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1. Factors associated with acceptance of provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling among pregnant women in Ethiopia

Author: Gebremedhin KB, Tian B, Tang C, Zhang X, Yisma E, and Wang HH
Subjects: Pregnant woman, HIV, provider initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC), Ethiopia, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin,1 Bingjie Tian,2 Chulei Tang,3 Xiaoxia Zhang,3 Engida Yisma,1,4 Honghong Wang3 1Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; 3Department of Fundamental Nursing, Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China; 4School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia Introduction: The global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic disproportionately affects sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia. Provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) is a tool to identify HIV-positive pregnant women and an effective treatment and prevention strategy. However, its success depends upon the willingness of pregnant women to accept HIV testing.Objectives: To describe the level of acceptance of PITC and associated factors among pregnant women attending 8 antenatal care clinics in Adama, Ethiopia.Methods: Trained nursing students and employees from an HIV clinic conducted face-to-face structured interviews in private offices at the clinics from August to September, 2016.Results: Among the 441 respondents, 309 (70.1%) accepted PITC. Women with more antenatal care visits (odds ratio [OR] =2.59, 95% CI: 1.01–6.63), reported better quality of the PITC service (OR =1.91, 95% CI: 1.19–3.08), and higher level of knowledge on mother-to-child transmission (OR =1.82, 95% CI: 1.03–3.20), were more likely to accept PITC, while women who were older in age (OR =0.37, 95% CI: 0.19–0.74) and perceived negative attitudes from their partners toward HIV-positive results (OR =0.31, 95% CI: 0.10–0.94) were less likely to accept the PITC service.Conclusion: About one-third of pregnant women are not willing to accept PITC. When designing intervention program to improve the acceptance of PITC, we should take into consideration the personal factors, HIV-related knowledge, and attitude of women as well as institutional factors. Keywords: pregnant woman, HIV, provider initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC), Ethiopia
Published: 2018

2. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, S, Castle, C, Dingels, Z, Fox, J, Hamilton, E, Liu, Z, S Roberts, N, Sylte, D, Henry, N, Legrand, K, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abedi, A, Abosetugn, A, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, R, Ahmed, M, Eddine Aichour, M, Alahdab, F, Alamene, G, Alanezi, F, Alebel, A, Alema, N, Alghnam, S, Al-Hajj, S, Ali, B, Ali, S, Alikhani, M, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Altirkawi, K, Abdeldayem Amer, Y, Amini, S, Loreche Amit, A, Andrei, C, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, T Antonio, C, Yaw Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Arora, A, Asaad, M, Asghari, B, Awoke, N, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bagli, E, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, T, Belete, H, Benjet, C, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bin Sayeed, M, Borges, G, Borzi, A, Boufous, S, Brazinova, A, Briko, N, Budhathoki, S, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chanie, W, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chatziralli, I, Chaudhary, N, Cho, D, Kabir Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Colquhoun, S, Constantin, M, Costa, V, Damiani, G, Daryani, A, Davila-Cervantes, C, Demeke, F, Demis, A, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Derakhshani, A, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Nasab, M, Da Silva, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubljanin, E, Adema, B, Eagan, A, Eftekhari, A, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Sayed Zaki, M, Elemineh, D, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, C, Emamian, M, Endalew, D, Eskandarieh, S, Faris, P, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatahi, Y, Fekadu, W, Ferede, T, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Franklin, R, Fukumoto, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebre, A, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, G, Gebremichael, B, Gedefaw, G, Geta, B, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gill, T, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Mohialdeen Gubari, M, Guimaraes, R, Guo, Y, Gupta, G, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Bidgoli, H, Hall, B, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Haro, J, Hasan, M, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hayat, K, Hendrie, D, Heydarpour, F, Hijar, M, Ho, H, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Indriasih, E, Naghibi Irvani, S, Shariful Islam, S, Islam, M, Ivers, R, Jacobsen, K, Jahani, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, Jayaraman, S, Jayatilleke, A, Jha, R, John-Akinola, Y, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamil, T, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Kasaeian, A, Kassaye, H, Kavetskyy, T, Kebede, H, Keiyoro, P, Kelbore, A, Kelkay, B, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khanna, T, Khazaie, H, Shadmani, F, Khundkar, R, Kiirithio, D, Kim, Y, Kim, D, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Komaki, H, M Kondlahalli, S, Korshunov, V, Koyanagi, A, G Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, V, Kumar, N, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumaresh, G, Kurmi, O, Kuti, O, Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Lamichhane, P, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Laryea, D, Lasrado, S, Latifi, A, Lauriola, P, Leasher, J, Huey Lee, S, Lenjebo, T, Levi, M, Li, S, Linn, S, Liu, X, Lopez, A, Lotufo, P, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Madadin, M, El Razek, M, Mahotra, N, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malagon-Rojas, J, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Manda, A, Manjunatha, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Maravilla, J, March, L, Mason-Jones, A, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Maulik, P, Meles, G, Melese, A, Melketsedik, Z, N Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, M, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Merie, H, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, K, Darwesh, A, Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, J, Mohebi, F, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradpour, F, Morawska, L, Velasquez, I, Morisaki, N, Morrison, S, Mossie, T, Muluneh, A, Murthy, S, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Nabhan, A, Nagarajan, A, Naik, G, Naimzada, M, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nascimento, B, Naserbakht, M, Nayak, V, Ndwandwe, D, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Thi Nguyen, H, Nikbakhsh, R, Anggraini Ningrum, D, Nnaji, C, Nyasulu, P, Ogbo, F, Oghenetega, O, Oh, I, Okunga, E, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Asante, K, Orpana, H, Ota, E, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Mahesh, P, Padubidri, J, Pakhale, S, Pakshir, K, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E, Patel, S, Pathak, A, Pati, S, Patton, G, Paulos, K, Peden, A, Filipino Pepito, V, Pereira, J, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Pinheiro, M, Polibin, R, Polinder, S, Poustchi, H, Prakash, S, Angga Pribadi, D, Puri, P, Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi, S, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Ranganathan, K, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Renjith, V, N Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezapour, A, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Rios Gonzalez, C, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Saad, A, Sabde, Y, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Safari, S, Safari-Faramani, R, Safarpour, H, Safdarian, M, Sajadi, S, Salamati, P, Salehi, F, Zahabi, S, Rashad Salem, M, Salem, H, Salman, O, Salz, I, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Riera, L, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarker, A, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Sawyer, S, Saxena, S, Sayyah, M, Schwebel, D, Seedat, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Seyedmousavi, S, Sha, F, Shaahmadi, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Sharifi, H, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Singh, P, Singh, J, Sinha, D, Smarandache, C, R Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soleymani, B, Soltanian, A, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Stein, D, Stokes, M, Sufiyan, M, Rasul Suleria, H, Sykes, B, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Taddele, B, Tadesse, D, Tamiru, A, Tarigan, I, Tefera, Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekle, M, Tekulu, G, Tesema, A, Tesfay, B, Thapar, R, Tilahune, A, Tlaye, K, Tohidinik, H, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tripathy, J, Tsai, A, Car, L, Ullah, S, Ullah, I, Umar, M, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Uthman, O, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Waheed, Y, Weldesamuel, G, Werdecker, A, Wiangkham, T, Wolde, H, Woldeyes, D, Wondafrash, D, Wondmeneh, T, Wondmieneh, A, Wu, A, Yadav, R, Yadollahpour, A, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Youm, Y, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yu, Y, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, T, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zarei, A, Zare, F, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Zodpey, S, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Degenhardt, L, Dharmaratne, S, Hay, S, Mokdad, A, Reiner Jr, R, Sartorius, B, Vos, T, James S. L., Castle C. D., Dingels Z. V., Fox J. T., Hamilton E. B., Liu Z., S Roberts N. L., Sylte D. O., Henry N. J., Legrand K. E., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R. S., Abedi A., Abosetugn A. E., Abushouk A. I., Adebayo O. M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed R., Ahmed M. B., Eddine Aichour M. T., Alahdab F., Alamene G. M., Alanezi F. M., Alebel A., Alema N. M., Alghnam S. A., Al-Hajj S., Ali B. A., Ali S., Alikhani M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N. A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y. S., Amini S., Loreche Amit A. M., Andrei C. L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C. A., Yaw Appiah S. C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Asghari B., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayano G., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A. D., Bagli E., Baig A. A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S. K., Banik P. C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Barrero L. H., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye B. A., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T. T., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A. G., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M. S., Borges G., Borzi A. M., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko N. I., Budhathoki S. S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J. S., Chanie W. F., Chattu S. K., Chattu V. K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D. Y., Kabir Chowdhury M. A., Chu D. -T., Colquhoun S. M., Constantin M. -M., Costa V. M., Damiani G., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C. A., Demeke F. M., Demis A. B., Demoz G. T., Demsie D. G., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M. D., Da Silva D. D., Dibaji Forooshani Z. S., Doyle K. E., Driscoll T. R., Dubljanin E., Adema B. D., Eagan A. W., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki M. E., Elemineh D. A., El-Jaafary S. I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C. L., Emamian M. H., Endalew D. A., Eskandarieh S., Faris P. S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatahi Y., Fekadu W., Ferede T. Y., Fereshtehnejad S. -M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G. T., Filip I., Fischer F., Folayan M. O., Foroutan M., Francis J. M., Franklin R. C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B. S., Gebre A. K., Gebremedhin K. B., Gebremeskel G. G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G. A., Geta B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill T. K., Goulart A. C., Grada A., Grivna M., Mohialdeen Gubari M. I., Guimaraes R. A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J. A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli H. H., Hall B. J., Hamadeh R. R., Hamidi S., Haro J. M., Hasan M. M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H. Y., Havmoeller R., Hayat K., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H. C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I., Ilic M. D., Inbaraj L. R., Indriasih E., Naghibi Irvani S. S., Shariful Islam S. M., Islam M. M., Ivers R. Q., Jacobsen K. H., Jahani M. A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A. U., Jha R. P., John-Akinola Y. O., Jonas J. B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J. J., Jungari S. B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L. R., Kalhor R., Kamil T. A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H. G., Kavetskyy T., Kebede H. K., Keiyoro P. N., Kelbore A. G., Kelkay B., Khader Y. S., Khafaie M. A., Khalid N., Khalil I. A., Khalilov R., Khammarnia M., Khan E. A., Khan M., Khanna T., Khazaie H., Shadmani F. K., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D. N., Kim Y. -E., Kim D., Kim Y. J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Komaki H., M Kondlahalli S. K., Korshunov V. A., Koyanagi A., G Kraemer M. U., Krishan K., Bicer B. K., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumar G. A., Kumar M., Kumaresh G., Kurmi O. P., Kuti O., Vecchia C. L., Lami F. H., Lamichhane P., Lang J. J., Lansingh V. C., Laryea D. O., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Leasher J. L., Huey Lee S. W., Lenjebo T. L., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A. D., Lotufo P. A., Lunevicius R., Lyons R. A., Madadin M., El Razek M. M. A., Mahotra N. B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J. N., Maled V., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A. -L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Maravilla J. C., March L. M., Mason-Jones A. J., Masoumi S. Z., Massenburg B. B., Maulik P. K., Meles G. G., Melese A., Melketsedik Z. A., N Memiah P. T., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha M. B., Mengesha M. M., Meretoja T. J., Meretoja A., Merie H. E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T. R., Mini G. K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K. A., Darwesh A. M., Gholi Mezerji N. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J. A., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Velasquez I. M., Morisaki N., Morrison S. D., Mossie T. B., Muluneh A. G., Murthy S., Musa K. I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A. F., Nagarajan A. J., Naik G., Naimzada M. D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B. R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Ndwandwe D. E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen C. T., Thi Nguyen H. L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D. N., Nnaji C. A., Nyasulu P. S., Ogbo F. A., Oghenetega O. B., Oh I. -H., Okunga E. W., Olagunju A. T., Olagunju T. O., Bali A. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Asante K. O., Orpana H. M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Mahesh P. A., Padubidri J. R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E. -K., Patel S. K., Pathak A., Pati S., Patton G. C., Paulos K., Peden A. E., Filipino Pepito V. C., Pereira J., Pham H. Q., Phillips M. R., Pinheiro M., Polibin R. V., Polinder S., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D. R., Puri P., Syed Z. Q., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Ranganathan K., Rao S. J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., N Renzaho A. M., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A. I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C. M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saad A. M., Sabde Y. D., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safari S., Safari-Faramani R., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Sajadi S. M., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi S. S., Rashad Salem M. R., Salem H., Salman O., Salz I., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Riera L. S., Santric Milicevic M. M., Sarker A. R., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S. M., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Schwebel D. C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M. A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I. D., Singh P. K., Singh J. A., Sinha D. N., Smarandache C. -G., R Smith E. U., Soheili A., Soleymani B., Soltanian A. R., Soriano J. B., Sorrie M. B., Soyiri I. N., Stein D. J., Stokes M. A., Sufiyan M. B., Rasul Suleria H. A., Sykes B. L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K. M., Taddele B. W., Tadesse D. B., Tamiru A. T., Tarigan I. U., Tefera Y. M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M. G., Tekulu G. H., Tesema A. K., Tesfay B. E., Thapar R., Tilahune A. B., Tlaye K. G., Tohidinik H. R., Topor-Madry R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Tripathy J. P., Tsai A. C., Car L. T., Ullah S., Ullah I., Umar M., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O. A., Valdez P. R., Vasankari T. J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Weldesamuel G. T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wolde H. F., Woldeyes D. H., Wondafrash D. Z., Wondmeneh T. G., Wondmieneh A. B., Wu A. -M., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S. -J., Youm Y., Younis M. Z., Yousefi Z., Yu Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam T. Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S. B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zarei A., Zare F., Zhang Z. -J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Degenhardt L., Dharmaratne S. D., Hay S. I., Mokdad A. H., Reiner Jr R. 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Abstract: Background: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
Published: 2020

3. Global and regional burden of disease and injury in 2016 arising from occupational exposures: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Driscoll, T, Rushton, L, Hutchings, SJ, Straif, K, Steenland, K, Abate, D, Abbafat, C, Acharya, D, Adebayo, OM, Afshari, M, Akinyemiju, T, Alahdab, F, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Aremu, O, Ataro, Z, Quintanilla, BPA, Banoub, JAM, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barrero, LH, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Benavides, FG, Beuran, M, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Cerin, E, Cooper, C, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dang, AK, Daryani, A, Desalegn, BB, Dharmaratne, SD, Dubljanin, E, El-Khatib, Z, Eskandarieh, S, Fareed, M, Faro, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Gallus, S, Gebremichael, TG, Gezae, KE, Gill, TK, Goulart, BNG, Grada, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hamzeh, B, Hassankhani, H, Hawkins, DM, Hay, SI, Hegazy, MI, Henok, A, Hoang, CL, Hole, MK, Rad, EH, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Jakovljevic, M, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Shushtar, ZJ, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kahsay, A, Karami, M, Karimi, N, Kasaeian, A, Kawakami, N, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Defo, BK, Kumar, GA, Kumar, M, Lami, FH, Latif, A, Leigh, J, Levi, M, Li, S, Linn, S, Lopez, JCF, Lunevicius, R, Mahotra, NB, Majdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Mansournia, MA, Massenburg, BB, Mehta, V, Melese, A, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, G, Meretoja, TJ, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moazen, B, Mezerji, NMG, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Morad, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Morrison, SD, Mousav, SM, Mustafa, G, Najaf, F, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Neupane, S, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, TH, Nixon, MR, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Otstavnov, SS, Mahesh, PA, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-K, Prakash, S, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahim, F, Reiner, RC, Renzaho, AMN, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Saddik, B, Safari-Faramani, R, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Salamati, P, Salimi, Y, Samy, AM, Schwebel, DC, Sepanlou, SG, Serdar, B, Shaikh, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, She, J, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Si, S, Sinha, DN, Stanaway, JD, Soofi, M, Stokes, MA, Sufiyan, MB, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Takahashi, K, Tassew, SG, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tran, M-HTBX, Tran, KB, Car, LT, Ullah, I, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vu, GT, Wagner, GR, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Werdecker, A, Winkler, AS, Yimer, EM, Yip, P, Yirsaw, BD, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yousefifard, M, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zandian, H, Zhang, Y, Zodpey, S, Lim, SS, Driscoll, Tim, Rushton, Lesley, Hutchings, Sally J, Straif, Kurt, Kumar, Manasi, Yisma, Engida, Lim, Stephen S, GBD 2016 Occupational Risk Factors Collaborators, Collaborators, GBD 2016 Occupational Risk Factors, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, GBD 2016 Occupational Risk Factors Collaborator, and Violante FS
Subjects: Male, exposure assessment, Global Health, medicine.disease_cause, Global Burden of Disease, ergonomic, GBD 2016 Occupational Risk Factors Collaborators, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, 1599 Other Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, Neoplasms, METABOLIC RISKS, Per capita, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Human factors and ergonomics, Middle Aged, 030210 environmental & occupational health, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Occupational Diseases, COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk assessment, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, COUNTRIES, noise, Adolescent, Population, cancer, respiratory tract diseases, workplace, Risk Assessment, Environmental & Occupational Health, Asbestos, respiratory tract disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, Occupational Exposure, Environmental health, Humans, Disabled Persons, Sex Distribution, education, Aged, Science & Technology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 1103 Clinical Sciences, TRENDS, Quality-adjusted life year, Socioeconomic Factors, Attributable risk, Commentary, Life expectancy, Wounds and Injuries, CLUSTERS, business, Low Back Pain
Abstract: ObjectivesThis study provides an overview of the influence of occupational risk factors on the global burden of disease as estimated by the occupational component of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study.MethodsThe GBD 2016 study estimated the burden in terms of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) arising from the effects of occupational risk factors (carcinogens; asthmagens; particulate matter, gases and fumes (PMGF); secondhand smoke (SHS); noise; ergonomic risk factors for low back pain; risk factors for injury). A population attributable fraction (PAF) approach was used for most risk factors.ResultsIn 2016, globally, an estimated 1.53 (95% uncertainty interval 1.39–1.68) million deaths and 76.1 (66.3–86.3) million DALYs were attributable to the included occupational risk factors, accounting for 2.8% of deaths and 3.2% of DALYs from all causes. Most deaths were attributable to PMGF, carcinogens (particularly asbestos), injury risk factors and SHS. Most DALYs were attributable to injury risk factors and ergonomic exposures. Men and persons 55 years or older were most affected. PAFs ranged from 26.8% for low back pain from ergonomic risk factors and 19.6% for hearing loss from noise to 3.4% for carcinogens. DALYs per capita were highest in Oceania, Southeast Asia and Central sub-Saharan Africa. On a per capita basis, between 1990 and 2016 there was an overall decrease of about 31% in deaths and 25% in DALYs.ConclusionsOccupational exposures continue to cause an important health burden worldwide, justifying the need for ongoing prevention and control initiatives.
Published: 2020

