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Abstract Background Sexually transmitted infections are among the most common causes of illnesses in the world and have far reaching health, social and economic consequences. They are important because of their magnitude, potential complications and interactions with HIV/AIDS. Though the problem may be generally similar to other developing countries, there is scarce information on the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in Ethiopia. This study was then aimed to determine the magnitude of sexually transmitted infections among patients visiting a clinic in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Medical records of patients who visited the clinic from January 2011 to December 2011 were reviewed. Sociodemographic and clinical data were extracted using data extraction form. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical package. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were carried out. Results A total of 1071 clients visited the clinic during the study period. Among these, 383 (35.8%) had complained symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 26.8 ± 7.4 years. The commonest chief complaints were vaginal discharge (38.4%) and urethral discharge (13.6%). Seventy seven percent of the cases did not bring their sexual partners for treatment. Conclusion There was a high magnitude of STIs in the clinic according to the syndromic approach. However, the actual prevalence of STIs and the associated factors in the community need to be determined through further studies. The results of this study also urge the need for evaluation of the syndromic approach and test for antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract Background Parasitic infections have been shown to have deleterious effects on host nutritional status. In addition, although helmintic infection can modulate the host inflammatory response directed against the parasite, a causal association between helminths and allergy remains uncertain. The present study was therefore designed to evaluate the relationship between nutritional status, parasite infection and prevalence of allergy among school children. Methods A cross sectional study was performed involving school children in two elementary schools in Gondar, Ethiopia. Nutritional status of these children was determined using anthropometric parameters (weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age). Epi-Info software was used to calculate z-scores. Stool samples were examined using standard parasitological procedures. The serum IgE levels were quantified by total IgE ELISA kit following the manufacturer’s instruction. Result A total of 405 children (with mean age of 12.09.1 ± 2.54 years) completed a self-administered allergy questionnaire and provided stool samples for analysis. Overall prevalence of underweight, stunting and thinness/wasting was 15.1%, 25.2%, 8.9%, respectively. Of the total, 22.7% were found to be positive for intestinal parasites. The most prevalent intestinal parasite detected was Ascaris lumbricoides (31/405, 7.6%). There was no statistically significant association between prevalence of malnutrition and the prevalence of parasitic infections. Median total serum IgE level was 344 IU/ml (IQR 117–2076, n = 80) and 610 IU/ml (143–1833, n = 20), respectively, in children without and with intestinal parasite infection (Z = −0.198, P > 0.8). The prevalence of self reported allergy among the subset was 8%. IgE concentration was not associated either with the presence of parasitic infection or history of allergy. Conclusion The prevalence of malnutrition, intestinal parasitism and allergy was not negligible in this population. In addition, there was no significant association between the prevalence of allergy and their nutritional status, and parasite infection. Further research prospective observational and intervention studies are required to address the question of causality between nutritional factors, parasites, and allergy.

Abstract Background Several micronutrients are essential for adequate growth of children. However, little information is available on multiple micronutrient status of school children in Ethiopia. The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between multiple micronutrient levels and nutritional status among school children. Method In this cross-sectional study, anthropometric data, blood and stool samples were collected from 100 children at Meseret Elementary School in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Serum concentration of magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Anthropometric indices of weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age were used to estimate the children's nutritional status. Stool samples were examined by standard microscopic methods for intestinal parasites. Results The prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting and intestinal parasitoses among school children was 23%, 21%, 11% and18%, respectively. The mean serum levels of magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum were 2.42±0.32 (mg/dl), 15.31±2.14 (mg/dl), 328.19±148.91 (μg/dl), 191.30±50.17 (μg/dl), 86.40±42.40 (μg/dl), 6.32±2.59 (μg/dl), and 0.23±0.15 (μg/dl), respectively. Selenium deficiency, zinc deficiency and magnesium deficiency occurred in 62%, 47%, and 2% of the school children, respectively. Height-for-age showed significant positive correlation with the levels of copper and molybdenum (p = 0.01) and with the levels of magnesium (p = 0.05). Conclusion Deficiencies of selenium and zinc were high among the school children although the deficiencies were not significantly related with their nutritional status. The prevalence of both malnutrition and intestinal parasitism was not negligible. These calls for the need to undertake multicentre studies in various parts of the country to substantiate the data obtained in the present study so that appropriate and beneficial strategies for micronutrient supplementation and interventions on nutritional deficiencies can be planned.

