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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, in 2018 2.1 million new cases are diagnosed. In Ethiopia due to the increasing awareness of breast cancer patients are taking chemotherapy in different parts of the country but patients’ knowledge of chemotherapy and experience of chemotherapy have not been assessed very well and this study tried to assess patients’ knowledge about chemotherapy. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the knowledge and experience of women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa Ethiopia, in 2021. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected from Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital and Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College from February 8 to March 1, 2020. Data was entered into Epi-data version 4.6.0 and exported to SPSS version 26. Descriptive statics such as frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation were done and displayed in tables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed. Results: The study involved 250 participants. The mean age of the respondents was (43.35±11.1). Of the total 135 (54%) respondents were not knowledgeable and 115 (46%) were knowledgeable. Age >45 years and patients who lived in Addis Ababa were associated with higher knowledge. Respondents who took chemotherapy fourth to the sixth cycle and who are currently single were associated with the worst experience and the distance-time it takes to get to the hospital when is three to six hours were associated with the tolerable experience. Conclusion and recommendations: The study revealed that more than half of the participants were not knowledgeable and more than half of the participants had the worst experience. Hence healthcare providers should provide information about chemotherapy to their patients and should teach them how to manage the possible side effects.

Introduction: Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure (BP) among hypertensive patients is a significant for the management and prevention of hypertension related complications such as atherosclerosis, Heart Failure (HF), Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), stroke, kidney disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the sociodemographic determinants of Self-monitoring of BP in hypertensive subjects. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done on four hundred hypertensive individuals on follow-up at selected hospitals in Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. The data collection period was from March ten to April eight, 2019. Result: In the present study, four hundred participants were included into the study. Age ≥60 years [AOR=2.01, 95% CI (1.82, 10.05), p=0.012], higher education [AOR=2.97, 95% CI (1.85, 14.33), p=0.002], governmental employed [AOR=1.56, 95% CI (1.08, 7.48), p=0.023], urban residents [AOR=1.61, 95% CI (1.17, 6.67), p=0.007], having a monthly income of > 3500 Ethiopian birr [AOR=2.46, 95% CI (1.87, 9.32), p=0.006] were factors significantly associated with self-monitoring of BP in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: In the present study; young adults, attended lower education, unemployed, rural residents, low monthly income patients were found to have poor self-monitoring of BP practice. Since, these patients are affected in particular, all the concerned bodies should actively participate to prevent or minimize this critical problem. During this, health education and training, on self-monitoring of BP may be required to take place.

Background Cervical cancer is preventable and remains a leading cause of avoidable death among women in the world. In a developing country, the knowledge of screening for cervical cancer behavior still very low. However, little is known about the knowledge towards cervical cancer screening of urban health extension workers in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess knowledge towards cervical cancer screening and associated factors among urban health extension workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 312 urban health extension workers completed the survey in the Amharic language. Data collected using a structured questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26. Results The mean age of the urban health extension workers was 20.41 ± 3.73 years and 55.1% were married. The majority of the participants (75.6%) had diploma educational level, and 38.1% of them had 1–2 years of work experience. More than half (51.6%) of the participants had poor knowledge about cervical cancer screening. Participants with work experience of 5–6 years (AOR = 4.32: 95% CI = 1.71,10.94) and those who had a monthly income of 5000–10,000 ETB (AOR = 3.75: 95% CI = 1.49,9.41) and greater than > 10,000 ETB (AOR = 3.08: 95% CI =1.06, 8.98) were positively associated with knowledge towards cervical cancer screening among urban health extension workers, p-value Conclusion This study indicated that the knowledge towards cervical cancer screening of urban health extension workers was inadequate. Urban health extension workers’ work experiences and monthly income were found to be independent predictors of the knowledge towards cervical cancer screening of respondents. Therefore, urban health extension workers with low work experiences and those with small monthly income could be targeted for cervical cancer screening information and training interventions.