4. The global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Safiri, S, Sepanlou, S, Ikuta, K, Bisignano, C, Salimzadeh, H, Delavari, A, Ansari, R, Roshandel, G, Merat, S, Fitzmaurice, C, Force, L, Nixon, M, Abbastabar, H, Abegaz, K, Afarideh, M, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, M, Akinyemiju, T, Alahdab, F, Ali, R, Alikhani, M, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almadi, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Anber, N, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Arabloo, J, Arefi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Azadmehr, A, Badawi, A, Baheiraei, N, Barnighausen, T, Basaleem, H, Behzadifar, M, Belayneh, Y, Berhe, K, Bhattacharyya, K, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bjorge, T, Borzi, A, Bosetti, C, Bou-Orm, I, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Briko, N, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Cerin, E, Chiang, P, Chido-Amajuoyi, O, Daryani, A, Davitoiu, D, Demoz, G, Desai, R, Dianati Nasab, M, Eftekhari, A, El Sayed, I, Elbarazi, I, Emamian, M, Endries, A, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, A, Etemadi, A, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Gad, M, Gallus, S, Ghaseni-Kebria, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gorini, G, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hasanpour-Heidari, S, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassanipour, S, Hay, S, Hoang, C, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, M, Innos, K, Irvani, S, Islami, F, Jaca, A, Jafari Balalami, N, Jafari Delouei, N, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Joukar, F, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, T, Kassaw, M, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khaksarian, M, Khalilov, R, Khan, E, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaee-Pool, M, Khazaei, S, Khosravi Shadmani, F, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kocarnik, J, Komaki, H, Kopec, J, Koyanagi, A, Kuipers, E, Kumar, V, La Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lunevicius, R, Majeed, A, Majidinia, M, Manafi, A, Manafi, N, Manda, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mantovani, L, Mehta, D, Meier, T, Meles, H, Mendoza, W, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Mir, S, Mirzaei, H, Mohammad, K, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Moossavi, M, Moradi, G, Moradpour, F, Moradzadeh, R, Nahvijou, A, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Nazari, J, Negoi, I, Negru, S, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, T, Ningrum, D, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Pirestani, M, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rahmati, M, Rajati, F, Raoofi, S, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reiner, R, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Saad, A, Saadatagah, S, Saddik, B, Salehi, F, Zahabi, S, Salz, I, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarveazad, A, Satpathy, M, Schneider, I, Sekerija, M, Shaahmadi, F, Shabaninejad, H, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, Z, Sharif, M, Sharifi, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shirkoohi, R, Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Silva, D, Sisay, M, Smarandache, C, Soofi, M, Soreide, K, Soshnikov, S, Starodubov, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Sullman, M, Taherkhani, A, Tesfay, B, Topor-Madry, R, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tran, K, Ullah, I, Uthman, O, Vacante, M, Vahedian-Azimi, A, Valli, A, Varavikova, E, Vujcic, I, Westerman, R, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yisma, E, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zahirian Moghadam, T, Zaki, L, Zandian, H, Zhang, Z, Murray, C, Naghavi, M, Malekzadeh, R, Safiri S., Sepanlou S. G., Ikuta K. S., Bisignano C., Salimzadeh H., Delavari A., Ansari R., Roshandel G., Merat S., Fitzmaurice C., Force L. M., Nixon M. R., Abbastabar H., Abegaz K. H., Afarideh M., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M. B., Akinyemiju T., Alahdab F., Ali R., Alikhani M., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almadi M. A. H., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Raddadi R. M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Anber N. H., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Arabloo J., Arefi Z., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Azadmehr A., Badawi A., Baheiraei N., Barnighausen T. W., Basaleem H., Behzadifar M., Belayneh Y. M., Berhe K., Bhattacharyya K., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Biondi A., Bjorge T., Borzi A. M., Bosetti C., Bou-Orm I. R., Brenner H., Briko A. N., Briko N. I., Carreras G., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Cerin E., Chiang P. P. -C., Chido-Amajuoyi O. G., Daryani A., Davitoiu D. V., Demoz G. T., Desai R., Dianati Nasab M., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., Elbarazi I., Emamian M. H., Endries A. Y., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati A., Etemadi A., Farzadfar F., Fernandes E., Fernandes J. C., Filip I., Fischer F., Foroutan M., Gad M. M., Gallus S., Ghaseni-Kebria F., Ghashghaee A., Gorini G., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hasanpour-Heidari S., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hay S. I., Hoang C. L., Hostiuc M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic M. D., Innos K., Irvani S. S. N., Islami F., Jaca A., Jafari Balalami N., Jafari Delouei N., Jafarinia M., Jahani M. A., Jakovljevic M., James S. L., Javanbakht M., Jenabi E., Jha R. P., Joukar F., Kasaeian A., Kassa T. D., Kassaw M. W., Kengne A. P., Khader Y. S., Khaksarian M., Khalilov R., Khan E. A., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaee-Pool M., Khazaei S., Khosravi Shadmani F., Khubchandani J., Kim D., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kocarnik J. M., Komaki H., Kopec J. A., Koyanagi A., Kuipers E. J., Kumar V., La Vecchia C., Lami F. H., Lopez A. D., Lopukhov P. D., Lunevicius R., Majeed A., Majidinia M., Manafi A., Manafi N., Manda A. -L., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mantovani L. G., Mehta D., Meier T., Meles H. G., Mendoza W., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Mir S. M., Mirzaei H., Mohammad K. A., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Monasta L., Moossavi M., Moradi G., Moradpour F., Moradzadeh R., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Najafi F., Nazari J., Negoi I., Negru S., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen T. H., Ningrum D. N. A., Ogbo F. A., Olagunju A. T., Olagunju T. O., Pana A., Pereira D. M., Pirestani M., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rahmati M., Rajati F., Raoofi S., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Reiner R. C., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Saad A. M., Saadatagah S., Saddik B., Salehi F., Zahabi S. S., Salz I., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santric Milicevic M. M., Sarveazad A., Satpathy M., Schneider I. J. C., Sekerija M., Shaahmadi F., Shabaninejad H., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi Z., Sharif M., Sharifi A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shirkoohi R., Siddappa Malleshappa S. K., Silva D. A. S., Sisay M., Smarandache C. -G., Soofi M., Soreide K., Soshnikov S., Starodubov V. I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Sullman M., Taherkhani A., Tesfay B. E., Topor-Madry R., Traini E., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Ullah I., Uthman O. A., Vacante M., Vahedian-Azimi A., Valli A., Varavikova E., Vujcic I. S., Westerman R., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yisma E., Yu C., Zadnik V., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaki L., Zandian H., Zhang Z. -J., Murray C. J. L., Naghavi M., Malekzadeh R., Safiri, S, Sepanlou, S, Ikuta, K, Bisignano, C, Salimzadeh, H, Delavari, A, Ansari, R, Roshandel, G, Merat, S, Fitzmaurice, C, Force, L, Nixon, M, Abbastabar, H, Abegaz, K, Afarideh, M, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, M, Akinyemiju, T, Alahdab, F, Ali, R, Alikhani, M, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almadi, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Anber, N, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Arabloo, J, Arefi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Azadmehr, A, Badawi, A, Baheiraei, N, Barnighausen, T, Basaleem, H, Behzadifar, M, Belayneh, Y, Berhe, K, Bhattacharyya, K, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bjorge, T, Borzi, A, Bosetti, C, Bou-Orm, I, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Briko, N, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Cerin, E, Chiang, P, Chido-Amajuoyi, O, Daryani, A, Davitoiu, D, Demoz, G, Desai, R, Dianati Nasab, M, Eftekhari, A, El Sayed, I, Elbarazi, I, Emamian, M, Endries, A, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, A, Etemadi, A, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Gad, M, Gallus, S, Ghaseni-Kebria, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gorini, G, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hasanpour-Heidari, S, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassanipour, S, Hay, S, Hoang, C, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, M, Innos, K, Irvani, S, Islami, F, Jaca, A, Jafari Balalami, N, Jafari Delouei, N, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Joukar, F, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, T, Kassaw, M, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khaksarian, M, Khalilov, R, Khan, E, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaee-Pool, M, Khazaei, S, Khosravi Shadmani, F, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kocarnik, J, Komaki, H, Kopec, J, Koyanagi, A, Kuipers, E, Kumar, V, La Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lunevicius, R, Majeed, A, Majidinia, M, Manafi, A, Manafi, N, Manda, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mantovani, L, Mehta, D, Meier, T, Meles, H, Mendoza, W, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Mir, S, Mirzaei, H, Mohammad, K, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Moossavi, M, Moradi, G, Moradpour, F, Moradzadeh, R, Nahvijou, A, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Nazari, J, Negoi, I, Negru, S, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, T, Ningrum, D, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Pirestani, M, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rahmati, M, Rajati, F, Raoofi, S, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reiner, R, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Saad, A, Saadatagah, S, Saddik, B, Salehi, F, Zahabi, S, Salz, I, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarveazad, A, Satpathy, M, Schneider, I, Sekerija, M, Shaahmadi, F, Shabaninejad, H, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, Z, Sharif, M, Sharifi, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shirkoohi, R, Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Silva, D, Sisay, M, Smarandache, C, Soofi, M, Soreide, K, Soshnikov, S, Starodubov, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Sullman, M, Taherkhani, A, Tesfay, B, Topor-Madry, R, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tran, K, Ullah, I, Uthman, O, Vacante, M, Vahedian-Azimi, A, Valli, A, Varavikova, E, Vujcic, I, Westerman, R, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yisma, E, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zahirian Moghadam, T, Zaki, L, Zandian, H, Zhang, Z, Murray, C, Naghavi, M, Malekzadeh, R, Safiri S., Sepanlou S. G., Ikuta K. S., Bisignano C., Salimzadeh H., Delavari A., Ansari R., Roshandel G., Merat S., Fitzmaurice C., Force L. M., Nixon M. R., Abbastabar H., Abegaz K. H., Afarideh M., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M. B., Akinyemiju T., Alahdab F., Ali R., Alikhani M., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almadi M. A. H., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Raddadi R. M., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini S., Anber N. H., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Arabloo J., Arefi Z., Asghari Jafarabadi M., Azadmehr A., Badawi A., Baheiraei N., Barnighausen T. W., Basaleem H., Behzadifar M., Belayneh Y. M., Berhe K., Bhattacharyya K., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Biondi A., Bjorge T., Borzi A. M., Bosetti C., Bou-Orm I. R., Brenner H., Briko A. N., Briko N. I., Carreras G., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Cerin E., Chiang P. P. -C., Chido-Amajuoyi O. G., Daryani A., Davitoiu D. V., Demoz G. T., Desai R., Dianati Nasab M., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., Elbarazi I., Emamian M. H., Endries A. Y., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati A., Etemadi A., Farzadfar F., Fernandes E., Fernandes J. C., Filip I., Fischer F., Foroutan M., Gad M. M., Gallus S., Ghaseni-Kebria F., Ghashghaee A., Gorini G., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hasanpour-Heidari S., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hay S. I., Hoang C. L., Hostiuc M., Househ M., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic M. D., Innos K., Irvani S. S. N., Islami F., Jaca A., Jafari Balalami N., Jafari Delouei N., Jafarinia M., Jahani M. A., Jakovljevic M., James S. L., Javanbakht M., Jenabi E., Jha R. P., Joukar F., Kasaeian A., Kassa T. D., Kassaw M. W., Kengne A. P., Khader Y. S., Khaksarian M., Khalilov R., Khan E. A., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaee-Pool M., Khazaei S., Khosravi Shadmani F., Khubchandani J., Kim D., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kocarnik J. M., Komaki H., Kopec J. A., Koyanagi A., Kuipers E. J., Kumar V., La Vecchia C., Lami F. H., Lopez A. D., Lopukhov P. D., Lunevicius R., Majeed A., Majidinia M., Manafi A., Manafi N., Manda A. -L., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mantovani L. G., Mehta D., Meier T., Meles H. G., Mendoza W., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Mir S. M., Mirzaei H., Mohammad K. A., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Monasta L., Moossavi M., Moradi G., Moradpour F., Moradzadeh R., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Najafi F., Nazari J., Negoi I., Negru S., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen T. H., Ningrum D. N. A., Ogbo F. A., Olagunju A. T., Olagunju T. O., Pana A., Pereira D. M., Pirestani M., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rahmati M., Rajati F., Raoofi S., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Reiner R. C., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Saad A. M., Saadatagah S., Saddik B., Salehi F., Zahabi S. S., Salz I., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santric Milicevic M. M., Sarveazad A., Satpathy M., Schneider I. J. C., Sekerija M., Shaahmadi F., Shabaninejad H., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi Z., Sharif M., Sharifi A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shirkoohi R., Siddappa Malleshappa S. K., Silva D. A. S., Sisay M., Smarandache C. -G., Soofi M., Soreide K., Soshnikov S., Starodubov V. I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Sullman M., Taherkhani A., Tesfay B. E., Topor-Madry R., Traini E., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Ullah I., Uthman O. A., Vacante M., Vahedian-Azimi A., Valli A., Varavikova E., Vujcic I. S., Westerman R., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yisma E., Yu C., Zadnik V., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zaki L., Zandian H., Zhang Z. -J., Murray C. J. L., Naghavi M., and Malekzadeh R.
Abstract: Background: Data about the global, regional, and country-specific variations in the levels and trends of colorectal cancer are required to understand the impact of this disease and the trends in its burden to help policy makers allocate resources. Here we provide a status report on the incidence, mortality, and disability caused by colorectal cancer in 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. Methods: Vital registration, sample vital registration, verbal autopsy, and cancer registry data were used to generate incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) estimates of colorectal cancer at the global, regional, and national levels. We also determined the association between development levels and colorectal cancer age-standardised DALY rates, and calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. All of the estimates are reported as counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 person-years, with some estimates also presented by sex and 5-year age groups. Findings: In 2017, there were 1·8 million (95% UI 1·8–1·9) incident cases of colorectal cancer globally, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 23·2 (22·7–23·7) per 100 000 person-years that increased by 9·5% (4·5–13·5) between 1990 and 2017. Globally, colorectal cancer accounted for 896 000 (876 300–915 700) deaths in 2017, with an age-standardised death rate of 11·5 (11·3–11·8) per 100 000 person-years, which decreased between 1990 and 2017 (−13·5% [–18·4 to −10·0]). Colorectal cancer was also responsible for 19·0 million (18·5–19·5) DALYs globally in 2017, with an age-standardised rate of 235·7 (229·7–242·0) DALYs per 100 000 person-years, which decreased between 1990 and 2017 (−14·5% [–20·4 to −10·3]). Slovakia, the Netherlands, and New Zealand had the highest age-standardised incidence rates in 2017. Greenland, Hungary, and Slovakia had the highest age-standardised death rates in 2017. Numbers of incident cases and deaths were higher
Published: 2019

5. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Author: Fitzmaurice, C, Abate, D, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdel-Rahman, O, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulle, A, Abebe, N, Abraha, H, Abu-Raddad, L, Abualhasan, A, Adedeji, I, Advani, S, Afarideh, M, Afshari, M, Aghaali, M, Agius, D, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadian, E, Ahmadpour, E, Ahmed, M, Akbari, M, Akinyemiju, T, Al-Aly, Z, Alabdulkader, A, Alahdab, F, Alam, T, Alamene, G, Alemnew, B, Alene, K, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Bakeshei, F, Almadi, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Alsharif, U, Alsowaidi, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, E, Amini, S, Amoako, Y, Anbari, Z, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansariadi, A, Appiah, S, Arab-Zozani, M, Arabloo, J, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Areri, H, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, E, Ashagre, A, Assadi, R, Ataeinia, B, Atalay, H, Ataro, Z, Atique, S, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Awoke, N, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayanore, M, Ayele, H, Babaee, E, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bagherzadeh, M, Bagli, E, Balakrishnan, S, Balouchi, A, Barnighausen, T, Battista, R, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, B, Belay, Y, Belayneh, Y, Berfield, K, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Beuran, M, Bhakta, N, Bhattacharyya, K, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bin Sayeed, M, Birungi, C, Bisignano, C, Bitew, H, Bjorge, T, Bleyer, A, Bogale, K, Bojia, H, Borzi, A, Bosetti, C, Bou-Orm, I, Brenner, H, Brewer, J, Briko, A, Briko, N, Bustamante-Teixeira, M, Butt, Z, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castro, C, Castro, F, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Chaiah, Y, Chanie, W, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, P, Chauhan, N, Chehrazi, M, Chiang, P, Chichiabellu, T, Chido-Amajuoyi, O, Chimed-Ochir, O, Choi, J, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Constantin, M, Costa, V, Crocetti, E, Crowe, C, Curado, M, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Darwish, A, Daryani, A, Das Neves, J, Demeke, F, Demis, A, Demissie, B, Demoz, G, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Derakhshani, A, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Desalegn, B, Desta, M, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dinberu, M, Djalalinia, S, Doku, D, Drake, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Ebrahimi, H, Effiong, A, Eftekhari, A, El Sayed, I, Zaki, M, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Elemineh, D, Elkout, H, Ellenbogen, R, Elsharkawy, A, Emamian, M, Endalew, D, Endries, A, Eshrati, B, Fadhil, I, Fallah, V, Faramarzi, M, Farhangi, M, Farioli, A, Farzadfar, F, Fentahun, N, Fernandes, E, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Force, L, Foroutan, M, Freitas, M, Fukumoto, T, Futran, N, Gallus, S, Gankpe, F, Gayesa, R, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremeskel, G, Gedefaw, G, Gelaw, B, Geta, B, Getachew, S, Gezae, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gill, P, Ginindza, T, Girmay, A, Gizaw, M, Gomez, R, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goulart, B, Grada, A, Ribeiro Guerra, M, Guimaraes, A, Gupta, P, Gupta, R, Hadkhale, K, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hanfore, L, Haro, J, Hasankhani, M, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassen, H, Hay, R, Hay, S, Henok, A, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hidru, H, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Hoogar, P, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hussen, M, Ileanu, B, Ilic, M, Innos, K, Irvani, S, Iseh, K, Islam, S, Islami, F, Jafari Balalami, N, Jafarinia, M, Jahangiry, L, Jahani, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jayaraman, S, Jee, S, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Jonnagaddala, J, Joo, T, Jungari, S, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kamangar, F, Karch, A, Karimi, N, Karimian, A, Kasaeian, A, Kasahun, G, Kassa, B, Kassa, T, Kassaw, M, Kaul, A, Keiyoro, P, Kelbore, A, Kerbo, A, Khader, Y, Khalilarjmandi, M, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khang, Y, Khatab, K, Khater, A, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaee-Pool, M, Khazaei, S, Khoja, A, Khosravi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kianipour, N, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Komaki, H, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, V, Kuupiel, D, La Vecchia, C, Lad, D, Lake, E, Lakew, A, Lal, D, Lami, F, Lan, Q, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lazarus, J, Leigh, J, Leshargie, C, Liao, Y, Limenih, M, Listl, S, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lunevicius, R, Madadin, M, Magdeldin, S, El Razek, H, Majeed, A, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Manafi, A, Manafi, N, Manamo, W, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Maroufizadeh, S, Martini, S, Mashamba-Thompson, T, Massenburg, B, Maswabi, M, Mathur, M, Mcalinden, C, Mckee, M, Meheretu, H, Mehrotra, R, Mehta, V, Meier, T, Melaku, Y, Meles, G, Meles, H, Melese, A, Melku, M, Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Merat, S, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Mihretie, K, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mir, S, Mirzaei, H, Mishra, R, Moazen, B, Mohammad, D, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Darwesh, A, Mohammadbeigi, A, Mohammadi, H, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, J, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moossavi, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Joo, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradpour, F, Morawska, L, Morgado-Da-costa, J, Morisaki, N, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mousavi, S, Muche, A, Muhammed, O, Musa, J, Nabhan, A, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nagel, G, Nahvijou, A, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nam, H, Nasiri, N, Nazari, J, Negoi, I, Neupane, S, Newcomb, P, Nggada, H, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nikniaz, L, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Nojomi, M, Nosratnejad, S, Shiadeh, M, Obsa, M, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Oluwasanu, M, Omonisi, A, Onwujekwe, O, Oommen, A, Oren, E, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Ota, E, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakhale, S, Pakpour, A, Pana, A, Park, E, Parsian, H, Pashaei, T, Patel, S, Patil, S, Pennini, A, Pereira, D, Piccinelli, C, Pillay, J, Pirestani, M, Pishgar, F, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Pourshams, A, Prakash, S, Prasad, N, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi, M, Rahman, M, Rajati, F, Rana, S, Raoofi, S, Rath, G, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reiner, R, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Ribeiro, A, Ribeiro, D, Ronfani, L, 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K, Tsadik, A, Ullah, I, Uthman, O, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Varona Perez, P, Veisani, Y, Vidale, S, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vujcic, I, Wabinga, H, Wachamo, T, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Weldegebreal, F, Weldesamuel, G, Wijeratne, T, Wondafrash, D, Wonde, T, Wondmieneh, A, Workie, H, Yadav, R, Yadegar, A, Yadollahpour, A, Yaseri, M, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeshaneh, A, Yimam, M, Yimer, E, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, B, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zabeh, E, Zadnik, V, Moghadam, T, Zaidi, Z, Zamani, M, Zandian, H, Zangeneh, A, Zaki, L, Zendehdel, K, Zenebe, Z, Zewale, T, Ziapour, A, Zodpey, S, Murray, C, Fitzmaurice C., Abate D., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulle A. S. M., Abebe N. D., Abraha H. N., Abu-Raddad L. J., Abualhasan A., Adedeji I. A., Advani S. M., Afarideh M., Afshari M., Aghaali M., Agius D., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadian E., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M. B., Akbari M. E., Akinyemiju T., Al-Aly Z., Alabdulkader A. M., Alahdab F., Alam T., Alamene G. M., Alemnew B. T. T., Alene K. A., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Bakeshei F. A., Almadi M. A. H., Almasi-Hashiani A., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini E., Amini S., Amoako Y. A., Anbari Z., Anber N. H., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansariadi A., Appiah S. C. Y., Arab-Zozani M., Arabloo J., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Areri H. A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asfaw E. T., Ashagre A. F., Assadi R., Ataeinia B., Atalay H. T., Ataro Z., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho E. F. G. A., Awasthi A., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayanore M. A., Ayele H. T., Babaee E., Bacha U., Badawi A., Bagherzadeh M., Bagli E., Balakrishnan S., Balouchi A., Barnighausen T. W., Battista R. J., Behzadifar M., Bekele B. B., Belay Y. B., Belayneh Y. M., Berfield K. K. S., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Bhakta N., Bhattacharyya K., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M. S., Birungi C., Bisignano C., Bitew H., Bjorge T., Bleyer A., Bogale K. A., Bojia H. A., Borzi A. M., Bosetti C., Bou-Orm I. R., Brenner H., Brewer J. D., Briko A. N., Briko N. I., Bustamante-Teixeira M. T., Butt Z. A., Carreras G., Carrero J. J., Carvalho F., Castro C., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chanie W. F., Chattu V. K., Chaturvedi P., Chauhan N. S., Chehrazi M., Chiang P. P. -C., Chichiabellu T. Y., Chido-Amajuoyi O. G., Chimed-Ochir O., Choi J. -Y. J., Christopher D. J., Chu D. -T., Constantin M. -M., Costa V. M., Crocetti E., Crowe C. S., Curado M. P., Dahlawi S. M. A., Damiani G., Darwish A. H., Daryani A., Das Neves J., Demeke F. M., Demis A. B., Demissie B. W., Demoz G. T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Derakhshani A., Deribe K. S., Desai R., Desalegn B. B., Desta M., Dey S., Dharmaratne S. D., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Dinberu M. T. T., Djalalinia S., Doku D. T., Drake T. M., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E. E., Ebrahimi H., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., Zaki M. E. S., El-Jaafary S. I., El-Khatib Z., Elemineh D. A., Elkout H., Ellenbogen R. G., Elsharkawy A., Emamian M. H., Endalew D. A., Endries A. Y., Eshrati B., Fadhil I., Fallah V., Faramarzi M., Farhangi M. A., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fentahun N., Fernandes E., Feyissa G. T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J. L., Force L. M., Foroutan M., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Futran N. D., Gallus S., Gankpe F. G., Gayesa R. T., Gebrehiwot T. T., Gebremeskel G. G., Gedefaw G. A., Gelaw B. K., Geta B., Getachew S., Gezae K. E., Ghafourifard M., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill P. S., Ginindza T. T. G., Girmay A., Gizaw M., Gomez R. S., Gopalani S. V., Gorini G., Goulart B. N. G., Grada A., Ribeiro Guerra M., Guimaraes A. L. S., Gupta P. C., Gupta R., Hadkhale K., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R. R., Hamidi S., Hanfore L. K., Haro J. M., Hasankhani M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassen H. Y., Hay R. J., Hay S. I., Henok A., Henry N. J., Herteliu C., Hidru H. D., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Hoogar P., Horita N., Hosgood H. D., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hussen M. M., Ileanu B., Ilic M. D., Innos K., Irvani S. S. N., Iseh K. R., Islam S. M. S., Islami F., Jafari Balalami N., Jafarinia M., Jahangiry L., Jahani M. A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., James S. L., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S., Jee S. H., Jenabi E., Jha R. P., Jonas J. B., Jonnagaddala J., Joo T., Jungari S. B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kamangar F., Karch A., Karimi N., Karimian A., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G. G., Kassa B., Kassa T. D., Kassaw M. W., Kaul A., Keiyoro P. N., Kelbore A. G., Kerbo A. A., Khader Y. S., Khalilarjmandi M., Khan E. A., Khan G., Khang Y. -H., Khatab K., Khater A., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaee-Pool M., Khazaei S., Khoja A. T., Khosravi M. H., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim D., Kim Y. J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Komaki H., Koyanagi A., Krohn K. J., Bicer B. K., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kuupiel D., La Vecchia C., Lad D. P., Lake E. A., Lakew A. M., Lal D. K., Lami F. H., Lan Q., Lasrado S., Lauriola P., Lazarus J. V., Leigh J., Leshargie C. T., Liao Y., Limenih M. A., Listl S., Lopez A. D., Lopukhov P. D., Lunevicius R., Madadin M., Magdeldin S., El Razek H. M. A., Majeed A., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Manafi A., Manafi N., Manamo W. A., Mansourian M., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Maroufizadeh S., Martini S. M. S., Mashamba-Thompson T. P., Massenburg B. B., Maswabi M. T., Mathur M. R., McAlinden C., McKee M., Meheretu H. A. A., Mehrotra R., Mehta V., Meier T., Melaku Y. A., Meles G. G., Meles H. G., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah P. T. N., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Merat S., Meretoja T. J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Mihretie K. M. M., Miller T. R., Mills E. J., Mir S. M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei H. R., Mishra R., Moazen B., Mohammad D. K., Mohammad K. A., Mohammad Y., Darwesh A. M., Mohammadbeigi A., Mohammadi H., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed A. S., Mohammed J. A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moossavi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Morgado-Da-costa J., Morisaki N., Morrison S. D., Mosapour A., Mousavi S. M., Muche A. A., Muhammed O. S. S., Musa J., Nabhan A. R., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Nagel G., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam H. S., Nasiri N., Nazari J., Negoi I., Neupane S., Newcomb P. A., Nggada H. A., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen C. T., Nikniaz L., Ningrum D. N. A., Nirayo Y. L., Nixon M. R., Nnaji C. A., Nojomi M., Nosratnejad S., Shiadeh M. N., Obsa M. S., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F. A., Oh I. -H., Olagunju A. T., Olagunju T. O., Oluwasanu M. M., Omonisi A. 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Abstract: Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs fo
Published: 2019

6. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author: Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice C, Abate D, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdel-Rahman O, Abdelalim A, Abdoli A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulle ASM, Abebe ND, Abraha HN, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abualhasan A, Adedeji IA, Advani SM, Afarideh M, Afshari M, Aghaali M, Agius D, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadian E, Ahmadpour E, Ahmed MB, Akbari ME, Akinyemiju T, Al-Aly Z, AlAbdulKader AM, Alahdab F, Alam T, Alamene GM, Alemnew BTT, Alene KA, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Bakeshei FA, Almadi MAH, Almasi-Hashiani A, Alsharif U, Alsowaidi S, Alvis-Guzman N, Amini E, Amini S, Amoako YA, Anbari Z, Anber NH, Andrei CL, Anjomshoa M, Ansari F, Ansariadi A, Appiah SCY, Arab-Zozani M, Arabloo J, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Areri HA, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asfaw ET, Ashagre AF, Assadi R, Ataeinia B, Atalay HT, Ataro Z, Atique S, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayanore MA, Ayele HT, Babaee E, Bacha U, Badawi A, Bagherzadeh M, Bagli E, Balakrishnan S, Balouchi A, Bärnighausen TW, Battista RJ, Behzadifar M, Bekele BB, Belay YB, Belayneh YM, Berfield KKS, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Beuran M, Bhakta N, Bhattacharyya K, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Birungi C, Bisignano C, Bitew H, Bjørge T, Bleyer A, Bogale KA, Bojia HA, Borzì AM, Bosetti C, Bou-Orm IR, Brenner H, Brewer JD, Briko AN, Briko NI, Bustamante-Teixeira MT, Butt ZA, Carreras G, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castro C, Castro F, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chanie WF, Chattu VK, Chaturvedi P, Chauhan NS, Chehrazi M, Chiang PP, Chichiabellu TY, Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Chimed-Ochir O, Choi JJ, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Constantin MM, Costa VM, Crocetti E, Crowe CS, Curado MP, Dahlawi SMA, Damiani G, Darwish AH, Daryani A, das Neves J, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demissie BW, Demoz GT, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Derakhshani A, Deribe KS, Desai R, Desalegn BB, Desta M, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Diaz D, Dinberu MTT, Djalalinia S, Doku DT, Drake TM, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Ebrahimi H, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, El Sayed I, Zaki MES, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Elemineh DA, Elkout H, Ellenbogen RG, Elsharkawy A, Emamian MH, Endalew DA, Endries AY, Eshrati B, Fadhil I, Fallah V, Faramarzi M, Farhangi MA, Farioli A, Farzadfar F, Fentahun N, Fernandes E, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Fisher JL, Force LM, Foroutan M, Freitas M, Fukumoto T, Futran ND, Gallus S, Gankpe FG, Gayesa RT, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremeskel GG, Gedefaw GA, Gelaw BK, Geta B, Getachew S, Gezae KE, Ghafourifard M, Ghajar A, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gill PS, Ginindza TTG, Girmay A, Gizaw M, Gomez RS, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Goulart BNG, Grada A, Ribeiro Guerra M, Guimaraes ALS, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Hadkhale K, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Hanfore LK, Haro JM, Hasankhani M, Hasanzadeh A, Hassen HY, Hay RJ, Hay SI, Henok A, Henry NJ, Herteliu C, Hidru HD, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Hoogar P, Horita N, Hosgood HD, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Hussen MM, Ileanu B, Ilic MD, Innos K, Irvani SSN, Iseh KR, Islam SMS, Islami F, Jafari Balalami N, Jafarinia M, Jahangiry L, Jahani MA, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, James SL, Javanbakht M, Jayaraman S, Jee SH, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jonnagaddala J, Joo T, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kamangar F, Karch A, Karimi N, Karimian A, Kasaeian A, Kasahun GG, Kassa B, Kassa TD, Kassaw MW, Kaul A, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore AG, Kerbo AA, Khader YS, Khalilarjmandi M, Khan EA, Khan G, Khang YH, Khatab K, Khater A, Khayamzadeh M, Khazaee-Pool M, Khazaei S, Khoja AT, Khosravi MH, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Komaki H, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Bicer BK, Kugbey N, Kumar V, Kuupiel D, La Vecchia C, Lad DP, Lake EA, Lakew AM, Lal DK, Lami FH, Lan Q, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Lazarus JV, Leigh J, Leshargie CT, Liao Y, Limenih MA, Listl S, Lopez AD, Lopukhov PD, Lunevicius R, Madadin M, Magdeldin S, El Razek HMA, Majeed A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Manafi A, Manafi N, Manamo WA, Mansourian M, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Maroufizadeh S, Martini SMS, Mashamba-Thompson TP, Massenburg BB, Maswabi MT, Mathur MR, McAlinden C, McKee M, Meheretu HAA, Mehrotra R, Mehta V, Meier T, Melaku YA, Meles GG, Meles HG, Melese A, Melku M, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Merat S, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Mihretie KMM, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mir SM, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR, Mishra R, Moazen B, Mohammad DK, Mohammad KA, Mohammad Y, Darwesh AM, Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed AS, Mohammed JA, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moossavi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Joo M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradpour F, Morawska L, Morgado-da-Costa J, Morisaki N, Morrison SD, Mosapour A, Mousavi SM, Muche AA, Muhammed OSS, Musa J, Nabhan AR, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Nagel G, Nahvijou A, Naik G, Najafi F, Naldi L, Nam HS, Nasiri N, Nazari J, Negoi I, Neupane S, Newcomb PA, Nggada HA, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen CT, Nikniaz L, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Nosratnejad S, Shiadeh MN, Obsa MS, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Oluwasanu MM, Omonisi AE, Onwujekwe OE, Oommen AM, Oren E, Ortega-Altamirano DDV, Ota E, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pakpour AH, Pana A, Park EK, Parsian H, Pashaei T, Patel S, Patil ST, Pennini A, Pereira DM, Piccinelli C, Pillay JD, Pirestani M, Pishgar F, Postma MJ, Pourjafar H, Pourmalek F, Pourshams A, Prakash S, Prasad N, Qorbani M, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi M, Rahman MA, Rajati F, Rana SM, Raoofi S, Rath GK, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Reiner RC, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei N, Rezapour A, Ribeiro AI, Ribeiro D, Ronfani L, Roro EM, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Saad RS, Sabbagh P, Sabour S, Saddik B, Safiri S, Sahebkar A, Salahshoor MR, Salehi F, Salem H, Salem MR, Salimzadeh H, Salomon JA, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santric 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Wijeratne T, Wondafrash DZ, Wonde TE, Wondmieneh AB, Workie HM, Yadav R, Yadegar A, Yadollahpour A, Yaseri M, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yeshaneh A, Yimam MA, Yimer EM, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousefi B, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zabeh E, Zadnik V, Moghadam TZ, Zaidi Z, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zangeneh A, Zaki L, Zendehdel K, Zenebe ZM, Zewale TA, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Murray CJL, Fitzmaurice C., Abate D., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulle A.S.M., Abebe N.D., Abraha H.N., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abualhasan A., Adedeji I.A., Advani S.M., Afarideh M., Afshari M., Aghaali M., Agius D., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadian E., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed M.B., Akbari M.E., Akinyemiju T., Al-Aly Z., Alabdulkader A.M., Alahdab F., Alam T., Alamene G.M., Alemnew B.T.T., Alene K.A., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Bakeshei F.A., Almadi M.A.H., Almasi-Hashiani A., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini E., Amini S., Amoako Y.A., Anbari 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Chaturvedi P., Chauhan N.S., Chehrazi M., Chiang P.P.-C., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chido-Amajuoyi O.G., Chimed-Ochir O., Choi J.-Y.J., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Constantin M.-M., Costa V.M., Crocetti E., Crowe C.S., Curado M.P., Dahlawi S.M.A., Damiani G., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das Neves J., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Demissie B.W., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Derakhshani A., Deribe K.S., Desai R., Desalegn B.B., Desta M., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T.T., Djalalinia S., Doku D.T., Drake T.M., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Ebrahimi H., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., Zaki M.E.S., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Elemineh D.A., Elkout H., Ellenbogen R.G., Elsharkawy A., Emamian M.H., Endalew D.A., Endries A.Y., Eshrati B., Fadhil I., Fallah V., Faramarzi M., Farhangi M.A., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fentahun N., Fernandes E., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Force L.M., Foroutan M., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Futran N.D., Gallus S., Gankpe F.G., Gayesa R.T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremeskel G.G., Gedefaw G.A., Gelaw B.K., Geta B., Getachew S., Gezae K.E., Ghafourifard M., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill P.S., Ginindza T.T.G., Girmay A., Gizaw M., Gomez R.S., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Ribeiro Guerra M., Guimaraes A.L.S., Gupta P.C., Gupta R., Hadkhale K., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hanfore L.K., Haro J.M., Hasankhani M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassen H.Y., Hay R.J., Hay S.I., Henok A., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Hidru H.D., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hoogar P., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hussen M.M., Ileanu B., Ilic M.D., Innos K., Irvani S.S.N., Iseh K.R., Islam S.M.S., Islami F., Jafari Balalami N., Jafarinia M., Jahangiry L., Jahani M.A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., James S.L., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S., Jee S.H., Jenabi E., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jonnagaddala J., Joo T., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., 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Subjects: Cancer Research, age distribution, cancer incidence, Colorectal cancer, GBD, DALY, cancer risk, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, disease burden, cause of death, trachea cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, systematic review, Neoplasms, quality adjusted life year, 11. Sustainability, Epidemiology, cancer mortality, 030212 general & internal medicine, years of life lost, Stomach cancer, fertility, disabled person, stomach cancer, disability-adjusted life year, nonhodgkin lymphoma, Incidence, 1. No poverty, prostate cancer, 3. Good health, income, Oncology, risk factor, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, bladder cancer, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, medicine.medical_specialty, sex difference, 3122 Cancers, colorectal cancer, bronchus cancer, Article, educational status, Causes of cancer, liver cancer, 03 medical and health sciences, Breast cancer, breast cancer, Environmental health, geographic distribution, medicine, Humans, Disabled Persons, human, business.industry, Correction, Cancer, non melanoma skin cancer, medicine.disease, years lived with disability, lung cancer, Years of potential life lost, Skin cancer, global disease burden, business, neoplasm, RC, uterine cervix cancer
Abstract: Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Published: 2019

7. Carga global, regional y nacional de neurológicas. Desórdenes, 1990-2016: un análisis sistemático para el Global Estudio de la carga de enfermedad 2016

