IT,\"\n2009."]}

International audience; Hederacolchiside A1 was used to progressively permeabilize the membrane of human melanoma MEL-5 cells. Holes formation was followed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and interaction of the saponin with cholesterol and phospholipids by TOF-SIMS. 2D-LC-MS/MS and 2D-SDS-PAGE show that the release of soluble proteins into serum-free culture media increases with time. This can lead to a new rapid and efficient strategy to analyze the cytosolic subproteome and it opens the door to get information from the cytosolic compartment for clinical proteomic studies.

The purpose of this study is to qualitatively explore influencing factors on the UCC's evolution toward advanced UCC in technological, institutional and business perspectives. Also, this study is significant of the beginning to traditionally accumulated knowledge in UCC research based on the meta analysis since 2006 in Korea. Digitalization and convergence is expanding over myriad platforms, networks, contents and service areas. The role of UCC is very important as a strategic alternative to securing content and as the core factor for creating business. Therefore, convergence service providers concentrate on the supply of high-quality contents targeting consumer needs. The results of this study suggest comprehensive insight to overall changes in this research area and we expect this study will be able to provide useful implications and political guidelines to UCC service providers who desire to offer superior UCC in the market.

Non-covalently molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for beta2-amino acids were prepared for the first time. N-(2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl)-(R)-beta2-homophenylalanine (N-2-ClZ-(R)-beta2-HPhe) was imprinted with methacrylic acid (MAA) and/or 4-vinylpyridine (4-VPy) as the functional monomers, with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as the cross-linker. The MIPs made with different ratios of MAA:4-VPy were studied in HPLC mode. The results show that MIPs made with 4-VPy yielded the best chiral separation factor (alpha= 1.86) for the template molecule. The importance for an efficient separation of pi-stacking interactions between the MIPs and the template molecule is demonstrated. Racemates of Z-alpha-amino acids and beta-amino acid analogues of the template were either not or poorly resolved by the MIPs, thus demonstrating the close three-dimensional complementarity of the MIPs' recognition sites with the template.

An app store has a two-sided market composed of a developer-side and consumer-side. If the developer-side expands, consumers' willingness to access is increased in the app store market. Therefore, we argue that the expansion of the developer-side is one of the key elements for the success of an app store. This paper identifies the variables affecting the expansion of the developer-side such as developers' motives and analyses their impacts on global app stores using the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Finally, this paper briefly discusses the implications of its main findings for the success of an app store in the market.

Sorafenib-incoporated nanoparticles were prepared using a block copolymer that is composed of dextran and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) [Dexb LG] for antitumor drug delivery. Sorafenib-incorporated nanoparticles were prepared by a nanoprecipitation-dialysis method. Sorafenib-incorporated Dexb LG nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in an aqueous solution regardless of the content of sorafenib. Transmission electron microscopy of the sorafenib-incorporated Dexb LG nanoparticles revealed a spherical shape with a diameter < 300 nm. Sorafenib-incorporated Dexb LG nanoparticles at a polymer/drug weight ratio of 40:5 showed a relatively uniform size and morphology. Higher initial drug feeding was associated with increased drug content in nanoparticles and in nanoparticle size. A drug release study revealed a decreased drug release rate with increasing drug content. In an in vitro anti-proliferation assay using human cholangiocarcinoma cells, sorafenib-incorporated Dexb LG nanoparticles showed a similar antitumor activity as sorafenib. Sorafenib-incorporated Dexb LG nanoparticles are promising candidates as vehicles for antitumor drug targeting.