Background Depression is one of the most co-morbid disorders in patients with heart failure and it is a major public health problem in worldwide. There is great information gap about the depression of heart failure patients in developing countries including in Ethiopia. Objective This study aimed to assess prevalence of depression and associated factors among heart failure patients at cardiac follow-up clinics. Methods Health care institution based cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among 424 heart failure patients who were selected by using a systematic random sampling method from January 1 to 30, 2021 at four public hospitals, and the sample was proportionally allocated for each study hospital and then data were collected by using structured-interview questionnaires. Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to examine the possible predictors and variables with the statistical association of P-value of < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval were considered. Result Data were gathered from heart failure in cardiac follow clinic with 100% response rate. The mean and standard deviation of the age of respondents was 52.68 and17.471years respectively. The prevalence of depression in this study was 59%. According to NYHA class III and IV is highly associated with depression [(AOR:12.8(2.2--71.6),95%CI, P=0.004, (AOR:19.2(1.9-189.9), 95% CI, P=0.011)] respectively, poor self-care behaviours[(AOR: 9.1(2.4-34.6), 95%CI, P=0.001)], alcohol use[(AOR:17.7(4.14-35.65),95% CI,P=0.001)], poor social support[( AOR: 4.6(1.2-16.7),95%CI,P=0.020)], poor knowledge level [(AOR:5.1(1.3-20.6), 95%CI, P=0.020), were associated with Depression and statistically significant. Conclusion The evidence from this study indicates that depression is highly prevalent among heart failure patients and age of respondent, alcohol intake, self-care behaviour, social support, knowledge level, and co-morbidity was associated with depression and statistically significant. Therefore, all institutions of cardiac centre should work on screening of depression in heart failure patients, and consult psychiatrists and psychologists for early detection and measures.

Aim of the study: To explore nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses’ immobility complications and associated factors in selected governmental hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from February to March 2020, with a total sample of 422 randomly selected nurses working in three public hospitals in Addis Ababa city administration. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire. The collected data were checked for completeness, coded, entered, and cleaned using EPI Data version 3.1 software. The entered data were exported and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 24 software. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were computed to test whether there is an association between attitude and the independent variables that show P-values ≤ 0.05 with 95% confidence interval considered statistically significant factors for attitude towards professionalism. Result: The sample of the study was gathered in the three selected public hospitals with a response rate of 99.1%. This finding reveals that 296 (70.8%), 279 (66.7%) and 234(55.9%) of nurses have good knowledge, a favorable attitude and good practice of nurses towards the care of major immobility complications respectively. Nurses with previous training (adjusted Odd Ratio 3.59, 95% Confidence Interval (2.049, 6.292)), work experience of 6-10yrs adjusted odds ratio 8.214, 95% (4.555, 14.812), and work experience of above 10 years adjusted odd ratio 9.975, 95% Confidence Interval (3.484, 28.553)) correlated with attitude and the practice of nurses in major immobility complications. Conclusion: The finding of this study shows that the experience of major immobility complications of nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and practice was unsatisfactory and nurses who had on job training, work experience, and age of nurses were associated with major immobility complications. Therefore, gap-filling on-job training is an important step to advance nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and practice of immobility complications.

Background: Cervical cancer is preventable and remains a leading cause of avoidable death among women in the world. In a developing country, the knowledge of screening for cervical cancer behavior still very low. However, little is known about the knowledge towards cervical cancer screening of urban health extension workers in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess knowledge towards cervical cancer screening and associated factors among urban health extension workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 312 urban health extension workers completed the survey in the Amharic language. Data collected using a structured questionnaire face to face interview. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26. Results: The mean age of the urban health extension workers was 20.41±3.73 years and 55.1% were married. The majority of the participants (75.6%) had diploma educational level, and 38.1% of them had 1-2 years of work experience. More than half (51.6%) of the participants had poor knowledge about cervical cancer screening. Participants with work experience of 5-6 years (AOR=4.32: 95% CI=1.71,10.94) and those who had a monthly income of 5,000-10,000 ETB (AOR=3.75: 95% CI=1.49,9.41) and greater than >10,000ETB (AOR=3.08: 95% CI =1.06, 8.98) were positively associated with knowledge towards cervical cancer screening among urban health extension workers, p-value< 0.05. Conclusion: This study indicated that the knowledge towards cervical cancer screening of urban health extension workers was inadequate. Urban health extension workers’ work experiences and monthly income were found to be independent predictors of the knowledge towards cervical cancer screening of respondents. Therefore, urban health extension workers with low work experiences and those with small monthly income could be targeted for cervical cancer screening information and training interventions.