Author: Feigin V, Nichols E, Alam T, Bannick M, Beghi E, Blake N, Culpepper W, Dorsey E, Elbaz A, Ellenbogen R, Fisher J, Fitzmaurice C, Giussani G, Glennie L, James S, Johnson C, Kassebaum N, Logroscino G, Marin B, Mountjoy-Venning W, Nguyen M, Ofori-Asenso R, Patel A, Piccininni M, Roth G, Steiner T, Stovner L, Szoeke C, Theadom A, Vollset S, Wallin M, Wright C, Zunt J, Abbasi N, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Aboyans V, Abraha H, Acharya D, Adamu A, Adebayo O, Adeoye A, Adsuar J, Afarideh M, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmed M, Aichour A, Aichour I, Aichour M, Akinyemi R, Akseer N, Al-Eyadhy A, Salman R, Alahdab F, Alene K, Aljunid S, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Anber N, Antonio C, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Arnlov J, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Atalay H, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Ayuk T, Badawi A, Banach M, Banoub J, Barboza M, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Baune B, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bejot Y, Bekele B, Belachew A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Beuran M, Bhattacharyya K, Bhutta Z, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bililign N, Bin Sayeed M, Blazes C, Brayne C, Butt Z, Campos-Nonato I, Cantu-Brito C, Car M, Cardenas R, Carrero J, Carvalho F, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Castro F, Catala-Lopez F, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chang J, Chatziralli I, Chiang P, Christensen H, Christopher D, Cooper C, Cortesi P, Costa V, Criqui M, Crowe C, Damasceno A, Daryani A, De la Cruz-Gongora V, De la Hoz F, De Leo D, Degefa M, Demoz G, Deribe K, Dharmaratne S, Diaz D, Dinberu M, Djalalinia S, Doku D, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken E, Edvardsson D, El-Khatib Z, Endres M, Endries A, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Farhadi F, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Farzaei M, Fatima B, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes E, Feyissa G, Filip I, Fischer F, Fukumoto T, Ganji M, Gankpe F, Garcia-Gordillo M, Gebre A, Gebremichael T, Gelaw B, Geleijnse J, Geremew D, Gezae K, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Gidey M, Gill P, Gill T, Gnedovskaya E, Goulart A, Grada A, Grosso G, Guo Y, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagos T, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hankey G, Hao Y, Haro J, Hassankhani H, Hassen H, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hegazy M, Heidari B, Henok A, Heydarpour F, Hoang C, Hole M, Rad E, Hosseini S, Hu G, Igumbor E, Ilesanmi O, Irvani S, Islam S, Jakovljevic M, Javanbakht M, Jha R, Jobanputra Y, Jonas J, Jozwiak J, Jurisson M, Kahsay A, Kalani R, Kalkonde Y, Kamil T, Kanchan T, Karami M, Karch A, Karimi N, Kasaeian A, Kassa T, Kassa Z, Kaul A, Kefale A, Keiyoro P, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khalil I, Khan E, Khang Y, Khazaie H, Kiadaliri A, Kiirithio D, Kim A, Kim D, Kim Y, Kisa A, Kokubo Y, Koyanagi A, Krishnamurthi R, Defo B, Bicer B, Kumar M, Lacey B, Lafranconi A, Lansingh V, Latifi A, Leshargie C, Li S, Liao Y, Linn S, Lo W, Lopez J, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lucas R, Lunevicius R, Mackay M, Mahotra N, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Manafi N, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Marz W, Mashamba-Thompson T, Massenburg B, Mate K, McAlinden C, McGrath J, Mehta V, Meier T, Meles H, Melese A, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Mengistu D, Mengistu G, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Miller T, Mini G, Mirrakhimov E, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mezerji N, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad A, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Moraga P, Velasquez I, Morrison S, Mousavi S, Muhammed O, Muruet W, Musa K, Mustafa G, Naderi M, Nagel G, Naheed A, Naik G, Najafi F, Nangia V, Negoi I, Negoi R, Newton C, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen C, Nguyen L, Ningrum D, Nirayo Y, Nixon M, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Shiadeh M, Nyasulu P, Ogbo F, Oh I, Olagunju A, Olagunju T, Olivares P, Onwujekwe O, Oren E, Owolabi M, Mahesh P, Pakpour A, Pan W, Panda-Jonas S, Pandian J, Patel S, Pereira D, Petzold M, Pillay J, Piradov M, Polanczyk G, Polinder S, Postma M, Poulton R, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Prakash V, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rajati F, Ram U, Ranta A, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Reinig N, Reis C, Renzaho A, Resnikoff S, Rezaeian S, Rezai M, Gonzalez C, Roberts N, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roro E, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Sabbagh P, Sacco R, Sachdev P, Saddik B, Safari H, Safari-Faramani R, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahathevan R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian M, Salamati P, Zahabi S, Salimi Y, Samy A, Sanabria J, Santos I, Milicevic M, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sarvi S, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sawant A, Sawhney M, Schneider I, Schottker B, Schwebel D, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Shabaninejad H, Shafieesabet A, Shaikh M, Shakir R, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, She J, Sheikh A, Sheth K, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shiue I, Siabani S, Siddiqi T, Sigfusdottir I, Sigurvinsdottir R, Silberberg D, Silva J, Silveira D, Singh J, Sinha D, Skiadaresi E, Smith M, Sobaih B, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Soyiri I, Sposato L, Stein D, Stein M, Stokes M, Sufiyan M, Sykes B, Sylaja P, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Ao B, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temsah M, Temsah O, Thakur J, Thrift A, Topor-Madry R, Tortajada-Girbes M, Tovani-Palone M, Tran B, Tran K, Truelsen T, Tsadik A, Car L, Ukwaja K, Ullah I, Usman M, Uthman O, Valdez P, Vasankari T, Vasanthan R, Veisani Y, Venketasubramanian N, Violante F, Vlassov V, Vosoughi K, Vu G, Vujcic I, Wagnew F, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Weiderpass E, Weiss J, Whiteford H, Wijeratne T, Winkler A, Wiysonge C, Wolfe C, Xu G, Yadollahpour A, Yamada T, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yatsuya H, Yimer E, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Bin Zaman S, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zare Z, Zhang Y, Zodpey S, Naghavi M, Murray C, Vos T, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, VU University medical center, Feigin V.L., Nichols E., Alam T., Bannick M.S., Beghi E., Blake N., Culpepper W.J., Dorsey E.R., Elbaz A., Ellenbogen R.G., Fisher J.L., Fitzmaurice C., Giussani G., Glennie L., James S.L., Johnson C.O., Kassebaum N.J., Logroscino G., Marin B., Mountjoy-Venning W.C., Nguyen M., Ofori-Asenso R., Patel A.P., Piccininni M., Roth G.A., Steiner T.J., Stovner L.J., Szoeke C.E.I., Theadom A., Vollset S.E., Wallin M.T., Wright C., Zunt J.R., Abbasi N., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Aboyans V., Abraha H.N., Acharya D., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adeoye A.M., Adsuar J.C., Afarideh M., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmed M.B., Aichour A.N., Aichour I., Aichour M.T.E., Akinyemi R.O., Akseer N., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Shahi Salman R., Alahdab F., Alene K.A., Aljunid S.M., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Anber N.H., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atalay H.T., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayuk T.B., Badawi A., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barboza M.A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Baune B.T., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekele B.B., Belachew A.B., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhane A., Beuran M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M.S., Blazes C.K., Brayne C., Butt Z.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cantu-Brito C., Car M., Cardenas R., Carrero J.J., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chang J.-C., Chatziralli I., Chiang P.P.-C., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cooper C., Cortesi P.A., Costa V.M., Criqui M.H., Crowe C.S., Damasceno A.A.M., Daryani A., De la Cruz-Gongora V., De La Hoz F.P., De Leo D., Degefa M.G., Demoz G.T., Deribe K., Dharmaratne S.D., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Djalalinia S., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E.E., Edvardsson D., El-Khatib Z., Endres M., Endries A.Y., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Farhadi F., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Farzaei M.H., Fatima B., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Fukumoto T., Ganji M., Gankpe F.G., Garcia-Gordillo M.A., Gebre A.K., Gebremichael T.G., Gelaw B.K., Geleijnse J.M., Geremew D., Gezae K.E., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Gidey M.Y., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Gnedovskaya E.V., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grosso G., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haagsma J.A., Hagos T.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Haro J.M., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hay S.I., Hegazy M.I., Heidari B., Henok A., Heydarpour F., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Homaie Rad E., Hosseini S.M., Hu G., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Javanbakht M., Jha R.P., Jobanputra Y.B., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kalkonde Y., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Karch A., Karimi N., Kasaeian A., Kassa T.D., Kassa Z.Y., Kaul A., Kefale A.T., Keiyoro P.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalil I.A., Khan E.A., Khang Y.-H., Khazaie H., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiirithio D.N., Kim A.S., Kim D., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kokubo Y., Koyanagi A., Krishnamurthi R.V., Kuate Defo B., Kucuk Bicer B., Kumar M., Lacey B., Lafranconi A., Lansingh V.C., Latifi A., Leshargie C.T., Li S., Liao Y., Linn S., Lo W.D., Lopez J.C.F., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P.A., Lucas R.M., Lunevicius R., Mackay M.T., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Mansournia M.A., Mantovani L.G., Marz W., Mashamba-Thompson T.P., Massenburg B.B., Mate K.K.V., McAlinden C., McGrath J.J., Mehta V., Meier T., Meles H.G., Melese A., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mengistu D.T., Mengistu G., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi M., Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Mondello S., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Moreno Velasquez I., Morrison S.D., Mousavi S.M., Muhammed O.S., Muruet W., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Nagel G., Naheed A., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Newton C.R.J., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen L.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nixon M.R., Norrving B., Noubiap J.J., Nourollahpour Shiadeh M., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olivares P.R., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Owolabi M.O., A M.P., Pakpour A.H., Pan W.-H., Panda-Jonas S., Pandian J.D., Patel S.K., Pereira D.M., Petzold M., Pillay J.D., Piradov M.A., Polanczyk G.V., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Poulton R., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Prakash V., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rajati F., Ram U., Ranta A., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reinig N., Reis C., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Rezaeian S., Rezai M.S., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Roberts N.L.S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Sabbagh P., Sacco R.L., Sachdev P.S., Saddik B., Safari H., Safari-Faramani R., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahathevan R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Salamati P., Salehi Zahabi S., Salimi Y., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santos I.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawant A.R., Sawhney M., Schneider I.J.C., Schottker B., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Sepanlou S.G., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shakir R.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., She J., Sheikh A., Sheth K.N., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shiue I., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Sigfusdottir I.D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silberberg D.H., Silva J.P., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Skiadaresi E., Smith M., Sobaih B.H., Sobhani S., Soofi M., Soyiri I.N., Sposato L.A., Stein D.J., Stein M.B., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Sylaja P., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Te Ao B.J., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Temsah O., Thakur J.S., Thrift A.G., Topor-Madry R., Tortajada-Girbes M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Truelsen T.C., Tsadik A.G., Tudor Car L., Ukwaja K.N., Ullah I., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Vasanthan R., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vosoughi K., Vu G.T., Vujcic I.S., Wagnew F.S., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Weiderpass E., Weiss J., Whiteford H.A., Wijeratne T., Winkler A.S., Wiysonge C.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yamada T., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yatsuya H., Yimer E.M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zare Z., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Naghavi M., Murray C.J.L., Vos T., Public Health, Feigin, Valery L, Nichols, Emma, Alam, Tahiya, Bannick, Marlena S, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Yisma, Engida, Vos, Theo, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Feigin, V, Nichols, E, Alam, T, Bannick, M, Beghi, E, Blake, N, Culpepper, W, Dorsey, E, Elbaz, A, Ellenbogen, R, Fisher, J, Fitzmaurice, C, Giussani, G, Glennie, L, James, S, Johnson, C, Kassebaum, N, Logroscino, G, Marin, B, Mountjoy-Venning, W, Nguyen, M, Ofori-Asenso, R, Patel, A, Piccininni, M, Roth, G, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Szoeke, C, Theadom, A, Vollset, S, Wallin, M, Wright, C, Zunt, J, Abbasi, N, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Aboyans, V, Abraha, H, Acharya, D, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adeoye, A, Adsuar, J, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Alahdab, F, Alene, K, Aljunid, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Atalay, H, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayuk, T, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Banoub, J, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhane, A, Beuran, M, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Blazes, C, Brayne, C, Butt, Z, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Car, M, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chaiah, Y, Chang, J, Chatziralli, I, Chiang, P, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Cooper, C, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Criqui, M, Crowe, C, Damasceno, A, Daryani, A, De la Cruz-Góngora, V, De la Hoz, F, De Leo, D, Demoz, G, Deribe, K, Dharmaratne, S, Diaz, D, Dinberu, M, Djalalinia, S, Doku, D, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Edvardsson, D, El-Khatib, Z, Endres, M, Endries, A, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Farhadi, F, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Farzaei, M, Fatima, B, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Ganji, M, Gankpe, F, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gebre, A, Gebremichael, T, Gelaw, B, Geleijnse, J, Geremew, D, Gezae, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Gidey, M, Gill, P, Gill, T, Girma, E, Gnedovskaya, E, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Grosso, G, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hagos, T, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Hao, Y, Haro, J, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hegazy, M, Heidari, B, Henok, A, Heydarpour, F, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Homaie Rad, E, Hosseini, S, Hu, G, Igumbor, E, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Jakovljevic, M, Javanbakht, M, Jha, R, Jobanputra, Y, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamil, T, Kanchan, T, Karami, M, Karch, A, Karimi, N, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, T, Kassa, Z, Kaul, A, Kefale, A, Keiyoro, P, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khazaie, H, Kiadaliri, A, Kiirithio, D, Kim, A, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Krishnamurthi, R, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kumar, M, Lacey, B, Lafranconi, A, Lansingh, V, Latifi, A, Leshargie, C, Li, S, Liao, Y, Linn, S, Lo, W, Lopez, J, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lucas, R, Lunevicius, R, Mackay, M, Mahotra, N, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, März, W, Mashamba-Thompson, T, Massenburg, B, Mate, K, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mehta, V, Meier, T, Meles, H, Melese, A, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, D, Mengistu, G, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirrakhimov, E, Moazen, B, Mohajer, B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradinazar, M, Moraga, P, Moreno Velásquez, I, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muhammed, O, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Nagel, G, Naheed, A, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Newton, C, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, L, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Nixon, M, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M, Nyasulu, P, Ogah, O, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olivares, P, Onwujekwe, O, Oren, E, Owolabi, M, Pa, M, Pakpour, A, Pan, W, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandian, J, Patel, S, Pereira, D, Petzold, M, Pillay, J, Piradov, M, Polanczyk, G, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Poulton, R, Poustchi, H, Prakash, S, Prakash, V, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rajati, F, Ram, U, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reinig, N, Reis, C, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaeian, S, Rezai, M, Rios González, C, Roberts, N, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roro, E, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Sabbagh, P, Sacco, R, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Safari, H, Safari-Faramani, R, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salamati, P, Salehi Zahabi, S, Salimi, Y, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Sarvi, S, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Sawant, A, Sawhney, M, Schneider, I, Schöttker, B, Schwebel, D, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, S, Shabaninejad, H, Shafieesabet, A, Shaikh, M, Shakir, R, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharif, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, She, J, Sheikh, A, Sheth, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, T, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silberberg, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Smith, M, Sobaih, B, Sobhani, S, Soofi, M, Soyiri, I, Sposato, L, Stein, D, Stein, M, Stokes, M, Sufiyan, M, Sykes, B, Sylaja, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Te Ao, B, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Temsah, O, Thakur, J, Thrift, A, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada-Girbés, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Truelsen, T, Tsadik, A, Tudor Car, L, Ukwaja, K, Ullah, I, Usman, M, Uthman, O, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Vasanthan, R, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vujcic, I, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Weiderpass, E, Weiss, J, Whiteford, H, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Wolfe, C, Xu, G, Yadollahpour, A, Yamada, T, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yatsuya, H, Yimer, E, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zandian, H, Zare, Z, Zhang, Y, Zodpey, S, Naghavi, M, Murray, C, Vos, T, PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, II kirurgian klinikka, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center
Subjects: Dánarmein, Male, Epidemiology, Diseases, Malalties cerebrals, Global Burden of Disease, Disability Evaluation, 0302 clinical medicine, Case fatality rate, Psychology, Konur, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Incidence, Men, Taugavísindi, ddc, 3. Good health, Sálfræði, World health, Muerte, Neurology, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Brain diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Alzheimer disease, Carga global de enfermedades, Nervous system, medicine.medical_specialty, Global burden of diseases, Lífsgæði, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Health Sciences, Humans, Women, education, Trastornos neurológicos, VLAG, Aged, Science & Technology, 3112 Neurosciences, Global Burden of Diseases, 030104 developmental biology, Years of potential life lost, Επιστήμες Υγείας, Dementia, Human medicine, Neurosciences & Neurology, Neurology (clinical), Clinical Medicine, 1109 Neurosciences, Neurological disorders, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, dementia, RC, 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, Dánartíðni, Nutrition and Disease, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Disease Study, Taugasjúkdómar, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Cause of Death, Global health, Prevalence, Causes of death, Public health, Mortality rate, Mental Disorders, Age Factors, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, neurologic disease, Death, Lýðheilsa, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Quality of life, Adult, Population, Clinical Neurology, Sex Factors, medicine, Life Science, Disability-adjusted life year, Medicine [Science], Mortality, Psychiatry, Disease burden, Neurology & Neurosurgery, burden of neurological disorders, Faraldsfræði, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Causes de la mort, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Socioeconomic Factors, Karlar, global disease burden, Nervous System Diseases, Cause of death/trends, business
Abstract: Publisher´s version (útgefin grein)., Background Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer’s and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies., ROA is funded by the National Institutes of Health (U01HG010273). SMA acknowledges the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. AAw acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through INSPIRE Faculty scheme. TBA acknowledges partial funding from the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies. ABa is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor Award, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. MSBS acknowledges support from the Australian Government Research and Training Program scholarship for a PhD degree at the Australian National University, Australia. JJC is supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation. FCar is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educacao e Ciencia) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. EC is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT3 140100085). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust [Grant Number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. EF is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educacao e Ciencia) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. SMSI is funded by the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University and received funding from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. YKa is a DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow in Public Health. YJK is supported by the Office of Research and Innovation at Xiamen University Malaysia. BL acknowledges funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. WDL is supported in part by U10NS086484 NINDS. SLo is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1411A). RML is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Senior Research Fellowship. AMa and the Imperial College London are grateful for support from the NW London NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care. JJM is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the John Cade Fellowship (APP1056929) from NHMRC. TMei acknowledges additional institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena-Halle-Leipzig. IMV is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (Panama). MOO is supported by SIREN U54 U54HG007479 and SIBS Genomics R01NS107900 grants. AMS was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. MMSM acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (contract no 175087). AShe is supported by Health Data Research UK. MBS' work on traumatic brain injury is supported by grants NIH U01 NS086090 (PI G Manley) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and DoD W81XWH-14-2-0176 (PI G Manley) from the United States Department of Defense. RTS is supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIIIFEDER. AGT was supported by a Fellowship from the NHMRC (Australia; 1042600. KBT acknowledges funding supports from the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Cancer Society of New Zealand, Health Research Council, Gut Cancer Foundation, and the University of Auckland. CY acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552) and the Chinese NSFC International Cooperation and Exchange Program (grant number 71661167007)., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2019

8. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Kinyoki D, Osgood-Zimmerman A, Pickering B, Schaeffer L, Marczak L, Lazzar-Atwood A, Collison M, Henry N, Abebe Z, Adamu A, Adekanmbi V, Ahmadi K, Ajumobi O, Al-Eyadhy A, Al-Raddadi R, Alahdab F, Alijanzadeh M, Alipour V, Altirkawi K, Amini S, Andrei C, Antonio C, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Atique S, Ausloos M, Avila M, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Azari S, Badawi A, Barnighausen T, Bassat Q, Baye K, Bedi N, Bekele B, Bell M, Bhattacharjee N, Bhattacharyya K, Bhattarai S, Bhutta Z, Biadgo B, Bikbov B, Briko A, Britton G, Burstein R, Butt Z, Car J, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Castro F, Cerin E, Chipeta M, Chu D, Cork M, Cromwell E, Cuevas-Nasu L, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daoud F, Das Gupta R, Weaver N, De Leo D, De Neve J, Deribe K, Desalegn B, Deshpande A, Desta M, Diaz D, Dinberu M, Doku D, Dubey M, Duraes A, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Earl L, Effiong A, Zaki M, El Tantawi M, El-Khatib Z, Eshrati B, Fareed M, Faro A, Fereshtehnejad S, Filip I, Fischer F, Foigt N, Folayan M, Fukumoto T, Gebrehiwot T, Gezae K, Ghajar A, Gill P, Gona P, Gopalani S, Grada A, Guo Y, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall J, Hamidi S, Henok A, Prado B, Herrero M, Herteliu C, Hoang C, Hole M, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hu G, Islam S, Jakovljevic M, Jha R, Jonas J, Jozwiak J, Kahsay A, Kanchan T, Karami M, Kasaeian A, Khader Y, Khan E, Khater M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kochhar S, Kosen S, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Defo B, Kumar G, Kumar M, Lad S, Lami F, Lee P, Levine A, Li S, Linn S, Lodha R, Abd El Razek H, Abd El Razek M, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Mamun A, Mansournia M, Martins-Melo F, Masaka A, Massenburg B, Mayala B, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Melku M, Mendoza W, Mensah G, Miazgowski T, Miller T, Mini G, Mirrakhimov E, Moazen B, Darwesh A, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad A, Moodley Y, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Morrison S, Mosser J, Mousavi S, Mueller U, Murray C, Mustafa G, Naderi M, Naghavi M, Najafi F, Nangia V, Ndwandwe D, Negoi I, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen H, Nguyen L, Nguyen S, Nie J, Nnaji C, Noubiap J, Shiadeh M, Nyasulu P, Ogbo F, Olagunju A, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Ortiz-Panozo E, Otstavnov S, Mahesh P, Pana A, Pandey A, Pati S, Patil S, Patton G, Perico N, Pigott D, Pirsaheb M, Piwoz E, Postma M, Pourshams A, Prakash S, Quintana H, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rai R, Rajati F, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Rawat R, Remuzzi G, Renzaho A, Rios-Gonzalez C, Roever L, Ross J, Rostami A, Sadat N, Safari Y, Safdarian M, Sahebkar A, Salam N, Salamati P, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Samy A, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Schipp M, Schwebel D, Senbeta A, Sepanlou S, Shaikh M, Levy T, Shamsi M, Sharafi K, Sharma R, Sheikh A, Shil A, Silva D, Singh J, Sinha D, Soofi M, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan M, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tadesse B, Temsah M, Terkawi A, Tessema Z, Thorne-Lyman A, Tovani-Palone M, Tran B, Tran K, Ullah I, Uthman O, Vaezghasemi M, Vaezi A, Valdez P, Vanderheide J, Veisani Y, Violante F, Vlassov V, Vu G, Vu L, Waheed Y, Walson J, Wang Y, Wangia E, Werdecker A, Xu G, Yamada T, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis M, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Bin Zaman S, Zamani M, Zhang Y, Kassebaum N, Hay S, Local Burden Dis Child Growth Fail, Public Health, Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Kinyoki, Damaris K, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron E, Pickering, Brandon V, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Yisma, Engida, Hay, Simon I, Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators, Kinyoki D.K., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Pickering B.V., Schaeffer L.E., Marczak L.B., Lazzar-Atwood A., Collison M.L., Henry N.J., Abebe Z., Adamu A.A., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Ajumobi O., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amini S., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Barnighausen T.W., Bassat Q., Baye K., Bedi N., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bikbov B., Briko A.N., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chipeta M.G., Chu D.-T., Cork M.A., Cromwell E.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Gupta R.D., Weaver N.D., Leo D.D., Neve J.-W.D., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Fareed M., Faro A., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fukumoto T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Gill P.S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall J.B., Hamidi S., Henok A., Prado B.H., Herrero M., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kahsay A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Lodha R., El Razek H.M.A., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Moodley Y., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nie J., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov S.S., P. A M., Pana A., Pandey A., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Piwoz E.G., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Quintana H., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawat R., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ross J.M., Rostami A., Sadat N., Safari Y., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Levy T.S., Shamsi M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shil A., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soofi M., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Vanderheide J., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangia E.N., Werdecker A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhang Y., Kassebaum N.J., and Hay S.I.
Subjects: Time Factors, Developmental Disabilities, Psychological intervention, Distribution (economics), 0302 clinical medicine, risk factors, 030212 general & internal medicine, Signs and symptoms, Wasting, Children, Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators, 2. Zero hunger, Multidisciplinary, Under-five, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, A900 Others in Medicine and Dentistry, 3. Good health, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Geography, Child, Preschool, Science & Technology - Other Topics, HEALTH, Underweight, medicine.symptom, social sciences, Infants, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, General Science & Technology, RJ, Developing country, Nutritional Status, World Health Organization, Child Nutrition Disorders, Article, Social sciences, Malnutrició, 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, Environmental health, medicine, Mortalitat, Humans, Mortality, Developing Countries, Science & Technology, business.industry, Public health, MORTALITY, Body Weight, Malnutrition, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Child growth failure, medicine.disease, signs and symptoms, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Risk factors, WEIGHT, business, RA, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications., High-resolution subnational mapping of child growth failure indicators for 105 low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 shows that, despite considerable progress, substantial geographical inequalities still exist in some countries.
Published: 2020

9. Elective labor induction vs expectant management of pregnant women at term and children's educational outcomes at 8 years of age

Author: Yisma, E., primary, Mol, B. W., additional, Lynch, J. W., additional, Mittinty, M. N., additional, and Smithers, L. G., additional
Published: 2021
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10. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Author: James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., S Roberts N.L., Sylte D.O., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed R., Ahmed M.B., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alamene G.M., Alanezi F.M., Alebel A., Alema N.M., Alghnam S.A., Al-Hajj S., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alikhani M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Amini S., Loreche Amit A.M., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Asghari B., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bagli E., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M.S., Borges G., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko N.I., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chanie W.F., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Chu D.-T., Colquhoun S.M., Constantin M.-M., Costa V.M., Damiani G., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., da Silva D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki M.E., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Emamian M.H., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatahi Y., Fekadu W., Ferede T.Y., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebre A.K., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill T.K., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli H.H., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Haro J.M., Hasan M.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hayat K., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Indriasih E., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Shariful Islam S.M., Islam M.M., Ivers R.Q., Jacobsen K.H., Jahani M.A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kebede H.K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kelkay B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khammarnia M., Khan E.A., Khan M., Khanna T., Khazaie H., Shadmani F.K., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Komaki H., M Kondlahalli S.K., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., G Kraemer M.U., Krishan K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumaresh G., Kurmi O.P., Kuti O., Vecchia C., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lang J.J., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Lenjebo T.L., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Madadin M., El Razek M.M.A., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Maled V., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., March L.M., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Meles G.G., Melese A., Melketsedik Z.A., N Memiah P.T., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Darwesh A.M., Gholi Mezerji N.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morisaki N., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okunga E.W., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Asante K.O., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., A M.P., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Patton G.C., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Pinheiro M., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Ranganathan K., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., N Renzaho A.M., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safari S., Safari-Faramani R., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Sajadi S.M., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi S.S., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salman O., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh P.K., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Smarandache C.-G., R Smith E.U., Soheili A., Soleymani B., Soltanian A.R., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stein D.J., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Rasul Suleria H.A., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tadesse D.B., Tamiru A.T., Tarigan I.U., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M.G., Tekulu G.H., Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Tilahune A.B., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Car L.T., Ullah S., Ullah I., Umar M., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondafrash D.Z., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zarei A., Zare F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Degenhardt L., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Reiner R.C., Sartorius B., Vos T., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., S Roberts N.L., Sylte D.O., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed R., Ahmed M.B., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alamene G.M., Alanezi F.M., Alebel A., Alema N.M., Alghnam S.A., Al-Hajj S., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alikhani M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Amini S., Loreche Amit A.M., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Asghari B., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Bagli E., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barrero L.H., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye B.A., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T.T., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M.S., Borges G., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko N.I., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chanie W.F., Chattu S.K., Chattu V.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Chu D.-T., Colquhoun S.M., Constantin M.-M., Costa V.M., Damiani G., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Demeke F.M., Demis A.B., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., da Silva D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki M.E., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Emamian M.H., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatahi Y., Fekadu W., Ferede T.Y., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G.T., Filip I., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebre A.K., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill T.K., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Mohialdeen Gubari M.I., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli H.H., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Haro J.M., Hasan M.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hayat K., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic I., Ilic M.D., Inbaraj L.R., Indriasih E., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Shariful Islam S.M., Islam M.M., Ivers R.Q., Jacobsen K.H., Jahani M.A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kebede H.K., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kelkay B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khammarnia M., Khan E.A., Khan M., Khanna T., Khazaie H., Shadmani F.K., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim D., Kim Y.J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Komaki H., M Kondlahalli S.K., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., G Kraemer M.U., Krishan K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumaresh G., Kurmi O.P., Kuti O., Vecchia C., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lang J.J., Lansingh V.C., Laryea D.O., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Lenjebo T.L., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lunevicius R., Lyons R.A., Madadin M., El Razek M.M.A., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J.N., Maled V., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., March L.M., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Meles G.G., Melese A., Melketsedik Z.A., N Memiah P.T., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.B., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K.A., Darwesh A.M., Gholi Mezerji N.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morisaki N., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Murthy S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A.F., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Okunga E.W., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Asante K.O., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., A M.P., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Patton G.C., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Pham H.Q., Phillips M.R., Pinheiro M., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Ranganathan K., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., N Renzaho A.M., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safari S., Safari-Faramani R., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Sajadi S.M., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi S.S., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salman O., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S.M., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh P.K., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Smarandache C.-G., R Smith E.U., Soheili A., Soleymani B., Soltanian A.R., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stein D.J., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Rasul Suleria H.A., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tadesse D.B., Tamiru A.T., Tarigan I.U., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M.G., Tekulu G.H., Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Tilahune A.B., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Car L.T., Ullah S., Ullah I., Umar M., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Weldesamuel G.T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondafrash D.Z., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zarei A., Zare F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Degenhardt L., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Reiner R.C., Sartorius B., and Vos T.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. METHOD(S): We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). FINDINGS: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100000. In 1990, there were 354064302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338174876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). INTERPRETATION: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2021

11. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))

Author: Roth G. A., Roth, G, Abate, D, Abate, K, Abay, S, Abbafati, C, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, H, Abebe, M, Abebe, Z, Abejie, A, Abera, S, Abil, O, Abraha, H, Abrham, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Accrombessi, M, Acharya, D, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adedoyin, R, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adhena, B, Adib, M, Admasie, A, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agesa, K, Agrawal, A, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, M, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akbari, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alahdab, F, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alebel, A, Alene, K, Alijanzadeh, M, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, S, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Alonso, J, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Aminde, L, Amini, E, Ammar, W, Amoako, Y, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Animut, M, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, H, Ansha, M, Antonio, C, Anwari, P, Aremu, O, Arnlov, J, Arora, A, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, K, Asayesh, H, Asfaw, E, Ataro, Z, Atique, S, Atre, S, Ausloos, M, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayele, Y, Ayer, R, Azzopardi, P, Babazadeh, A, Bacha, U, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Bali, A, Ballesteros, K, Banach, M, Banerjee, K, Bannick, M, Banoub, J, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barquera, S, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Baynes, H, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bejot, Y, Bekele, B, Belachew, A, Belay, E, Belay, Y, Bell, M, Bello, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bertolacci, G, Beuran, M, Beyranvand, T, Bhalla, A, Bhattarai, S, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Biehl, M, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Bin Sayeed, M, Bisanzio, D, Biswas, T, Blacker, B, Basara, B, Borschmann, R, Bosetti, C, Bozorgmehr, K, Brady, O, Brant, L, Brayne, C, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Callender, C, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano Rincon, J, Cano, J, Car, M, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carter, A, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castillo Rivas, J, Castle, C, Castro, C, Castro, F, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Chaiah, Y, Chang, J, Charlson, F, Chaturvedi, P, Chiang, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chisumpa, V, Chitheer, A, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, D, Chung, S, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Cohen, A, Cooper, L, Cortesi, P, Cortinovis, M, Cousin, E, Cowie, B, Criqui, M, Cromwell, E, Crowe, C, Crump, J, Cunningham, M, Daba, A, Dadi, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dang, A, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Das, S, Gupta, R, Neves, J, Dasa, T, Dash, A, Davis, A, Davis Weaver, N, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, De La Hoz, F, De Neve, J, Degefa, M, Degenhardt, L, Degfie, T, Deiparine, S, Demoz, G, Demtsu, B, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Des Jarlais, D, Dessie, G, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dicker, D, Dinberu, M, Ding, E, Dirac, M, Djalalinia, S, Dokova, K, Doku, D, Donnelly, C, Dorsey, E, Doshi, P, Douwes-Schultz, D, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, E, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Ebrahimi, H, Ebrahimpour, S, Edessa, D, Edvardsson, D, Eggen, A, El Bcheraoui, C, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Khatib, Z, Elkout, H, Ellingsen, C, Endres, M, Endries, A, Er, B, Erskine, H, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Esteghamati, A, Fakhar, M, Fakhim, H, Faramarzi, M, Fareed, M, Farhadi, F, Farinha, C, Faro, A, Farvid, M, Farzadfar, F, Farzaei, M, Feigin, V, Feigl, A, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Ferrari, A, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Finegold, S, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Foigt, N, Foreman, K, Fornari, C, Frank, T, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, J, Fullman, N, Furst, T, Furtado, J, Futran, N, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gardner, W, Gebre, A, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremedhin, A, Gebremichael, B, Gebremichael, T, Gelano, T, Geleijnse, J, Genova-Maleras, R, Geramo, Y, Gething, P, Gezae, K, Ghadami, M, Ghadimi, R, Ghasemi Falavarjani, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Ghimire, M, Gibney, K, Gill, P, Gill, T, Gillum, R, Ginawi, I, Giroud, M, Giussani, G, Goenka, S, Goldberg, E, Goli, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Gorman, T, Goto, A, Goulart, A, Gnedovskaya, E, Grada, A, Grosso, G, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, P, Gupta, T, Gutierrez, R, Gyawali, B, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hagos, T, Hailegiyorgis, T, Hailu, G, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Handal, A, Hankey, G, Harb, H, Harikrishnan, S, Haro, J, Hasan, M, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, R, Hay, S, He, Y, Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A, Hegazy, M, Heibati, B, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Heydarpour, P, Heydarpour, S, Hibstu, D, Hoek, H, Hole, M, Homaie Rad, E, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hosseini, S, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, P, Hoy, D, Hsiao, T, Hu, G, Huang, J, Husseini, A, Hussen, M, Hutfless, S, Idrisov, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, N, Islam, S, Islami, F, Jacobsen, K, Jahangiry, L, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalu, M, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jenkins, K, Jha, R, Jha, V, Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Joshi, A, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Jurisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Karami, M, Karami Matin, B, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi-Sari, H, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, D, Kassa, G, Kassa, T, Kassebaum, N, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kazemi, Z, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kazi, D, Kefale, A, Keiyoro, P, Kemp, G, Kengne, A, Keren, A, Kesavachandran, C, Khader, Y, Khafaei, B, Khafaie, M, Khajavi, A, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khater, M, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khosravi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kiadaliri, A, Kibret, G, Kidanemariam, Z, Kiirithio, D, Kim, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, A, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kokubo, Y, Kolola, T, Kopec, J, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kutz, M, Kuzin, I, Kyu, H, Lad, D, Lad, S, Lafranconi, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lami, F, Lansingh, V, Lansky, S, Larson, H, Latifi, A, Lau, K, Lazarus, J, Lebedev, G, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leili, M, Leshargie, C, Li, S, Li, Y, Liang, J, Lim, L, Lim, S, Limenih, M, Linn, S, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lodha, R, Lonsdale, C, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, Macarayan, E, Mackay, M, Maclachlan, J, Maddison, E, Madotto, F, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Maghavani, D, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Manda, A, Mandarano-Filho, L, Manguerra, H, Mansournia, M, Mapoma, C, Marami, D, Maravilla, J, Marcenes, W, Marczak, L, Marks, A, Marks, G, Martinez, G, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, Marz, W, Marzan, M, Masci, J, Massenburg, B, Mathur, M, Mathur, P, Matzopoulos, R, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mcmahon, B, Mehata, S, Mehndiratta, M, Mehrotra, R, Mehta, K, Mehta, V, Mekonnen, T, Melese, A, Melku, M, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, D, Mengistu, G, Mensah, G, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Mezgebe, H, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Millear, A, Miller, T, Miller-Petrie, M, Mini, G, Mirabi, P, Mirarefin, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mitiku, H, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, V, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradinazar, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Velasquez, I, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Moschos, M, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, S, Muchie, K, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Muller, K, Mumford, J, Musa, J, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Nachega, J, Nagel, G, Naheed, A, Nahvijou, A, Naik, G, Nair, S, Najafi, F, Naldi, L, Nam, H, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Nascimento, B, Natarajan, G, Neamati, N, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Neupane, S, Newton, C, Ngalesoni, F, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, A, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, L, Nguyen, M, Nguyen, T, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nirayo, Y, Nixon, M, Nolutshungu, N, Nomura, S, Norheim, O, Noroozi, M, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nouri, H, Shiadeh, M, Nowroozi, M, Nyasulu, P, Odell, C, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olivares, P, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, K, Ong, S, Oren, E, Orpana, H, Ortiz, A, Ortiz, J, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, Ozdemir, R, Mahesh, P, Pacella, R, Pakhale, S, Pakhare, A, Pakpour, A, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandian, J, Parisi, A, Park, E, Parry, C, Parsian, H, Patel, S, Pati, S, Patton, G, Paturi, V, Paulson, K, Pereira, A, Pereira, D, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Piel, F, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Pirsaheb, M, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Pujar, A, Prakash, S, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Qorbani, M, Quintana, H, Quistberg, D, Rade, K, Anwar Rafay, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranjan, P, Rao, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Razo-Garcia, C, Reddy, K, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, S, Rezai, M, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, A, Rios-Blancas, M, Roba, K, Roberts, N, Robinson, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Safari, H, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salam, N, Salama, J, Salamati, P, De Freitas Saldanha, R, Saleem, Z, Salimi, Y, Salvi, S, Salz, I, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Sarker, A, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sartorius, B, Sarvi, S, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Sawant, A, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Sayyah, M, Schaeffner, E, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schottker, B, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Scott, J, Sekerija, M, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Seyedmousavi, S, Shabaninejad, H, Shackelford, K, Shafieesabet, A, Shahbazi, M, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsi, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sharif, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shi, P, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Shokraneh, F, Shrime, M, Si, S, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, T, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silberberg, D, Santos Silva, D, Silva, J, Da Silva, N, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, N, Singh, P, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Sliwa, K, Smith, M, Sobaih, B, Sobhani, S, Sobngwi, E, Soneji, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Soyiri, I, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Starodubov, V, Stathopoulou, V, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stewart, L, Stokes, M, Subart, M, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, M, Sur, P, Sutradhar, I, Sykes, B, Sylaja, P, Sylte, D, Szoeke, C, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadakamadla, S, Takahashi, K, Tandon, N, Tassew, S, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekalign, T, Tekle, M, Temsah, M, Temsah, O, Terkawi, A, Teshale, M, Tessema, B, Tessema, G, Thankappan, K, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thrift, A, Thurston, G, Tilahun, B, To, Q, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, A, Tortajada-Girbes, M, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tripathi, S, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Truong, N, Tsadik, A, Tsoi, D, Tudor Car, L, Murat Tuzcu, E, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Ullah, I, Undurraga, E, Updike, R, Usman, M, Uthman, O, Uzun, S, Vaduganathan, M, Vaezi, A, Vaidya, G, Valdez, P, Varavikova, E, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Villafaina, S, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wagner, G, Wagnew, F, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Walson, J, Wang, Y, Wassie, M, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weldegebreal, F, Weldegwergs, K, Werdecker, A, Werkneh, A, West, T, Westerman, R, Whiteford, H, Widecka, J, Wilner, L, Wilson, S, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Wolfe, C, Wu, S, Wu, Y, Wyper, G, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadgir, S, Yadollahpour, A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yakob, B, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yasin, Y, Yentur, G, Yeshaneh, A, Yimer, E, Yip, P, Yirsaw, B, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yonga, G, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zare, Z, Zeleke, A, Zenebe, Z, Zhang, A, Zhang, K, Zhou, M, Zodpey, S, Zuhlke, L, Naghavi, M, Murray, C, Roth G. A., Abate D., Abate K. H., Abay S. M., Abbafati C., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdela J., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R. S., Abebe H. T., Abebe M., Abebe Z., Abejie A. N., Abera S. F., Abil O. Z., Abraha H. N., Abrham A. R., Abu-Raddad L. J., Accrombessi M. M. K., Acharya D., Adamu A. A., Adebayo O. M., Adedoyin R. A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O. O., Adhena B. M., Adib M. G., Admasie A., Afshin A., Agarwal G., Agesa K. M., Agrawal A., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadi M., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed S., Aichour A. N., Aichour I., Aichour M. T. E., Akbari M. E., Akinyemi R. O., Akseer N., Al-Aly Z., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R. M., Alahdab F., Alam K., Alam T., Alebel A., Alene K. A., Alijanzadeh M., Alizadeh-Navaei R., Aljunid S. M., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Alonso J., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A. T., Aminde L. N., Amini E., Ammar W., Amoako Y. A., Anber N. H., Andrei C. L., Androudi S., Animut M. D., Anjomshoa M., Ansari H., Ansha M. G., Antonio C. A. T., Anwari P., Aremu O., Arnlov J., Arora A., Arora M., Artaman A., Aryal K. K., Asayesh H., Asfaw E. T., Ataro Z., Atique S., Atre S. R., Ausloos M., Avokpaho E. F. G. A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayele Y., Ayer R., Azzopardi P. S., Babazadeh A., Bacha U., Badali H., Badawi A., Bali A. G., Ballesteros K. E., Banach M., Banerjee K., Bannick M. S., Banoub J. A. M., Barboza M. A., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Barquera S., Barrero L. H., Bassat Q., Basu S., Baune B. T., Baynes H. W., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Bejot Y., Bekele B. B., Belachew A. B., Belay E., Belay Y. A., Bell M. L., Bello A. K., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Berman A. E., Bernabe E., Bernstein R. S., Bertolacci G. J., Beuran M., Beyranvand T., Bhalla A., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z. A., Biadgo B., Biehl M. H., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilano V., Bililign N., Bin Sayeed M. S., Bisanzio D., Biswas T., Blacker B. F., Basara B. B., Borschmann R., Bosetti C., Bozorgmehr K., Brady O. J., Brant L. C., Brayne C., Brazinova A., Breitborde N. J. K., Brenner H., Briant P. S., Britton G., Brugha T., Busse R., Butt Z. A., Callender C. S. K. H., Campos-Nonato I. R., Campuzano Rincon J. C., Cano J., Car M., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J. J., Carter A., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Castillo Rivas J., Castle C. D., Castro C., Castro F., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chang J. -C., Charlson F. J., Chaturvedi P., Chiang P. P. -C., Chimed-Ochir O., Chisumpa V. H., Chitheer A., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Christopher D. J., Chung S. -C., Cicuttini F. M., Ciobanu L. G., Cirillo M., Cohen A. J., Cooper L. T., Cortesi P. A., Cortinovis M., Cousin E., Cowie B. C., Criqui M. H., Cromwell E. A., Crowe C. S., Crump J. A., Cunningham M., Daba A. K., Dadi A. F., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A. K., Dargan P. I., Daryani A., Das S. K., Gupta R. D., Neves J. D., Dasa T. T., Dash A. P., Davis A. C., Davis Weaver N., Davitoiu D. V., Davletov K., De La Hoz F. P., De Neve J. -W., Degefa M. G., Degenhardt L., Degfie T. T., Deiparine S., Demoz G. T., Demtsu B. B., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Dervenis N., Des Jarlais D. C., Dessie G. A., Dey S., Dharmaratne S. D., Dicker D., Dinberu M. T., Ding E. L., Dirac M. A., Djalalinia S., Dokova K., Doku D. T., Donnelly C. A., Dorsey E. R., Doshi P. P., Douwes-Schultz D., Doyle K. E., Driscoll T. R., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken E. E., Duncan B. B., Duraes A. R., Ebrahimi H., Ebrahimpour S., Edessa D., Edvardsson D., Eggen A. E., El Bcheraoui C., El Sayed Zaki M., El-Khatib Z., Elkout H., Ellingsen C. L., Endres M., Endries A. Y., Er B., Erskine H. E., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Esteghamati A., Fakhar M., Fakhim H., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Farhadi F., Farinha C. S. E., Faro A., Farvid M. S., Farzadfar F., Farzaei M. H., Feigin V. L., Feigl A. B., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S. -M., Fernandes E., Fernandes J. C., Ferrari A. J., Feyissa G. T., Filip I., Finegold S., Fischer F., Fitzmaurice C., Foigt N. A., Foreman K. J., Fornari C., Frank T. D., Fukumoto T., Fuller J. E., Fullman N., Furst T., Furtado J. M., Futran N. D., Gallus S., Garcia-Basteiro A. L., Garcia-Gordillo M. A., Gardner W. M., Gebre A. K., Gebrehiwot T. T., Gebremedhin A. T., Gebremichael B., Gebremichael T. G., Gelano T. F., Geleijnse J. M., Genova-Maleras R., Geramo Y. C. D., Gething P. W., Gezae K. E., Ghadami M. R., Ghadimi R., Ghasemi Falavarjani K., Ghasemi-Kasman M., Ghimire M., Gibney K. B., Gill P. S., Gill T. K., Gillum R. F., Ginawi I. A., Giroud M., Giussani G., Goenka S., Goldberg E. M., Goli S., Gomez-Dantes H., Gona P. N., Gopalani S. V., Gorman T. M., Goto A., Goulart A. C., Gnedovskaya E. V., Grada A., Grosso G., Gugnani H. C., Guimaraes A. L. S., Guo Y., Gupta P. C., Gupta R., Gupta T., Gutierrez R. A., Gyawali B., Haagsma J. A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hagos T. B., Hailegiyorgis T. T., Hailu G. 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Abstract: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article.
Published: 2018

12. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

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G., Hsairi M., Htet A. S., Huang J. J., Iburg K. M., Ikeda C. T., Ilesanmi O. S., Irvani S. S. N., Irvine C. M. S., Islam S. M. S., Islami F., Jacobsen K. H., Jahangiry L., Jahanmehr N., Jain S. K., Jakovljevic M., James S. L., Jayatilleke A. U., Jeemon P., Jha R. P., Jha V., Ji J. S., Johnson C. O., Jonas J. B., Jonnagaddala J., Shushtari Z. J., Joshi A., Jozwiak J. J., Jungari S. B., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalani R., Kanchan T., Kar C., Karami M., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karema C., Karimi N., Karimi S. M., Kasaeian A., Kassa D. H., Kassa G. M., Kassa T. D., Kassebaum N. J., Katikireddi S. V., Kaul A., Kawakami N., Kazemi Z., Kazemi Karyani A., Keighobadi M. M., Keiyoro P. N., Kemmer L., Kemp G. R., Kengne A. P., Keren A., Khader Y. S., Khafaei B., Khafaie M. A., Khajavi A., Khalid N., Khalil I. A., Khan E. A., Khan M. S., Khan M. A., Khang Y. -H., Khater M. M., Khazaei M., Khoja A. T., Khosravi A., Khosravi M. H., Kiadaliri A. A., Kidanemariam Z. T., Kiirithio D. N., Kim C. -I., Kim D., Kim Y. -E., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kinfu Y., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Knudsen A. K. S., Kocarnik J. M., Kochhar S., Kokubo Y., Kolola T., Kopec J. A., Kosen S., Kotsakis G. A., Koul P. A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnaswami S., Krohn K. J., Defo B. K., Bicer B. K., Kumar G. A., Kumar M., Kuzin I., Lad D. P., Lad S. D., Lafranconi A., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lami F. H., Lang J. J., Langan S. M., Lansingh V. C., Latifi A., Lau K. M. -M., Lazarus J. V., Leasher J. L., Ledesma J. R., Lee P. H., Leigh J., Leili M., Leshargie C. T., Leung J., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Li Y., Liang X., Liao Y., Liben M. L., Lim L. -L., Lim S. S., Limenih M. A., Linn S., Liu S., Looker K. J., Lopez A. D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P. A., Lozano R., Lucas T. C. D., Lunevicius R., Lyons R. A., Ma S., Macarayan E. R. K., Mackay M. T., Maddison E. R., Madotto F., Maghavani D. P., Mai H. T., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Mamun A. A., Manda A. -L., Manguerra H., Mansournia M. A., Mantilla Herrera A. M., Mantovani L. G., Maravilla J. C., Marcenes W., Marks A., Martins-Melo F. R., Martopullo I., Marz W., Marzan M. B., Massano J., Massenburg B. B., Mathur M. R., Maulik P. K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., McGrath J. J., McKee M., McMahon B. J., Mehata S., Mehrotra R., Mehta K. M., Mehta V., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonen T., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah P. T. N., Memish Z. A., Mendoza W., Mengistu G., Mensah G. A., Mereta S. T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Millear A. I., Miller T. R., Mini G. K., Mirarefin M., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Misganaw A. T., Mitchell P. B., Mitiku H., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohammad K. A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M., Mohammed M. A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Montanez J. C., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Velasquez I. M., Morgado-Da-Costa J., Morrison S. D., Moschos M. M., Mousavi S. M., Mruts K. B., Muche A. A., Muchie K. F., Mueller U. O., Muhammed O. S., Mukhopadhyay S., Muller K., Mumford J. E., Murthy G. V. S., Musa K. I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A. F., Nagata C., Nagel G., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Najafi F., Nam H. S., Nangia V., Nansseu J. R., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R. I., Neupane S., Newton C. R. J., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen A. Q., Nguyen G., Nguyen H. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nguyen L. H., Nguyen M., Nguyen N. B., Nguyen S. H., Nichols E., Ningrum D. N. A., Nixon M. R., Nomura S., Noroozi M., Norrving B., Noubiap J. J., Nouri H. R., Shiadeh M. N., Nowroozi M. R., Nsoesie E. O., Nyasulu P. S., Odell C. M., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F. A., Oh I. -H., Oladimeji O., Olagunju A. T., Olagunju T. O., Olivares P. R., Olsen H. E., Olusanya B. O., Olusanya J. O., Ong K. L., Ong S. K., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Otstavnov S. S., Overland S., Owolabi M. O., Mahesh P. A., Pacella R., Pakhare A. P., Pakpour A. H., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Park E. -K., Park J., Parry C. D. H., Parsian H., Pasdar Y., Patel S., Patil S. T., Patle A., Patton G. C., Paturi V. R., Paudel D., Paulson K. R., Pearce N., Pereira A., Pereira D. M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Petzold M., Pham H. Q., Phillips M. R., Pigott D. M., Pillay J. D., Piradov M. A., Pirsaheb M., Pishgar F., Plana-Ripoll O., Polinder S., Popova S., Postma M. J., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prabhakaran D., Prakash S., Prakash V., Prasad N., Purcell C. A., Qorbani M., Quistberg D. A., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi K., Rahimi Z., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Ur Rahman M. H., Rahman M. A., Rahman S. U., Rai R. K., Rajati F., Ranjan P., Rao P. C., Rasella D., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Reddy K. S., Reiner R. C., Reitsma M. B., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A. M. N., Resnikoff S., Rezaei S., Rezai M. S., Ribeiro A. L. P., Roberts N. L. S., Robinson S. R., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Roth G. A., Rothenbacher D., Rubagotti E., Sachdev P. S., Sadat N., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Safari H., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Safi S., Safiri S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M. A., Sajadi H. S., Salam N., Salama J. S., Salamati P., Saleem Z., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Salomon J. A., Salvi S. S., Salz I., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sanchez-Nino M. D., Santomauro D. F., Santos I. S., Santos J. V., Santric Milicevic M. M., Sao Jose B. P., Sardana M., Sarker A. R., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarvi S., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawant A. R., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schaeffner E., Schmidt M. I., Schneider I. J. C., Schutte A. E., Schwebel D. C., Schwendicke F., Scott J. G., Sekerija M., Sepanlou S. G., Servan-Mori E., Seyedmousavi S., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shahbazi M., Shaheen A. A., Shaikh M. A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M., Sharafi H., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharma J., Sharma R., She J., Sheikh A., Shi P., Shibuya K., Shiferaw M. S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shiue I., Shokoohinia Y., Shokraneh F., Shoman H., Shrime M. G., Si S., Siabani S., Sibai A. M., Siddiqi T. J., Sigfusdottir I. D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva D. A. S., Silva J. P., Silveira D. G. A., Singam N. S. V., Singh J. A., Singh N. P., Singh V., Sinha D. N., Skiadaresi E., Skirbekk V., Sliwa K., Smith D. L., Smith M., Filho A. M. S., Sobaih B. H., Sobhani S., Soofi M., Sorensen R. J. D., Soyiri I. N., Sposato L. A., Sreeramareddy C. T., Srinivasan V., Stanaway J. D., Starodubov V. I., Stein D. J., Steiner C., Steiner T. J., Stokes M. A., Stovner L. J., Subart M. L., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M. B., Sulo G., Sunguya B. F., Sur P. J., Sykes B. L., Sylaja P. N., Sylte D. O., Szoeke C. E. I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S. K., Tandon N., Tassew S. 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C., Wilner L. B., Wilson S., Winkler A. S., Wiyeh A. B., Wiysonge C. S., Wolfe C. D. A., Woolf A. D., Wyper G. M. A., Xavier D., Xu G., Yadgir S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S. H., Yamada T., Yan L. L., Yano Y., Yaseri M., Yasin Y. J., Yeshaneh A., Yimer E. M., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S. -J., Yotebieng M., Younis M. Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zadnik V., Zaidi Z., Zaman S. B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zar H. J., Zenebe Z. M., Zipkin B., Zhou M., Zodpey S., Zucker I., Zuhlke L. J., and Murray C. J. L.
Abstract: Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased
Published: 2018

13. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, SL, Castle, CD, Dingels, ZV, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Liu, Z, S Roberts, NL, Sylte, DO, Henry, NJ, LeGrand, KE, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, RS, Abedi, A, Abosetugn, AE, Abushouk, AI, Adebayo, OM, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, R, Ahmed, MB, Eddine Aichour, MT, Alahdab, F, Alamene, GM, Alanezi, FM, Alebel, A, Alema, NM, Alghnam, SA, Al-Hajj, S, Ali, BA, Ali, S, Alikhani, M, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Altirkawi, K, Abdeldayem Amer, YS, Amini, S, Loreche Amit, AM, Andrei, CL, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, T Antonio, CA, Yaw Appiah, SC, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Arora, A, Asaad, M, Asghari, B, Awoke, N, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, AD, Bagli, E, Baig, AA, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, SK, Banik, PC, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barrero, LH, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Baye, BA, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, TT, Belete, H, Benjet, C, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhe, K, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, AG, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bin Sayeed, MS, Borges, G, Borzì, AM, Boufous, S, Brazinova, A, Briko, NI, Budhathoki, SS, Car, J, Cárdenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, JS, Chanie, WF, Chattu, SK, Chattu, VK, Chatziralli, I, Chaudhary, N, Cho, DY, Kabir Chowdhury, MA, Chu, D-T, Colquhoun, SM, Constantin, M-M, Costa, VM, Damiani, G, Daryani, A, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Demeke, FM, Demis, AB, Demoz, GT, Demsie, DG, Derakhshani, A, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Nasab, MD, da Silva, DD, Dibaji Forooshani, ZS, Doyle, KE, Driscoll, TR, Dubljanin, E, Adema, BD, Eagan, AW, Eftekhari, A, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Sayed Zaki, ME, Elemineh, DA, El-Jaafary, SI, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, CL, Emamian, MH, Endalew, DA, Eskandarieh, S, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatahi, Y, Fekadu, W, Ferede, TY, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Feyissa, GT, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Folayan, MO, Foroutan, M, Francis, JM, Franklin, RC, Fukumoto, T, Geberemariyam, BS, Gebre, AK, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gebremichael, B, Gedefaw, GA, Geta, B, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gill, TK, Goulart, AC, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Mohialdeen Gubari, MI, Guimarães, RA, Guo, Y, Gupta, G, Haagsma, JA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Bidgoli, HH, Hall, BJ, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Haro, JM, Hasan, MM, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, R, Hayat, K, Hendrie, D, Heydarpour, F, Híjar, M, Ho, HC, Hoang, CL, Hole, MK, Holla, R, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, I, Ilic, MD, Inbaraj, LR, Indriasih, E, Naghibi Irvani, SS, Shariful Islam, SM, Islam, MM, Ivers, RQ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahani, MA, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, Jayaraman, S, Jayatilleke, AU, Jha, RP, John-Akinola, YO, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jungari, SB, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kamil, TA, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Kasaeian, A, Kassaye, HG, Kavetskyy, T, Kebede, HK, Keiyoro, PN, Kelbore, AG, Kelkay, B, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khalid, N, Khalil, IA, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, EA, Khan, M, Khanna, T, Khazaie, H, Shadmani, FK, Khundkar, R, Kiirithio, DN, Kim, Y-E, Kim, D, Kim, YJ, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Komaki, H, M Kondlahalli, SK, Korshunov, VA, Koyanagi, A, G Kraemer, MU, Krishan, K, Bicer, BK, Kugbey, N, Kumar, V, Kumar, N, Kumar, GA, Kumar, M, Kumaresh, G, Kurmi, OP, Kuti, O, Vecchia, CL, Lami, FH, Lamichhane, P, Lang, JJ, Lansingh, VC, Laryea, DO, Lasrado, S, Latifi, A, Lauriola, P, Leasher, JL, Huey Lee, SW, Lenjebo, TL, Levi, M, Li, S, Linn, S, Liu, X, Lopez, AD, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, RA, Madadin, M, El Razek, MMA, Mahotra, NB, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malagon-Rojas, JN, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Manda, A-L, Manjunatha, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, MA, Maravilla, JC, March, LM, Mason-Jones, AJ, Masoumi, SZ, Massenburg, BB, Maulik, PK, Meles, GG, Melese, A, Melketsedik, ZA, N Memiah, PT, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, MB, Mengesha, MM, Meretoja, TJ, Meretoja, A, Merie, HE, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, KA, Darwesh, AM, Gholi Mezerji, NM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, JA, Mohebi, F, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradpour, F, Morawska, L, Velásquez, IM, Morisaki, N, Morrison, SD, Mossie, TB, Muluneh, AG, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Mustafa, G, Nabhan, AF, Nagarajan, AJ, Naik, G, Naimzada, MD, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Naserbakht, M, Nayak, V, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, CT, Thi Nguyen, HL, Nikbakhsh, R, Anggraini Ningrum, DN, Nnaji, CA, Nyasulu, PS, Ogbo, FA, Oghenetega, OB, Oh, I-H, Okunga, EW, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Bali, AO, Onwujekwe, OE, Asante, KO, Orpana, HM, Ota, E, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, A, MP, Padubidri, JR, Pakhale, S, Pakshir, K, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-K, Patel, SK, Pathak, A, Pati, S, Patton, GC, Paulos, K, Peden, AE, Filipino Pepito, VC, Pereira, J, Pham, HQ, Phillips, MR, Pinheiro, M, Polibin, RV, Polinder, S, Poustchi, H, Prakash, S, Angga Pribadi, DR, Puri, P, Syed, ZQ, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi, S, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MA, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Ranganathan, K, Rao, SJ, Rashedi, V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Renjith, V, N Renzaho, AM, Resnikoff, S, Rezapour, A, Ribeiro, AI, Rickard, J, Rios González, CM, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Saad, AM, Sabde, YD, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Safari, S, Safari-Faramani, R, Safarpour, H, Safdarian, M, Sajadi, SM, Salamati, P, Salehi, F, Zahabi, SS, Rashad Salem, MR, Salem, H, Salman, O, Salz, I, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Riera, LS, Santric Milicevic, MM, Sarker, AR, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Sawyer, SM, Saxena, S, Sayyah, M, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Seyedmousavi, S, Sha, F, Shaahmadi, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Sharifi, H, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Shin, JI, Shiri, R, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, ID, Singh, PK, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Smarandache, C-G, R Smith, EU, Soheili, A, Soleymani, B, Soltanian, AR, Soriano, JB, Sorrie, MB, Soyiri, IN, Stein, DJ, Stokes, MA, Sufiyan, MB, Rasul Suleria, HA, Sykes, BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Taddele, BW, Tadesse, DB, Tamiru, AT, Tarigan, IU, Tefera, YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekle, MG, Tekulu, GH, Tesema, AK, Tesfay, BE, Thapar, R, Tilahune, AB, Tlaye, KG, Tohidinik, HR, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Tripathy, JP, Tsai, AC, Car, LT, Ullah, S, Ullah, I, Umar, M, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Uthman, OA, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Waheed, Y, Weldesamuel, GT, Werdecker, A, Wiangkham, T, Wolde, HF, Woldeyes, DH, Wondafrash, DZ, Wondmeneh, TG, Wondmieneh, AB, Wu, A-M, Yadav, R, Yadollahpour, A, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Youm, Y, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, Y, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, TZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, SB, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zarei, A, Zare, F, Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, Y, Zodpey, S, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Degenhardt, L, Dharmaratne, SD, Hay, SI, Mokdad, AH, Reiner, RC, Sartorius, B, and Vos, T
Subjects: Life Expectancy, Incidence, burden of disease, descriptive epidemiology, global, Humans, Wounds and Injuries, Public Health, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Morbidity, Global Health, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 1701 Psychology, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries.; METHODS: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).; FINDINGS: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100000. In 1990, there were 354064302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338174876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505).; INTERPRETATION: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

14. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study 2017

Author: James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Henry, N.J. LeGrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, R. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alamene, G.M. Alanezi, F.M. Alebel, A. Alema, N.M. Alghnam, S.A. Al-Hajj, S. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alikhani, M. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Amini, S. Amit, A.M.L. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Asghari, B. Awoke, N. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azari, S. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Bagli, E. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Baye, B.A. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Bekuma, T.T. Belete, H. Benjet, C. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Sayeed, M.S.B. Borges, G. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Briko, N.I. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, S.K. Chattu, V.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Chu, D.-T. Colquhoun, S.M. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Damiani, G. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Derakhshani, A. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Dias da Silva, D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Eftekhari, A. Ehsani-Chimeh, E. El Sayed Zaki, M. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. Emamian, M.H. Endalew, D.A. Eskandarieh, S. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fatahi, Y. Fekadu, W. Ferede, T.Y. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Ferrara, P. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Folayan, M.O. Foroutan, M. Francis, J.M. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Geberemariyam, B.S. Gebre, A.K. Gebremedhin, K.B. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gebremichael, B. Gedefaw, G.A. Geta, B. Ghafourifard, M. Ghamari, F. Ghashghaee, A. Gholamian, A. Gill, T.K. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Grivna, M. Gubari, M.I.M. Guimarães, R.A. Guo, Y. Gupta, G. Haagsma, J.A. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Bidgoli, H.H. Hall, B.J. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M.M. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassanipour, S. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hayat, K. Hendrie, D. Heydarpour, F. Híjar, M. Ho, H.C. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Holla, R. Hossain, N. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, S. Hu, G. Ibitoye, S.E. Ilesanmi, O.S. Ilic, I. Ilic, M.D. Inbaraj, L.R. Indriasih, E. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, S.M.S. Mofizul Islam, M. Ivers, R.Q. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahani, M.A. Jahanmehr, N. Jakovljevic, M. Jalilian, F. Jayaraman, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. John-Akinola, Y.O. Jonas, J.B. Joseph, N. Joukar, F. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, A. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalankesh, L.R. Kalhor, R. Kamil, T.A. Kanchan, T. Kapoor, N. Karami, M. Kasaeian, A. Kassaye, H.G. Kavetskyy, T. Kebede, H.K. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Kelkay, B. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khalilov, R. Khammarnia, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, M. Khanna, T. Khazaie, H. Shadmani, F.K. Khundkar, R. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, D. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Komaki, H. Kondlahalli, S.K.M. Korshunov, V.A. Koyanagi, A. Kraemer, M.U.G. Krishan, K. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, V. Kumar, N. Anil Kumar, G. Kumar, M. Kumaresh, G. Kurmi, O.P. Kuti, O. Vecchia, C.L. Lami, F.H. Lamichhane, P. Lang, J.J. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Lasrado, S. Latifi, A. Lauriola, P. Leasher, J.L. Lee, S.W.H. Lenjebo, T.L. Levi, M. Li, S. Linn, S. Liu, X. Lopez, A.D. Lotufo, P.A. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Madadin, M. El Razek, M.M.A. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Malagon-Rojas, J.N. Maled, V. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Manafi, N. Manafi, A. Manda, A.-L. Manjunatha, N. Mansour-Ghanaei, F. Mansouri, B. Mansournia, M.A. Maravilla, J.C. March, L.M. Mason-Jones, A.J. Masoumi, S.Z. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Meles, G.G. Melese, A. Melketsedik, Z.A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Mengesha, M.B. Mengesha, M.M. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Merie, H.E. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. Mithra, P. Moazen, B. Moghadaszadeh, M. Mohamadi, E. Mohammad, Y. Mohammad, K.A. Darwesh, A.M. Mezerji, N.M.G. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohebi, F. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradpour, F. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mossie, T.B. Muluneh, A.G. Murthy, S. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Nagarajan, A.J. Naik, G. Naimzada, M.D. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Naserbakht, M. Nayak, V. Ndwandwe, D.E. Negoi, I. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nikbakhsh, R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nnaji, C.A. Nyasulu, P.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oghenetega, O.B. Oh, I.-H. Okunga, E.W. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Bali, A.O. Onwujekwe, O.E. Asante, K.O. Orpana, H.M. Ota, E. Otstavnov, N. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, P.A. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakshir, K. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Patel, S.K. Pathak, A. Pati, S. Patton, G.C. Paulos, K. Peden, A.E. Pepito, V.C.F. Pereira, J. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pinheiro, M. Polibin, R.V. Polinder, S. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Pribadi, D.R.A. Puri, P. Syed, Z.Q. Rabiee, M. Rabiee, N. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiee, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, S. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M.A. Rajabpour-Sanati, A. Rajati, F. Rakovac, I. Ranganathan, K. Rao, S.J. Rashedi, V. Rastogi, P. Rathi, P. Rawaf, S. Rawal, L. Rawassizadeh, R. Renjith, V. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Rickard, J. González, C.M.R. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Saad, A.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sabour, S. Saddik, B. Safari, S. Safari-Faramani, R. Safarpour, H. Safdarian, M. Mohammad Sajadi, S. Salamati, P. Salehi, F. Zahabi, S.S. Rashad Salem, M.R. Salem, H. Salman, O. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Riera, L.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sarker, A.R. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Sawhney, M. Sawyer, S.M. Saxena, S. Sayyah, M. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Senthilkumaran, S. Sepanlou, S.G. Seyedmousavi, S. Sha, F. Shaahmadi, F. Shahabi, S. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharifi, H. Sheikh, A. Shigematsu, M. Shin, J.I. Shiri, R. Siabani, S. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Singh, P.K. Singh, J.A. Sinha, D.N. Smarandache, C.-G. Smith, E.U.R. Soheili, A. Soleymani, B. Soltanian, A.R. Soriano, J.B. Sorrie, M.B. Soyiri, I.N. Stein, D.J. Stokes, M.A. Mu'awiyyah, B.S. Suleria, H.A.R. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Taddele, B.W. Tadesse, D.B. Tamiru, A.T. Tarigan, I.U. Tefera, Y.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekle, M.G. Tekulu, G.H. Tesema, A.K. Tesfay, B.E. Thapar, R. Tilahune, A.B. Tlaye, K.G. Tohidinik, H.R. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathy, J.P. Tsai, A.C. Car, L.T. Ullah, S. Ullah, I. Umar, M. Unnikrishnan, B. Upadhyay, E. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Waheed, Y. Weldesamuel, G.T. Werdecker, A. Wiangkham, T. Wolde, H.F. Woldeyes, D.H. Wondafrash, D.Z. Wondmeneh, T.G. Wondmieneh, A.B. Wu, A.-M. Yadav, R. Yadollahpour, A. Yano, Y. Yaya, S. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Youm, Y. Younis, M.Z. Yousefi, Z. Yu, Y. Yu, C. Yusefzadeh, H. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zamanian, M. Zandian, H. Zarei, A. Zare, F. Zhang, Z.-J. Zhang, Y. Zodpey, S. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Degenhardt, L. Dharmaratne, S.D. Hay, S.I. Mokdad, A.H. Reiner, R.C., Jr. Sartorius, B. Vos, T.
Abstract: Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

15. Global and regional burden of cancer in 2016 arising from occupational exposure to selected carcinogens: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Driscoll, T, Rushton, L, Steenland, K, Hutchings, S, Straif, K, Abate, D, Abdel-Rahman, O, Acharya, D, Afarideh, M, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Anjomshoa, M, Aremu, O, Artaman, A, Ataro, Z, Quintanilla, BPA, Badawi, A, Behzadifar, M, Beuran, M, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bjorge, T, Butt, ZA, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Cerin, E, Chaturvedi, P, Chimed-Ochir, O, Crider, R, Crowe, CS, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dang, AK, Daryani, A, Desalegn, BB, Dharmaratne, SD, Djalalinia, S, Effiong, A, El-Khatib, Z, Esteghamati, A, Fareed, M, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Gallus, S, Gebremichael, TG, Gezae, KE, Grada, A, Guimaraes, ALS, Gupta, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, SI, Hegazy, MI, Henok, A, Hoang, CL, Hole, MK, Hosgood, HD, Hosseini, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Jakovljevic, M, Jha, RP, Jurisson, M, Kahsay, A, Karim, N, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, ZY, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khan, EA, Khosravi, MH, Khubchandani, J, Kiadaliri, AA, Kim, YJ, Kogevinas, M, Koh, D, Kosen, S, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, GA, Lad, DP, Lal, DK, Lami, FH, Latifi, A, Leigh, J, Linn, S, Majdan, M, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mansournia, MA, Massenburg, BB, Melese, A, Melku, M, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, G, Meretoja, TJ, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moazen, B, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Morawska, L, Morrison, SD, Mousavi, SM, Mustafa, G, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, TH, Ningrum, DNA, Nixon, MR, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Ortega-Altamirano, DDV, Mahesh, PA, Park, E-K, Pereira, DM, Prakash, S, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rajati, F, Reiner, RC, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roever, L, Saadat, M, Saddik, B, Safari, S, Safiri, S, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, MA, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sathian, B, Schwebel, DC, Sepanlou, SG, Serdar, B, Shaikh, MA, Sharma, R, She, J, Shigematsu, M, Shirkoohi, R, Si, S, Sinha, DN, Soofi, M, Stanaway, JD, Stokes, MA, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Takahashi, K, Tefera, YM, Temsah, M-H, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Ullah, I, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Yeshaneh, A, Yirsaw, BD, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zamani, M, Zandian, H, Zodpey, S, Lim, SS, Driscoll, Tim, Rushton, Lesley, Steenland, Kyle, Hutchings, Sally, Yisma, Engida, Lim, Stephen S, GBD 2016 Occupational Carcinogens Collaborators, GBD 2016 Occupational Carcinogens Collaborator, and Violante FS
Subjects: AUSTRALIA, medicine.disease_cause, asbesto, mesothelioma incidence, 0302 clinical medicine, 1599 Other Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, Sílice, 030212 general & internal medicine, clusters, Asbestos-related diseases, asbestos, diesel engine exhaust, epidemiology, occupational exposure, silica, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, education.field_of_study, Mortality rate, metabolic risks, 030210 environmental & occupational health, 3. Good health, COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT, comparative risk-assessment, Exposición Profesional, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, epidemiology occupational exposure, trends, Population, MESOTHELIOMA INCIDENCE, GBD 2016 Occupational Carcinogens Collaborators, Asbestos, Environmental & Occupational Health, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, medicine, Epidemiología, education, Disease burden, Motores diesel, Science & Technology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Cancer, 1103 Clinical Sciences, medicine.disease, TRENDS, ASBESTOS-RELATED DISEASES, asbestos-related diseases, 13. Climate action, Relative risk, Attributable risk, business, CLUSTERS
Abstract: ObjectivesThis study provides a detailed analysis of the global and regional burden of cancer due to occupational carcinogens from the Global Burden of Disease 2016 study.MethodsThe burden of cancer due to 14 International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1 occupational carcinogens was estimated using the population attributable fraction, based on past population exposure prevalence and relative risks from the literature. The results were used to calculate attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).ResultsThere were an estimated 349 000 (95% Uncertainty Interval 269 000 to 427 000) deaths and 7.2 (5.8 to 8.6) million DALYs in 2016 due to exposure to the included occupational carcinogens—3.9% (3.2% to 4.6%) of all cancer deaths and 3.4% (2.7% to 4.0%) of all cancer DALYs; 79% of deaths were of males and 88% were of people aged 55 –79 years. Lung cancer accounted for 86% of the deaths, mesothelioma for 7.9% and laryngeal cancer for 2.1%. Asbestos was responsible for the largest number of deaths due to occupational carcinogens (63%); other important risk factors were secondhand smoke (14%), silica (14%) and diesel engine exhaust (5%). The highest mortality rates were in high-income regions, largely due to asbestos-related cancers, whereas in other regions cancer deaths from secondhand smoke, silica and diesel engine exhaust were more prominent. From 1990 to 2016, there was a decrease in the rate for deaths (−10%) and DALYs (−15%) due to exposure to occupational carcinogens.ConclusionsWork-related carcinogens are responsible for considerable disease burden worldwide. The results provide guidance for prevention and control initiatives.
Published: 2020

