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Objective: Dietary phosphorus (P) restriction is crucial to treat hyperphosphatemia and reduce cardiovascular disease risk and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the wider population. Various methods for dietary P restriction exist, but the bioavailability of P in food should also be considered when making appropriate food choices to maintain patients’ quality of life. Here, we propose the ‘‘Phosphatemic Index’’ (PI) as a novel tool for evaluating dietary P load based on P bioavailability; we also evaluated the effect of continuous intake of different PI foods in mixed meals on serum intact fibroblast growth factor 23 concentration. Design and Methods: A 2-stage crossover study was conducted: Study 1: 20 healthy participants consumed 10 different foods containing 200 mg of P, and the PI was calculated from the area under the curve of a time versus serum P concentration curve; Study 2: 10 healthy participants consumed 4 different test meals (low, medium, or high PI meals or a control) over a 5-day period. Results: Study 1 showed milk and dairy products had high PI values, pork and ham had medium PI values, and soy and tofu had low PI values. In Study 2, ingestion of high PI test meals showed higher fasting serum intact fibroblast growth factor 23 levels and lower serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels compared with ingestion of low PI test meals. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the PI can usefully evaluate the dietary P load of various foods and may help to make appropriate food choices for dietary P restriction in CKD patients.

風洞の気流一様性を改善することを目的として、圧縮性数値流体解析を利用して超音速風洞の可変ノズル形状を空力的に最適化する手法を考案し、JAXA吹き出し式1m×1m超音速風洞実機への適用を行った。また、同様の手法を極超音速風洞の固定式軸対称ノズル形状の数値解析上での最適化に適用し、その有効性を確認した。, 資料番号: AA0049495007, レポート番号: JAXA-SP-05-019

It is well known that the zhongchao 中朝, the inner court which appeared in the era of Zhaodi 昭帝 of the middle period of the Former-Han dynasty, together with the imperial secretaries (shangshu 尚書), whose office had appeared previously, became increasingly important to the central government, and with the passage of time and the coming of the Tang dynasty, it flourished and grew into the Sansheng 三省, the central organ of government. However, previous studies have either been conducted from the standpoint of an analysis of the political history of the zhongchao or the political relationship between the zhongchao and waichao 外朝, the outer court. As a result, questions such as what were the duties and functions of the individual offices that made up the zhongchao, what sort of space was the zhongchao within the palace 宮中, and what was the role the shangshu and the officials of the zhongchao in carrying out the Emperor's administration, have scarcely been elucidated. This study, based on these considerations, has considered the zhongchao systematically and made clear the following points. 1) The shared characteristic of the various duties of the office of the zhongchao during the Former Han dynasty was the fact that officials were permitted to enter the private space of the emperor, the jinzhong 禁中. Moreover, the shangshu, the imperial secretary, also conducted his duties within the jinzhong. 2) The jinzhong was at the same time the location where the emperor conducted administrative affairs, corresponding to the private area reserved for the senior officials (bianzuo 便坐) in government offices. 3) When the emperor ruled on documents delivered to him by the shangshu, deliberative meetings known as pingshangshu zoushi 平尚書奏事 of palace stewards (jishizhong 給事中), inspector of officials (zhuli 諸吏) and other officials were held in order to provide reference for the imperial decision. 4) In carrying out administrative affairs in the jinzhong, oral communication of opinions occupied a large percentage, and on this point the palace attendants (shizhong 侍中) and palace attendant-in-ordinary (zhongchangshi 中常侍) had great influence on the emperor. 5) Furthermore, the shizhong and zhongchangshi would report to the emperor unofficially, and in this manner policy making was expedited. 6) The zhongchao that functioned in this manner formed the secretariat 官房 that was centered on the emperor and the shangshu.

As is generally known, in the Han period, lang-guan 郎官 was not only a bodyguard of the emperor, but held an important position, as a candidate for the official, under the official recruitment system. Although, hitherto, guang-lu-xun 光祿勳, to which lang-guan belonged, has been merely considered a superintendent of guards for the imperial palace. It is necessary to examine the relation of guang-lu-xun to the official recruitment system. In the first chapter of this paper, prior to guang-lu-xun, I examine the role played by da-fu 大夫, which was another subordinate official of guang-lu-xun. In the second chapter, I give light on the role of guang-lu-xun in the bureaucracy of the Han dynasty. My conclusions are as follows: Da-fu was the councelor of the emperor and, especially in the first half of the former Han, was extremely helpful to strengthening the authority of the emperor. At the same time, similar to lang-guan, da-fu played an important role as a candidate for the official. However, after Wang Mang period, in the later Han, da-fu had gradually lost these roles. Guang-lu-xun, which held candidates for officials, lang-guan and da-fu, was not only a superintendent of guards for the imperial palace, but also a source of the official supply to the bureaucracy of the Han dynasty. The title of 'guang-lu-xun' indicates the roles of itself: 'guang-lu' means the role of supplying the officials to the bureaucracy, 'xun' means the role of guard for the imperial palace.