Background: Effective communication is defines as a two-way dialogue between two parties. Good nurses-patients communication is essential for successful individualized patient care outcome. Ineffective nurse-patient communication increases length of hospitalization, client dissatisfaction and resource wastage. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess level of nurse-patient communication and its barriers among nurses in the study area. Method: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 296 study participants at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital between March 1st and March 30, 2018. A systematic random sampling technique was used to include study participants. A Semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather information from participants. Descriptive and analytical analysis including bivariate and multivariate analysis considering 95% CI was utilized to examine association between dependent and independent variables. P-value

Konya merinosukoyun ırkı böbreklerinin arter dağılımı, diseksiyon ve korozyon kast tekniklerikullanılarak araştırıldı. Çalışmada 12 adet böbrek kullanıldı. Böbreklerin aorta abdominalis’den tek bir dal olarakayrılan a.renalis’ler tarafından vaskularize edildiği gözlendi. A. renalisdextra’nın a. renalis sinistra’dan daha cranial’den orijin aldığı belirlendi.A. renalis sinistra’nın, a. renalis dextra’dan daha uzun ve daha kalın biryapıda olduğu görüldü. Böbrek arteri hilus renalis’e girdikten sonra iki ana dala (dorsal veventral) ayrılmaktaydı.Ancak, materyallerin yarısındasol arterden üçüncü bir dal çıkmaktaydı. Bu dalların her iki böbrekte 2-5 adet a.interlobares’e ayrıldığı saptandı. Dorsal ve ventral dallar ile segmentleri arasında anastomoz görülmedi., Konya merino’s kidneys were investigatedusing arterial distribution, dissection and corrosion cast techniques. Twelvekidneys were used in the study.It was observed that thekidneys were vascularized by a.renalis, which separated as a single branch fromaorta abdominalis. The originof the a.renalis dextra was determined in cranial from the a. renalis sinistra.A.renalis sinistra was found to be a longer and thicker structure thana.renalis sinistra. The renal arterywas divided into two main branch (dorsal and ventral) after entering the hilumrenis. However, half of the materialhad a third branch of the left artery. These branches, in both kidney was separated 2-4pieces aa. interlobares. Dorsal and ventral branches did not show anastomosis between segments.

Financial sector development has played a key role in Ethiopia’s economic development, particularly since the launching of the first Five-year Growth and Transformation Plan in 2010. The gradualist approach that Ethiopia followed in reforming its financial sector seems to have borne fruit as no single commercial bank has gone bust so far, unlike the case in neighbouring countries. Though Ethiopia’s financial sector growth was following output growth in the first two phases, government has started to play a key role in accelerating the sector’s growth through active interventions, such as encouraging branch expansion, and introduction of new financial instruments such as the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Bond, a housing saving scheme, and the private pension fund. Consequently, the number of bank branches expanded from 681 to 4,257 between 2010 and 2017 while the deposit-to-GDP ratio went up from 25.9 per cent to 31.4 per cent in the same period.

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women in the world, with 2.1 million new cases identified in 2018. In Ethiopia due to the increasing awareness of breast cancer patients are taking chemotherapy in different parts of the country but patient’s knowledge of chemotherapy and experience of chemotherapy has not been assessed very well and this study was tried to assess patients’ knowledge about chemotherapy. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the knowledge and experience of women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted and data was collected from Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital and Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College from February 8 to March 1, 2020. Data was entered into Epi-data version of 4.6.0 and export to SPSS version 26. Descriptive statics such as frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation were done and displayed in tables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed. Result: The study involved 250 participants. The mean age of the respondents was (43.35±11.1). Of the total 135 (54%) respondents were not knowledgeable and 115 (46%) were knowledgeable. Age less than 45 years Age>45 years and patients who lived in Addis Ababa were associated with higher knowledge. Respondents who took chemotherapy fourth to sixth cycle patients and who are currently single associated to worst experience and the distance-time it takes to get to the hospital when it is three to six hours were associated to tolerable experience. Conclusion and recommendation: The study revealed that more than half of the participants were not knowledgeable and more than half of the participants had the worst experience. Hence health care providers should provide information about chemotherapy to their patients and should teach them how to manage the possible side effects.