16. Global and regional burden of cancer in 2016 arising from occupational exposure to selected carcinogens: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Driscoll T, Rushton L, Steenland K, Hutchings S, Straif K, Abate D, Abdel-Rahman O, Acharya D, Afarideh M, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Anjomshoa M, Aremu O, Artaman A, Ataro Z, Quintanilla B, Badawi A, Behzadifar M, Beuran M, Bhattacharyya K, Bijani A, Bjorge T, Butt Z, Carrero J, Carvalho F, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Cerin E, Chaturvedi P, Chimed-Ochir O, Crider R, Crowe C, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dang A, Daryani A, Desalegn B, Dharmaratne S, Djalalinia S, Effiong A, El-Khatib Z, Esteghamati A, Fareed M, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Fukumoto T, Gallus S, Gebremichael T, Gezae K, Grada A, Guimaraes A, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hassankhani H, Hay S, Hegazy M, Henok A, Hoang C, Hole M, Hosgood H, Hosseini M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Irvani S, Islam S, Jakovljevic M, Jha R, Jurisson M, Kahsay A, Karim N, Kasaeian A, Kassa Z, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khan E, Khosravi M, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri A, Kim Y, Kogevinas M, Koh D, Kosen S, Koyanagi A, Kumar G, Lad D, Lal D, Lami F, Latifi A, Leigh J, Linn S, Majdan M, Malekzadeh R, Malta D, Mansournia M, Massenburg B, Melese A, Melku M, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Mengistu G, Meretoja T, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Mirrakhimov E, Moazen B, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad A, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Morawska L, Morrison S, Mousavi S, Mustafa G, Negoi I, Negoi R, Nguyen C, Nguyen T, Ningrum D, Nixon M, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo F, Olagunju A, Olusanya B, Ortega-Altamirano D, Mahesh P, Park E, Pereira D, Prakash S, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rajati F, Reiner R, Renzaho A, Rezaei S, Roever L, Saadat M, Saddik B, Safari S, Safiri S, Sahebkar A, Sahraian M, Salimzadeh H, Samy A, Sanabria J, Sarmiento-Suarez R, Sathian B, Schwebel D, Sepanlou S, Serdar B, Shaikh M, Sharma R, She J, Shigematsu M, Shirkoohi R, Si S, Sinha D, Soofi M, Stanaway J, Stokes M, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Takahashi K, Tefera Y, Temsah M, Tovani-Palone M, Tran B, Tran K, Ullah I, Valdez P, Vasankari T, Violante F, Vlassov V, Vu G, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Yeshaneh A, Yirsaw B, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zadnik V, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zodpey S, Lim S, and GBD 2016 Occupational
Abstract: Objectives This study provides a detailed analysis of the global and regional burden of cancer due to occupational carcinogens from the Global Burden of Disease 2016 study. Methods The burden of cancer due to 14 International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1 occupational carcinogens was estimated using the population attributable fraction, based on past population exposure prevalence and relative risks from the literature. The results were used to calculate attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Results There were an estimated 349 000 (95% Uncertainty Interval 269 000 to 427 000) deaths and 7.2 (5.8 to 8.6) million DALYs in 2016 due to exposure to the included occupational carcinogens-3.9% (3.2% to 4.6%) of all cancer deaths and 3.4% (2.7% to 4.0%) of all cancer DALYs; 79% of deaths were of males and 88% were of people aged 55 -79 years. Lung cancer accounted for 86% of the deaths, mesothelioma for 7.9% and laryngeal cancer for 2.1%. Asbestos was responsible for the largest number of deaths due to occupational carcinogens (63%); other important risk factors were secondhand smoke (14%), silica (14%) and diesel engine exhaust (5%). The highest mortality rates were in high-income regions, largely due to asbestos-related cancers, whereas in other regions cancer deaths from secondhand smoke, silica and diesel engine exhaust were more prominent. From 1990 to 2016, there was a decrease in the rate for deaths (-10%) and DALYs (-15%) due to exposure to occupational carcinogens. Conclusions Work-related carcinogens are responsible for considerable disease burden worldwide. The results provide guidance for prevention and control initiatives.
Published: 2020

17. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author: James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Bertolacci, G.J. Cunningham, M. Henry, N.J. Legrand, K.E. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abedi, A. Abegaz, K.H. Abosetugn, A.E. Abushouk, A.I. Adebayo, O.M. Adsuar, J.C. Advani, S.M. Agudelo-Botero, M. Ahmad, T. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, R. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alanezi, F.M. Alema, N.M. Alemu, B.W. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Ali, S. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Almasri, N.A. Altirkawi, K. Amer, Y.S.A. Andrei, C.L. Ansari-Moghaddam, A. Antonio, C.A.T. Anvari, D. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Arab-Zozani, M. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Arora, A. Asaad, M. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayano, G. Ayanore, M.A. Azarian, G. Badawi, A. Badiye, A.D. Baig, A.A. Bairwa, M. Bakhtiari, A. Balachandran, A. Banach, M. Banerjee, S.K. Banik, P.C. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barzegar, A. Bayati, M. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Belete, H. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhe, K. Bhagavathula, A.S. Bhardwaj, P. Bhat, A.G. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhutta, Z.A. Bibi, S. Bijani, A. Boloor, A. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Borzì, A.M. Boufous, S. Braithwaite, D. Briko, N.I. Brugha, T. Budhathoki, S.S. Car, J. Cárdenas, R. Carvalho, F. Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castelpietra, G. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chandan, J.S. Chapman, J.R. Chattu, V.K. Chattu, S.K. Chatziralli, I. Chaudhary, N. Cho, D.Y. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, M.A.K. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Cicuttini, F.M. Coelho, J.M. Costa, V.M. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Daryani, A. Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. De Leo, D. Demeke, F.M. Demoz, G.T. Demsie, D.G. Deribe, K. Desai, R. Nasab, M.D. Da Silva, D.D. Forooshani, Z.S.D. Do, H.T. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubljanin, E. Adema, B.D. Eagan, A.W. Elemineh, D.A. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. El Sayedzaki, M. Eskandarieh, S. Eyawo, O. Faris, P.S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Ferrara, P. Fischer, F. Folayan, M.O. Fomenkov, A.A. Foroutan, M. Francis, J.M. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Geberemariyam, B.S. Gebremariam, H. Gebremedhin, K.B. Gebremeskel, L.G. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gebremichael, B. Gedefaw, G.A. Geta, B. Getenet, A.B. Ghafourifard, M. Ghamari, F. Gheshlagh, R.G. Gholamian, A. Gilani, S.A. Gill, T.K. Goudarzian, A.H. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Grivna, M. Guimarães, R.A. Guo, Y. Gupta, G. Haagsma, J.A. Hall, B.J. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handiso, D.W. Haro, J.M. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassan, S. Hassanipour, S. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hendrie, D. Heydarpour, F. Híjar, M. Ho, H.C. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Holla, R. Hossain, N. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, S. Hu, G. Ibitoye, S.E. Ilesanmi, O.S. Inbaraj, L.R. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, M.M. Islam, S.M.S. Ivers, R.Q. Jahani, M.A. Jakovljevic, M. Jalilian, F. Jayaraman, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. John-Akinola, Y.O. Jonas, J.B. Jones, K.M. Joseph, N. Joukar, F. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, A. Kahsay, A. Kalankesh, L.R. Kalhor, R. Kamil, T.A. Kanchan, T. Kapoor, N. Karami, M. Kasaeian, A. Kassaye, H.G. Kavetskyy, T. Kayode, G.A. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khalilov, R. Khan, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, J. Khanna, T. Khazaei, S. Khazaie, H. Khundkar, R. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kim, D. Kisa, S. Kisa, A. Komaki, H. Kondlahalli, S.K.M. Koolivand, A. Korshunov, V.A. Koyanagi, A. Kraemer, M.U.G. Krishan, K. Defo, B.K. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, N. Kumar, M. Kumar, V. Kumar, N. Kumaresh, G. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Lasrado, S. Latifi, A. Lauriola, P. Vecchia, C.L. Leasher, J.L. Lee, S.W.H. Li, S. Liu, X. Lopez, A.D. Lotufo, P.A. Lyons, R.A. Machado, D.B. Madadin, M. Abd El Razek, M.M. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Maled, V. Malta, D.C. Manafi, N. Manafi, A. Manda, A.-L. Manjunatha, N. Mansour-Ghanaei, F. Mansournia, M.A. Maravilla, J.C. Mason-Jones, A.J. Masoumi, S.Z. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Mehndiratta, M.M. Melketsedik, Z.A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Mengesha, M.M. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Merie, H.E. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. Mithra, P. Moazen, B. Moghadaszadeh, M. Mohamadi, E. Mohammad, Y. Darwesh, A.M. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohebi, F. Bandpei, M.A.M. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moradi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradzadeh, R. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morrison, S.D. Mossie, T.B. Muluneh, A.G. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Naderi, M. Nagarajan, A.J. Naik, G. Naimzada, M.D. Najaf, F. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Naserbakht, M. Nayak, V. Nazari, J. Ndwandwe, D.E. Negoi, I. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, T.H. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, D.N. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nikbakhsh, R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nnaji, C.A. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oghenetega, O.B. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Bali, A.O. Onwujekwe, O.E. Orpana, H.M. Ota, E. Otstavnov, N. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, A.P. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakshir, K. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Patel, S.K. Pathak, A. Pati, S. Paulos, K. Peden, A.E. Pepito, V.C.F. Pereira, J. Phillips, M.R. Polibin, R.V. Polinder, S. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Pribadi, D.R.A. Puri, P. Syed, Z.Q. Rabiee, N. Rabiee, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafee, A. Rafei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, S. Rahman, M.A. Rajabpour-Sanati, A. Rajati, F. Rakovac, I. Rao, S.J. Rashedi, V. Rastogi, P. Rathi, P. Rawaf, S. Rawal, L. Rawassizadeh, R. Renjith, V. Resnikoff, S. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Rickard, J. González, C.M.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Saddik, B. Safarpour, H. Safdarian, M. Sajadi, S.M. Salamati, P. Salem, M.R.R. Salem, H. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Riera, L.S. Milicevic, M.M.S. Sarker, A.R. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Sawhney, M. Sayyah, M. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Senthilkumaran, S. Seyedmousavi, S. Sha, F. Shaahmadi, F. Shahabi, S. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Sheikh, A. Shigematsu, M. Shin, J.I. Shiri, R. Siabani, S. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Singh, J.A. Singh, P.K. Sinha, D.N. Soheili, A. Soriano, J.B. Sorrie, M.B. Soyiri, I.N. Stokes, M.A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Taddele, B.W. Tefera, Y.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekulu, G.H. Tesema, A.K.T. Tesfay, B.E. Thapar, R. Titova, M.V. Tlaye, K.G. Tohidinik, H.R. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, K.B. Tran, B.X. Tripathy, J.P. Tsai, A.C. Tsatsakis, A. Car, L.T. Ullah, I. Ullah, S. Unnikrishnan, B. Upadhyay, E. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Veisani, Y. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wiangkham, T. Wolde, H.F. Woldeyes, D.H. Wondmeneh, T.G. Wondmieneh, A.B. Wu, A.-M. Wyper, G.M.A. Yadav, R. Yadollahpour, A. Yano, Y. Yaya, S. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Ye, P. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Youm, Y. Younis, M.Z. Yousef, Z. Yu, C. Yu, Y. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zarei, F. Zhang, Z.-J. Zhang, Y. Ziapour, A. Zodpey, S. Dandona, R. Dharmaratne, S.D. Hay, S.I. Mokdad, A.H. Pigott, D.M. Reiner, R.C. Vos, T.
Abstract: Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

18. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries.

Author: Faro A., Renzaho A.M.N., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ross J.M., Rostami A., Sadat N., Safari Y., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Levy T.S., Shamsi M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shil A., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soofi M., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Vanderheide J., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangia E.N., Werdecker A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhang Y., Kassebaum N.J., Hay S.I., Hamidi S., Kinyoki D.K., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Pickering B.V., Schaeffer L.E., Marczak L.B., Lazzar-Atwood A., Collison M.L., Henry N.J., Abebe Z., Adamu A.A., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Ajumobi O., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amini S., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Barnighausen T.W., Bassat Q., Baye K., Bedi N., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bikbov B., Briko A.N., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chipeta M.G., Chu D.-T., Cork M.A., Cromwell E.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Gupta R.D., Weaver N.D., Leo D.D., Neve J.-W.D., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Fareed M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fukumoto T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Gill P.S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall J.B., Henok A., Prado B.H., Herrero M., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kahsay A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Lodha R., El Razek H.M.A., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Moodley Y., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nie J., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov S.S., P. A M., Pana A., Pandey A., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Piwoz E.G., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Quintana H., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawat R., Remuzzi G., Faro A., Renzaho A.M.N., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ross J.M., Rostami A., Sadat N., Safari Y., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Levy T.S., Shamsi M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shil A., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Soofi M., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Vaezghasemi M., Vaezi A., Valdez P.R., Vanderheide J., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Vu L.G., Waheed Y., Walson J.L., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Wangia E.N., Werdecker A., Xu G., Yamada T., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zhang Y., Kassebaum N.J., Hay S.I., Hamidi S., Kinyoki D.K., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Pickering B.V., Schaeffer L.E., Marczak L.B., Lazzar-Atwood A., Collison M.L., Henry N.J., Abebe Z., Adamu A.A., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Ajumobi O., Al-Eyadhy A., Al-Raddadi R.M., Alahdab F., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amini S., Andrei C.L., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Barnighausen T.W., Bassat Q., Baye K., Bedi N., Bekele B.B., Bell M.L., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Biadgo B., Bikbov B., Briko A.N., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chipeta M.G., Chu D.-T., Cork M.A., Cromwell E.A., Cuevas-Nasu L., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Gupta R.D., Weaver N.D., Leo D.D., Neve J.-W.D., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Doku D.T., Dubey M., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Fareed M., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Fukumoto T., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gezae K.E., Ghajar A., Gill P.S., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall J.B., Henok A., Prado B.H., Herrero M., Herteliu C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Islam S.M.S., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kahsay A., Kanchan T., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kochhar S., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Lodha R., El Razek H.M.A., Abd El Razek M.M., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Melku M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Moodley Y., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Naghavi M., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nie J., Nnaji C.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov S.S., P. A M., Pana A., Pandey A., Pati S., Patil S.T., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Piwoz E.G., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Quintana H., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rai R.K., Rajati F., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawat R., and Remuzzi G.
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0-59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3-5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization's median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e
Published: 2020

19. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17.

Author: Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., Temsah M., Sathish T., Tesfay B.E., Tesfay F.H., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thomas N., Toma A., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Unnikrishnan B., Usman M.S., Uzochukwu B.S.C., Valdez P.R., Varughese S., Violante F.S., Vollmer S., Whawariat F.G., Waheed Y., Wallin M.T., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Weaver M., Weji B.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Welgan C.A., Werdecker A., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wiysonge C.S., Wolde H.F., Wondafrash D.Z., Wonde T.E., Worku G.T., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadollahpour A., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yamada T., Yatsuya H., Yeshaneh A., Yilgwan C.S., Yilma M.T., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zadey S., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zepro N.B., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Zhao X.-J.G., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Zuniga Y.M.H., Hay S.I., Reiner R.C., Singh A., Wiens K.E., Lindstedt P.A., Blacker B.F., Johnson K.B., Baumann M.M., Schaeffer L.E., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abegaz K.H., Abejie A.N., Abreu L.G., Abrigo M.R.M., Abualhasan A., Accrombessi M.M.K., Acharya D., Adabi M., Adamu A.A., Adebayo O.M., Adedoyin R.A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Adhena B.M., Afarideh M., Ahmad S., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A.E., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Akalu T.Y., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam N., Alam S., Alamene G.M., Alanzi T.M., Alcalde-Rabanal J.E., Ali B.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi A., Almasi-Hashiani A., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K.A., Alvis-Guzman N., Alvis-Zakzuk N.J., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Anoushiravani A., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Antony B., Antriyandarti E., Arabloo J., Aref H.M.A., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Aryal K.K., Arzani A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atalay H.T., Athari S.S., Athari S.M., Atre S.R., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Aynalem Y.A., Azari S., Azzopardi P.S., Babaee E., Babalola T.K., Badawi A., Bairwa M., Bakkannavar S.M., Balakrishnan S., Bali A.G., Banach M., Banoub J.A.M., Barac A., Barnighausen T.W., Basaleem H., Basu S., Bay V.D., Bayati M., Baye E., Bedi N., Beheshti M., Behzadifar M., Bekele B.B., Belayneh Y.M., Bell M.L., Bennett D.A., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhaumik S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Birihane B.M., Biswas R.K., Bohlouli S., Bojia H.A., Boufous S., Brady O.J., Bragazzi N.L., Briko A.N., Briko N.I., Britton G.B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Camera L.A., Campos-Nonato I.R., Cano J., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chattu V.K., Chichiabellu T.Y., Chin K.L., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cormier N.M., Costa V.M., Culquichicon C., Daba M.S., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dang A.K., Darwesh A.M., Darwish A.H., Daryani A., Das J.K., Das Gupta R.D., Dash A.P., Davey G., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Davis A.C., Davitoiu D.V., De la Hoz F.P., Demis A.B., Demissie D.B., Demissie G.D., Demoz G.T., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P., Dhimal M., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Dipeolu I.O., Djalalinia S., Doyle K.E., Dubljanin E., Duko B., Duraes A.R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edinur H.A., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Nahas N., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elema T.B., Elhabashy H.R., El-Jaafary S.I., Elkout H., Elsharkawy A., Elyazar I.R.F., Endalamaw A., Endalew D.A., Eskandarieh S., Esteghamati A., Esteghamati S., Etemadi A., Ezekannagha O., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V.L., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Folayan M.O., Foroutan M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gayesa R.T., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Gezae K.E., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Ghimire P.R., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Ginindza T.G., Gomes N.G., Gopalani S.V., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Gugnani H.C., Guido D., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile D.H., Hailu G.B., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haririan H., Hariyani N., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan M.M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Heibati B., Heidari B., Hendrie D., Henry N.J., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hidru H.D.D., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Homaie Rad E.H., Hoogar P., Hoseini M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Hussen M.M., Ibitoye S.E., Igumbor E.U., Ilesanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwu C.J., Izadi N., Jaca A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., Jha V., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kanchan T., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Karim M.A., Karimi-Sari Surendra Karki H., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G.G., Kasahun Y.C., Kasaye H.K., Kassa G.G., Kassa G.M., Kayode G.A., Kazemi Karyani A., Kebede M.M., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Kengne A.P., Ketema D.B., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.N., Khan M.S., Khatab K., Khater A.M., Khater M.M., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khosravi M.H., Khubchandani J., Kiadaliri A., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissoon N., Shivakumar K.M., Kochhar S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lal D.K., Lam F., Lami F.H., Lamichhane P., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Laxmaiah A., Lee P.H., LeGrand K.E., Leili M., Lenjebo T.L., Leshargie C.T., Levine A.J., Li S., Linn S., Liu S., Lodha R., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad DR., Mahasha P.W., Mahotra N.B., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.L., Manohar N.D.D., Mansournia M.A., Mapoma C.C., Maravilla J.C., Martinez G., Martini S., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mathur M.R., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie B.G., Mehndiratta M.M., Mehta K.M., Mekonnen T.C., Meles G.G., Memiah P.T.N., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mereta S.T., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohajer B., Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A., Mohammad D.K., Mohammad K.A., Mohammad Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadibakhsh R., Mohammadifard N., Mohammed J.A., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moore C.E., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morales L., Moreno Velasquez I., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S.M., Mozaffor M., Muchie K.F., Mulaw G.F., Munro S.B., Muriithi M.K., Murray C.J., Murthy G.V.S., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nabhan A.F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naidoo K.S., Naik G., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nansseu J.R., Nascimento B.R., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Netsere H.B., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nguyen T.H., Nigatu D., Nigatu S.G., Ningrum D.N.A., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Nong V.M., Norheim O.F., Noubiap J.J., Nouraei Motlagh S., Oancea B., Ogah O.S., Ogbo F.A., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Patel S.K., Paternina-Caicedo A.J., Pathak A., Patton G.C., Paudel D., Paulos K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perico N., Pervaiz A., Pescarini J.M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prada S.I., Prasad N., Preotescu L., Quintana H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rahman M.A., Rahman S., Rajati F., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawasia W.F., Renjith V., Renzaho A.M.N., Resnikoff S., Reta M.A., Rezaei N., Rezai M.S., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios-Blancas M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roro E.M., Ross J.M., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Saad A.M., Sabde Y.D., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M.A., Sajadi S.M., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salem H., Salem M.R., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sao Jose B.P., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarkar K., Sarker A.R., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena S., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S.G., Servan-Mori E., Shabaninejad H., Shafieesabet A., Shaikh M.A., Shalash A.S., Shallo S.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M.B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi H., Shehata H.S., Sheikh A., Shetty B.S.K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W.S., Shifti D.M., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Siabani S., Siddiqi T.J., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Singh N.P., Singh V., Sisay M.M., Skiadaresi E., Sobhiyeh M.R., Sokhan A., Soltani S., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Suleria H.A.R., Sultana M., Sunguya B.F., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadesse D.B., Tarigan I.U., Tasew A.A., Tefera Y.M., Tekle M.G., and Temsah M.
Abstract: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Method(s): We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Finding(s): While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62.6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT co
Published: 2020

20. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study.