Abstract Background The high cost of CD4 count estimation in resource-limited countries is a major challenge in initiating patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Therefore, assessment of inexpensive and simple laboratory diagnostic marker is mandatory to diagnose immuno-suppression. Objective To evaluate utility of total lymphocyte count (TLC) as surrogate marker for CD4 count in HIV-infected patients. Materials and Methods In this cross sectional study, 400 ART-naive HIV-positive patients enrolled in Gondar University Hospital, from March 2011 to May 2011, were tested for CD4 count & TLC. The cutoffs were determined as: 200 cells/μL for CD4 count and 1200 cells/μL for TLC by using BD FACS count and CELL DYN 1800 Flow Cytometrys respectively. Spearman correlation between TLC and CD4 cell count were assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for different age a group, TLC ≤1200 was computed for CD4 count ≤200 cells/cu.mm. Results Among 400 ART naive HIV infected patients, 278 (69.5%) were females. The mean age of the study participants was 33.7. TLC and CD4 count were positively correlated (r = 0.33, p = 0.001). A TLC of ≤1200 cells/m m3 was found to have a sensitivity (32.86%), specificity (95.33%), PPV (79.7%), and NPV (71.9%) for predicting a CD4 count of Conclusion This study showed that low sensitivity and specificity of TLC as a surrogate measure for CD4 count. Moreover, CD4 cell counts of

Abstract Background Transfusion-transmissible infectious agents such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis are among the greatest threats to blood safety for the recipient. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, risk factors and trends of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections among blood donors over a period of five years at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective analysis of consecutive blood donors' records covering the period between January 2003 and December 2007 was conducted. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections. Results From the total of 6361 consecutive blood donors, 607 (9.5%) had serological evidence of infection with at least one pathogen and 50 (0.8%) had multiple infections. The overall seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis was 3.8%, 4.7%, 0.7%, and 1.3% respectively. Among those with multiple infections, the most common combinations were HIV - syphilis 19 (38%) and HIV - HBV 17 (34%). The seropositivity of HIV was significantly increased among female blood donors, first time donors, housewives, merchants, soldiers, drivers and construction workers. Significantly increased HBV seropositivity was observed among farmers, first time donors and age groups of 26 - 35 and 36 - 45 years. Similarly, the seroprevalence of syphilis was significantly increased among daily labourers and construction workers. Statistically significant association was observed between syphilis and HIV infections, and HCV and HIV infections. Moreover, significantly declining trends of HIV, HCV and syphilis seropositivity were observed over the study period. Conclusions A substantial percentage of the blood donors harbour HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections. Strict selection of blood donors and comprehensive screening of donors' blood using standard methods are highly recommended to ensure the safety of blood for recipient.