Background: In spite of, extensive efforts and a number of blood donation programs being organized worldwide, availability of adequate and safe blood still remains short to meet the increased demand in developing countries including Ethiopian. The major challenge was recruitment of voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors. Literatures identified that many factors are responsible such as, lack of knowledge, negative attitudes, and inconvenience for facilities. Increase level of knowledge and positive attitude towards voluntary blood donation in young people is highest priority. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional quantitative study was used to assess KAP and associated factors towards voluntary blood donation (VBD) among health science students of Samara University, Afar Northeast Ethiopia, using pre-tested structured self-administered questionnaire. Stratified sampling method was used and individual was selected by simple random sampling method. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors. Predictor variables with p-values up to 0.25 in bivariate regression were entered to multivariate regression and p-value

Background: -Nursing process is a systematic method of assessing, diagnosing, planning, intervening and evaluating individualized care for clients in any state of health. Even if, its implementation is mandatory due to many factors, it is poorly implemented in most of the health institutions in the country and resulted loss of quality nursing care. Objective:-The aim of this study was to assess the implementation status of nursing process and its’ associated factors among nurses in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospitals. Method: -A cross-sectional study design was conducted from February to March 2017 with a total of 151 participants and 271 medical records were selected by using Simple random sampling method. The collected datachecked for accuracy, completeness and entered into epi- data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors with nursing process implementation. Statistical significance interpreted using odds ratio with 95% CI & P value

During the global food crisis, Ethiopia experienced an unprecedented increase in inflation, among the highest in Africa. Using monthly data over the past decade, we estimate models of inflation to identify the importance of the factors contributing to CPI inflation and three of its major components: cereal prices, food prices, and non-food prices. Our main finding is that movements in international food and goods prices, measured in domestic currency, determined the long-run evolution of domestic prices. In the short run, agricultural supply shocks affected food inflation, causing large deviations from long-run price trends. Monetary policy seems to have accommodated price shocks, but money supply growth affected short-run non-food price inflation. Our results suggest that when analyzing inflation in developing economies with a large food share in consumer prices, world food prices and domestic agricultural production should be considered. Omitting these factors can lead to biased results and misguided policy decisions.

Background: Traditional medicine is the ancient and culture bound medical practice which existed in human societies before the application of modern science to health. Around 80% of Ethiopians relies on traditional medicines. Although some traditional medical practices in children are useful and contributing positively and need to be strengthen, some are harmful from the perspective of health. In Ethiopia, studies conducted so far are very limited and focused on adults. As a result, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence and factors associated with parental traditional medicine practice for children. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and factors associated with parental traditional medicine use for children in Motta Town. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study design was used. Data was collected using structured interviewer administered questionnaire. The study was conducted among 381 households selected using systematic random sampling method. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the data. Odds ratio, binary and multiple logistic regression were used to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Result: It was found that 88.2% of parents had used either forms of traditional medicine for their children. The top therapies used were herbs (66.9%), religious therapies (52.8%), massage (22.8%), bone settler (21.8%) and traditional birth attendants (13.1%). Female parents, low educational level, accessibility of traditional medicine, low price and perceived effectiveness were significantly associated with parental traditional medicine use for children. Conclusion and recommendation: There was high parental traditional medicine practice for children in this study. Female parents, low educational status, easily accessibility, cheap in price and perceived effectiveness were significant predictors. The integration of traditional medicine as part of modern medicine and controlling mechanism should be strengthen. Community education and further research on its efficacy and safety should also be done.

Ethiopia has experienced a historically unprecedented increase in inflation, mainly driven by cereal price inflation, which is among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using monthly data from the past decade, the authors estimate error correction models to identify the relative importance of several factors contributing to overall inflation and its three major components, cereal prices, food prices, and non-food prices. The main finding is that, in a longer perspective, over three to four years, the main factors that determine domestic food and non-food prices are the exchange rate and international food and goods prices. In the short run, agricultural supply shocks and inflation inertia strongly affect domestic inflation, causing large deviations from long-run price trends. Money supply growth does affect food price inflation in the short run, although the money stock itself does not seem to drive inflation. The results suggest the need for a multi-pronged approach to fight inflation. Forecast scenarios suggest monetary and exchange rate policies need to take into account cereal production, which is among the key determinants of inflation, assuming a decline in global commodity prices. Implementation of successful policies will be contingent on the availability of foreign exchange and the performance of agriculture.