Background: Timely detection and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI) is part of WHO's strategy against tuberculosis (TB). Helminth infections can modulate immune responses, potentially impacting the performance of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) such as the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus). This study evaluated the association between helminth infections and QFT-Plus results among participants from a TB-endemic region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023 in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Stool samples of 314 potential participants were examined for helminths using wet mount and Kato-Katz techniques. LTBI was assessed by QFT-Plus from a total of 100 gender-matched helminth-positive and -negative participants. The association between helminth infection status, egg count, and QFT-Plus positivity was analyzed, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Overall, 53 of 314 screened participants were infected with helminths (16.9%), with A. lumbricoides (47.2%) and hookworm (30.2%) as most prevalent species. The overall QFT-Plus positivity rate was 30.0%, with similar rates observed between helminth-positive and helminth-negative participants. Although QFT-Plus positivity was slightly lower in hookworm carriers (25%) compared to those with A. lumbricoides (32%), a higher-than-median hookworm egg burden was significantly associated with reduced QFT-Plus positivity (P = 0.029). QFT-Plus positivity was significantly higher among male participants than females (P = 0.032). Conclusion: While overall helminth infection status did not significantly affect QFT-Plus positivity, higher hookworm burden was associated with reduced QFT-Plus reactivity. These findings suggest that the type of helminth and infection intensity, rather than its mere presence, may influence IGRA performance. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to understand the species-specific effect of helminth infection on immune modulation of the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites, that can cause long-term chronic disabilities. The clinical presentation of CL varies in both type and severity. CL presents as three main clinical forms: localised lesions (localised cutaneous leishmaniasis, LCL); mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) that affects the mucosa of the nose or the mouth; or as disseminated not ulcerating nodules (diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, DCL). Here we recruited a cohort of CL patients in a newly established leishmaniasis treatment centre (LTC) in Lay Gayint, Northwest Ethiopia, and collected detailed demographic and clinical data. The results of our study show that more males than females present to the LTC to seek diagnosis and treatment. 70.2% of CL patients presented with LCL and 20.8% with MCL. A small number of patients presented with DCL, recidivans CL (a rare form of CL where new lesions appear on the edges of CL scars) or with a combination of different clinical presentations. The duration of illness varied from 1 month to 180 months. Over a third of CL patients had additional suspected CL cases in their household. Despite the majority of CL patients having heard about CL, only a minority knew about its transmission or that it could be treated. Most CL patients lived in areas where environmental factors known to be associated with the transmission of CL were present. This work highlights that CL is an important public health problem in Lay Gayint and emphasises the urgent need for more CL awareness campaigns, better health education and better disease management practices. Author summary: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by species of the Leishmania parasite. It causes skin lesions that can be categorised into three main clinical presentations: i) localised cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), with one or several ulcerated lesions; ii) mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) that affects the mucosa of the nose or the mouth; iii) disseminated CL (DCL), that is characterised by widespread nodules. While LCL usually heals spontaneously, MCL and DCL require treatment; and patients often experience relapses. CL leaves disfiguring scars, that can result in societal stigmatisation. In this study, we recruited a cohort of CL patients in a newly established leishmaniasis treatment centre (LTC) in Lay Gayint, Northwest Ethiopia, and collected detailed demographic and clinical data. We found that most CL patients presented with LCL, followed by MCL, and that more males than females present to the LTC. The duration of illness varied from 1 to 180 months. Over a third of CL patients had additional suspected CL cases in their home. Despite most patients having heard about CL, only a minority knew about its transmission or that it could be treated. This work emphasises that CL is an important public health problem in this area of Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) is aimed for complete suppression of viral replication but fails for various reasons. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of treatment failure among people on first line ART in Amhara region, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from March to October, 2018 among people of all age who came for HIV viral monitoring laboratory test in 16 randomly selected antiretroviral treatment sites. Sample size was calculated by using single population proportion formula proportionated to facilities and clients were recruited consecutively when they come to their viral load test. Questionnaire survey was taken focusing on demographic data and possible risk factors of antiretroviral treatment failure. Clinical history including baseline characteristics was extracted by reviewing medical records. Viral load test was done using real time HIV-1 viral load assay (Abbott Laboratories, USA) and data was analyzed using STATA version 14. Results: A total of 640 clients (median age of 38 years ± SD=11.3 years) on first line antiretroviral treatment were enrolled. The overall treatment failure was 19.04% with clinical, immunologic and viral failures of 0.31%, 12.66% and 6.09% respectively. The viral suppression was 91.09% and re-suppression was 27.58%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed significance association of treatment failure with low baseline CD4 count =250 (AOR=2.16) and fair/poor adherence (AOR=3.41). Conclusion: In conclusion the overall antiretroviral treatment failure in Amhara region, Ethiopia was 19.04%. Fair/poor adherence and low base line CD4 count are significantly independent predictors of treatment failure. Therefore proving client follow up to adherence and early testing and initiation of ART before decline of CD4 count should be strengthened. Higher proportion of viral failure in male study participants indicates the need for drug resistance survey in the study area as they are highly mobile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]