Author: Sarveazad A., Ullah I., Ullah S., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Wyper G.M.A., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Ye P., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yu Y., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zarei F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Dandona R., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Pigott D.M., Reiner R.C., Vos T., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Bertolacci G.J., Cunningham M., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abegaz K.H., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Adsuar J.C., Advani S.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alanezi F.M., Alema N.M., Alemu B.W., Alghnam S.A., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Belete H., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Boloor A., Borges G., Borschmann R., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Braithwaite D., Briko N.I., Brugha T., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chapman J.R., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cicuttini F.M., Coelho J.M., Costa V.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Leo D., Demeke F.M., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., Silva D.D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Do H.T., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Zaki M.E.S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebremariam H., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Getenet A.B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Gheshlagh R.G., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haro J.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassan S., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Inbaraj L.R., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Mofizul Islam M., Shariful Islam S.M., Ivers R.Q., Jahani M.A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Jones K.M., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khanna T., Khazaei S., Khazaie H., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kisa S., Kisa A., Komaki H., Kondlahalli S.K.M., Koolivand A., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar M., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumaresh G., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Vecchia C., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Li S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lyons R.A., Machado D.B., Madadin M., Abd El Razek M.M., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Maled V., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Melketsedik Z.A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Darwesh A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Phillips M.R., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saddik B., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Mohammad Sajadi S., Salamati P., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Sinha D.N., Soheili A., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekulu G.H., Tesema Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Titova M.V., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Tsatsakis A., Car L.T., Sarveazad A., Ullah I., Ullah S., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Vasankari T.J., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wiangkham T., Wolde H.F., Woldeyes D.H., Wondmeneh T.G., Wondmieneh A.B., Wu A.-M., Wyper G.M.A., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Ye P., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S.-J., Youm Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yu Y., Moghadam T.Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S.B., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zarei F., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Dandona R., Dharmaratne S.D., Hay S.I., Mokdad A.H., Pigott D.M., Reiner R.C., Vos T., James S.L., Castle C.D., Dingels Z.V., Fox J.T., Hamilton E.B., Liu Z., Roberts N.L.S., Sylte D.O., Bertolacci G.J., Cunningham M., Henry N.J., LeGrand K.E., Abdelalim A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abedi A., Abegaz K.H., Abosetugn A.E., Abushouk A.I., Adebayo O.M., Adsuar J.C., Advani S.M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed M.B., Ahmed R., Eddine Aichour M.T., Alahdab F., Alanezi F.M., Alema N.M., Alemu B.W., Alghnam S.A., Ali B.A., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N.A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y.S., Andrei C.L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C.A., Anvari D., Yaw Appiah S.C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Ayano G., Ayanore M.A., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A.D., Baig A.A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S.K., Banik P.C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnighausen T.W., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Belete H., Bennett D.A., Bensenor I.M., Berhe K., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A.G., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Boloor A., Borges G., Borschmann R., Borzi A.M., Boufous S., Braithwaite D., Briko N.I., Brugha T., Budhathoki S.S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J.S., Chapman J.R., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D.Y., Choi J.-Y.J., Kabir Chowdhury M.A., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cicuttini F.M., Coelho J.M., Costa V.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Leo D., Demeke F.M., Demoz G.T., Demsie D.G., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M.D., Silva D.D.D., Dibaji Forooshani Z.S., Do H.T., Doyle K.E., Driscoll T.R., Dubljanin E., Adema B.D., Eagan A.W., Elemineh D.A., El-Jaafary S.I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C.L., Zaki M.E.S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Faris P.S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Fischer F., Folayan M.O., Fomenkov A.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Franklin R.C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B.S., Gebremariam H., Gebremedhin K.B., Gebremeskel L.G., Gebremeskel G.G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G.A., Geta B., Getenet A.B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Gheshlagh R.G., Gholamian A., Gilani S.A., Gill T.K., Goudarzian A.H., Goulart A.C., Grada A., Grivna M., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J.A., Hall B.J., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handiso D.W., Haro J.M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassan S., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Havmoeller R., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H.C., Hoang C.L., Hole M.K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Inbaraj L.R., Naghibi Irvani S.S., Mofizul Islam M., Shariful Islam S.M., Ivers R.Q., Jahani M.A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A.U., Jha R.P., John-Akinola Y.O., Jonas J.B., Jones K.M., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J.J., Jungari S.B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R., Kamil T.A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H.G., Kavetskyy T., Kayode G.A., Keiyoro P.N., Kelbore A.G., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khalid N., Khalil I.A., Khalilov R., Khan M., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khanna T., Khazaei S., Khazaie H., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.-E., Kim Y.J., Kim D., Kisa S., Kisa A., Komaki H., Kondlahalli S.K.M., Koolivand A., Korshunov V.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Bicer B.K., Kugbey N., Kumar M., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumaresh G., Lami F.H., Lansingh V.C., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Vecchia C., Leasher J.L., Huey Lee S.W., Li S., Liu X., Lopez A.D., Lotufo P.A., Lyons R.A., Machado D.B., Madadin M., Abd El Razek M.M., Mahotra N.B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Maled V., Malta D.C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A.-L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M.A., Maravilla J.C., Mason-Jones A.J., Masoumi S.Z., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mehndiratta M.M., Melketsedik Z.A., Memiah P.T.N., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mengesha M.M., Meretoja T.J., Meretoja A., Merie H.E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Darwesh A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J.A., Mohebi F., Mohseni Bandpei M.A., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Morawska L., Velasquez I.M., Morrison S.D., Mossie T.B., Muluneh A.G., Musa K.I., Mustafa G., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Naik G., Naimzada M.D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B.R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Nazari J., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen T.H., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen D.N., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D.N., Nnaji C.A., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oghenetega O.B., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Bali A.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Orpana H.M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., P A M., Padubidri J.R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E.-K., Patel S.K., Pathak A., Pati S., Paulos K., Peden A.E., Filipino Pepito V.C., Pereira J., Phillips M.R., Polibin R.V., Polinder S., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D.R., Puri P., Syed Z.Q., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahman M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C.M., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saddik B., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Mohammad Sajadi S., Salamati P., Rashad Salem M.R., Salem H., Salz I., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Riera L.S., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sarker A.R., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sayyah M., Schwebel D.C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J.I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh J.A., Singh P.K., Sinha D.N., Soheili A., Soriano J.B., Sorrie M.B., Soyiri I.N., Stokes M.A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Taddele B.W., Tefera Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekulu G.H., Tesema Tesema A.K., Tesfay B.E., Thapar R., Titova M.V., Tlaye K.G., Tohidinik H.R., Topor-Madry R., Tran K.B., Tran B.X., Tripathy J.P., Tsai A.C., Tsatsakis A., and Car L.T.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHOD(S): In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULT(S): GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSION(S): GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Published: 2020

21. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), and Hay, S.I. (Simon)
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e
Published: 2020
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22. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Haagsma, JA, James, SL, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Liu, Z, Lucchesi, LR, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Adebayo, OM, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Alahdab, F, Alghnam, SA, Aljunid, SM, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Appiah, SCY, Aremu, O, Arora, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Balalla, S, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baernighausen, TW, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Benjet, C, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Brazinova, A, Rincon, JCC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Choi, J-YJ, Christopher, DJ, Crowe, CS, Dalal, K, Daryani, A, Davitoiu, DV, Degenhardt, L, De Leo, D, De Neve, J-W, Deribe, K, Dessie, GA, deVeber, GA, Dharmaratne, SD, Linh, PD, Dolan, KA, Driscoll, TR, Dubey, M, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, CL, Zaki, MES, Endries, AY, Eskandarieh, S, Faro, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Franklin, RC, Fukumoto, T, Gezae, KE, Gill, TK, Goulart, AC, Grada, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Bidgoli, HH, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Maria Haro, J, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, R, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Hijar, M, Hole, MK, Rad, EH, Hossain, N, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Igumbor, EU, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ivers, RQ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Shushtari, ZJ, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kalani, R, Kasaeian, A, Kelbore, AG, Kengne, AP, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khalid, N, Khan, EA, Khoja, AT, Kiadaliri, AA, Kim, Y-E, Kim, D, Kisa, A, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kumar, M, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lami, FH, Lansingh, VC, Leasher, JL, Li, S, Linn, S, Lunevicius, R, Machado, FR, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Mahotra, NB, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, MA, Malta, DC, Manda, A-L, Mansournia, MA, Massenburg, BB, Maulik, PK, Meheretu, HAA, Mehndiratta, MM, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Meretoja, TJ, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moazen, B, Mezerji, NMG, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Mohammed, S, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Montero-Zamora, PA, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Moreno Velasquez, I, Morrison, SD, Moschos, MM, Mousavi, SM, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Trang, HN, Son, HN, Long, HN, Huong, LTN, Ningrum, DNA, Nirayo, YL, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Olivares, PR, Orpana, HM, Otstavnov, SS, Mahesh, PA, Pakhale, S, Park, E-K, Patton, GC, Pesudovs, K, Phillips, MR, Polinder, S, Prakash, S, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi, S, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MA, Rai, RK, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Renzaho, AMN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaeian, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Sabde, YD, Saddik, B, Salamati, P, Salimi, Y, Salz, I, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Riera, LS, Milicevic, MMS, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Sawyer, SM, Saxena, S, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Sheikh, A, Shen, J, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Silva, JP, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Soares Filho, AM, Soriano, JB, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, IN, Starodubov, V, Stein, DJ, Stokes, MA, Sufiyan, MB, Sunshine, JE, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tessema, GA, Thakur, JS, Khanh, BT, Bach, XT, Car, LT, Uthman, OA, Uzochukwu, BSC, Valdez, PR, Varavikova, E, Nogales Vasconcelos, AM, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, AS, Yadav, P, Yano, Y, Yenesew, MA, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zafar, S, Zaidi, Z, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zhao, Y, Zodpey, S, Hay, S, Lopez, AD, Mokdad, AH, Vos, T, Haagsma, JA, James, SL, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Liu, Z, Lucchesi, LR, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Adebayo, OM, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, MTE, Alahdab, F, Alghnam, SA, Aljunid, SM, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Appiah, SCY, Aremu, O, Arora, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Balalla, S, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Baernighausen, TW, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Benjet, C, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Bose, D, Boufous, S, Brazinova, A, Rincon, JCC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Choi, J-YJ, Christopher, DJ, Crowe, CS, Dalal, K, Daryani, A, Davitoiu, DV, Degenhardt, L, De Leo, D, De Neve, J-W, Deribe, K, Dessie, GA, deVeber, GA, Dharmaratne, SD, Linh, PD, Dolan, KA, Driscoll, TR, Dubey, M, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, CL, Zaki, MES, Endries, AY, Eskandarieh, S, Faro, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Franklin, RC, Fukumoto, T, Gezae, KE, Gill, TK, Goulart, AC, Grada, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Bidgoli, HH, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Maria Haro, J, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, R, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Hijar, M, Hole, MK, Rad, EH, Hossain, N, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Igumbor, EU, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Ivers, RQ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Shushtari, ZJ, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kalani, R, Kasaeian, A, Kelbore, AG, Kengne, AP, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khalid, N, Khan, EA, Khoja, AT, Kiadaliri, AA, Kim, Y-E, Kim, D, Kisa, A, Koyanagi, A, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kumar, M, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lami, FH, Lansingh, VC, Leasher, JL, Li, S, Linn, S, Lunevicius, R, Machado, FR, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Mahotra, NB, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, MA, Malta, DC, Manda, A-L, Mansournia, MA, Massenburg, BB, Maulik, PK, Meheretu, HAA, Mehndiratta, MM, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, MM, Meretoja, TJ, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moazen, B, Mezerji, NMG, Mohammadibakhsh, R, Mohammed, S, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Montero-Zamora, PA, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Moreno Velasquez, I, Morrison, SD, Moschos, MM, Mousavi, SM, Murthy, S, Musa, KI, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Trang, HN, Son, HN, Long, HN, Huong, LTN, Ningrum, DNA, Nirayo, YL, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Olivares, PR, Orpana, HM, Otstavnov, SS, Mahesh, PA, Pakhale, S, Park, E-K, Patton, GC, Pesudovs, K, Phillips, MR, Polinder, S, Prakash, S, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi, S, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MA, Rai, RK, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Renzaho, AMN, Resnikoff, S, Rezaeian, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Sabde, YD, Saddik, B, Salamati, P, Salimi, Y, Salz, I, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Riera, LS, Milicevic, MMS, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Sawyer, SM, Saxena, S, Saylan, M, Schneider, IJC, Schwebel, DC, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Sheikh, A, Shen, J, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Silva, JP, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Soares Filho, AM, Soriano, JB, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, IN, Starodubov, V, Stein, DJ, Stokes, MA, Sufiyan, MB, Sunshine, JE, Sykes, BL, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tessema, GA, Thakur, JS, Khanh, BT, Bach, XT, Car, LT, Uthman, OA, Uzochukwu, BSC, Valdez, PR, Varavikova, E, Nogales Vasconcelos, AM, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, AS, Yadav, P, Yano, Y, Yenesew, MA, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Zafar, S, Zaidi, Z, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zhao, Y, Zodpey, S, Hay, S, Lopez, AD, Mokdad, AH, and Vos, T
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. METHODS: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. RESULTS: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.
Published: 2020

23. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Kinyoki, DK, Osgood-Zimmerman, AE, Pickering, BV, Schaeffer, LE, Marczak, LB, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Collison, ML, Henry, NJ, Abebe, Z, Adamu, AA, Adekanmbi, V, Ahmadi, K, Ajumobi, O, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alahdab, F, Alijanzadeh, M, Alipour, V, Altirkawi, K, Amini, S, Andrei, CL, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Atique, S, Ausloos, M, Avila, M, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azari, S, Badawi, A, Barnighausen, TW, Bassat, Q, Baye, K, Bedi, N, Bekele, BB, Bell, ML, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgo, B, Bikbov, B, Briko, AN, Britton, G, Burstein, R, Butt, ZA, Car, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Castro, F, Cerin, E, Chipeta, MG, Chu, D-T, Cork, MA, Cromwell, EA, Cuevas-Nasu, L, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daoud, F, Das Gupta, R, Weaver, ND, De Leo, D, De Neve, J-W, Deribe, K, Desalegn, BB, Deshpande, A, Desta, M, Diaz, D, Dinberu, MT, Doku, DT, Dubey, M, Duraes, AR, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Earl, L, Effiong, A, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, El-Khatib, Z, Eshrati, B, Fareed, M, Faro, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fukumoto, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gezae, KE, Ghajar, A, Gill, PS, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Grada, A, Guo, Y, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, JB, Hamidi, S, Henok, A, Prado, BH, Herrero, M, Herteliu, C, Hoang, CL, Hole, MK, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hu, G, Islam, SMS, Jakovljevic, M, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Jozwiak, JJ, Kahsay, A, Kanchan, T, Karami, M, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khater, MM, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kochhar, S, Kosen, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Defo, BK, Kumar, GA, Kumar, M, Lad, SD, Lami, FH, Lee, PH, Levine, AJ, Li, S, Linn, S, Lodha, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Mansournia, MA, Martins-Melo, FR, Masaka, A, Massenburg, BB, Mayala, BK, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Melku, M, Mendoza, W, Mensah, GA, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moazen, B, Darwesh, AM, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Moodley, Y, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morrison, SD, Mosser, JF, Mousavi, SM, Mueller, UO, Murray, CJL, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Naghavi, M, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, HLT, Nguyen, LH, Nguyen, SH, Nie, J, Nnaji, CA, Noubiap, JJ, Shiadeh, MN, Nyasulu, PS, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Ortiz-Panozo, E, Otstavnov, SS, Mahesh, PA, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pati, S, Patil, ST, Patton, GC, Perico, N, Pigott, DM, Pirsaheb, M, Piwoz, EG, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Prakash, S, Quintana, H, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rajati, F, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawat, R, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Roever, L, Ross, JM, Rostami, A, Sadat, N, Safari, Y, Safdarian, M, Sahebkar, A, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salimi, Y, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sathian, B, Schipp, MF, Schwebel, DC, Senbeta, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Levy, TS, Shamsi, M, Sharafi, K, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Shil, A, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Soofi, M, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, MB, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, BT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tessema, ZT, Thorne-Lyman, AL, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Ullah, I, Uthman, OA, Vaezghasemi, M, Vaezi, A, Valdez, PR, Vanderheide, J, Veisani, Y, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vu, GT, Vu, LG, Waheed, Y, Walson, JL, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wangia, EN, Werdecker, A, Xu, G, Yamada, T, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zhang, Y, Kassebaum, NJ, Hay, SI, Kinyoki, DK, Osgood-Zimmerman, AE, Pickering, BV, Schaeffer, LE, Marczak, LB, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Collison, ML, Henry, NJ, Abebe, Z, Adamu, AA, Adekanmbi, V, Ahmadi, K, Ajumobi, O, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Raddadi, RM, Alahdab, F, Alijanzadeh, M, Alipour, V, Altirkawi, K, Amini, S, Andrei, CL, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Atique, S, Ausloos, M, Avila, M, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azari, S, Badawi, A, Barnighausen, TW, Bassat, Q, Baye, K, Bedi, N, Bekele, BB, Bell, ML, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgo, B, Bikbov, B, Briko, AN, Britton, G, Burstein, R, Butt, ZA, Car, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Castro, F, Cerin, E, Chipeta, MG, Chu, D-T, Cork, MA, Cromwell, EA, Cuevas-Nasu, L, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daoud, F, Das Gupta, R, Weaver, ND, De Leo, D, De Neve, J-W, Deribe, K, Desalegn, BB, Deshpande, A, Desta, M, Diaz, D, Dinberu, MT, Doku, DT, Dubey, M, Duraes, AR, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Earl, L, Effiong, A, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, El-Khatib, Z, Eshrati, B, Fareed, M, Faro, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fukumoto, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gezae, KE, Ghajar, A, Gill, PS, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Grada, A, Guo, Y, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, JB, Hamidi, S, Henok, A, Prado, BH, Herrero, M, Herteliu, C, Hoang, CL, Hole, MK, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hu, G, Islam, SMS, Jakovljevic, M, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Jozwiak, JJ, Kahsay, A, Kanchan, T, Karami, M, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khan, EA, Khater, MM, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kochhar, S, Kosen, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Defo, BK, Kumar, GA, Kumar, M, Lad, SD, Lami, FH, Lee, PH, Levine, AJ, Li, S, Linn, S, Lodha, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Mansournia, MA, Martins-Melo, FR, Masaka, A, Massenburg, BB, Mayala, BK, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Melku, M, Mendoza, W, Mensah, GA, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moazen, B, Darwesh, AM, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Moodley, Y, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morrison, SD, Mosser, JF, Mousavi, SM, Mueller, UO, Murray, CJL, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Naghavi, M, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, HLT, Nguyen, LH, Nguyen, SH, Nie, J, Nnaji, CA, Noubiap, JJ, Shiadeh, MN, Nyasulu, PS, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Ortiz-Panozo, E, Otstavnov, SS, Mahesh, PA, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pati, S, Patil, ST, Patton, GC, Perico, N, Pigott, DM, Pirsaheb, M, Piwoz, EG, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Prakash, S, Quintana, H, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rajati, F, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawat, R, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Roever, L, Ross, JM, Rostami, A, Sadat, N, Safari, Y, Safdarian, M, Sahebkar, A, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salimi, Y, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sathian, B, Schipp, MF, Schwebel, DC, Senbeta, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Levy, TS, Shamsi, M, Sharafi, K, Sharma, R, Sheikh, A, Shil, A, Silva, DAS, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Soofi, M, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, MB, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, BT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tessema, ZT, Thorne-Lyman, AL, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Ullah, I, Uthman, OA, Vaezghasemi, M, Vaezi, A, Valdez, PR, Vanderheide, J, Veisani, Y, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vu, GT, Vu, LG, Waheed, Y, Walson, JL, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wangia, EN, Werdecker, A, Xu, G, Yamada, T, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zhang, Y, Kassebaum, NJ, and Hay, SI
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0-59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3-5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization's median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e
Published: 2020

24. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Graetz, N, Woyczynski, L, Wilson, KF, Hall, JB, Abate, KH, Abd-Allah, F, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Afshari, M, Ajumobi, O, Akinyemiju, T, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alcalde Rabanal, JE, Alijanzadeh, M, Alipour, V, Altirkawi, K, Amiresmaili, M, Anber, NH, Andrei, CL, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Aryal, KK, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Atique, S, Ausloos, M, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Azari, S, Badawi, A, Banoub, JAM, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnett, A, Bedi, N, Bennett, DA, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Britton, G, Burstein, R, Butt, ZA, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Castro, F, Cerin, E, Chang, J-C, Collison, ML, Cooper, C, Cork, MA, Daoud, F, Das Gupta, R, Weaver, ND, De Neve, J-W, Deribe, K, Desalegn, BB, Deshpande, A, Desta, M, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dinberu, MT, Djalalinia, S, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duraes, AR, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Earl, L, Kalan, ME, El-Khatib, Z, Eshrati, B, Faramarzi, M, Fareed, M, Faro, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Garcia, JA, Gill, PS, Gill, TK, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Grada, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hasan, M, Hassen, HY, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Henry, NJ, Hernandez Prado, B, Herteliu, C, Hole, MK, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hu, G, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Izadi, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jha, RP, Ji, JS, Jonas, JB, Shushtari, ZJ, Jozwiak, JJ, Kanchan, T, Kasaeian, A, Karyani, AK, Keiyoro, PN, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khan, EA, Khater, MM, Kiadaliri, AA, Kiirithio, DN, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinyoki, DK, Kisa, A, Kosen, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Defo, BK, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Lami, FH, Lee, PH, Levine, AJ, Li, S, Liao, Y, Lim, L-L, Listl, S, Lopez, JCF, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansournia, MA, Martins-Melo, FR, Masaka, A, Massenburg, BB, Mayala, BK, Mehta, KM, Mendoza, W, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, TJ, Mestrovic, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moazen, B, Mohammad, DK, Darwesh, AM, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Monasta, L, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morrison, SD, Mosser, JF, Mousavi, SM, Murray, CJL, Mustafa, G, Nahvijou, A, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Ngunjiri, JW, Cuong, TN, Long, HN, Ningrum, DNA, Noubiap, JJ, Shiadeh, MN, Nyasulu, PS, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Onwujekwe, OE, Ortega-Altamirano, DDV, Ortiz-Panozo, E, Overland, S, Mahesh, PA, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pati, S, Patton, GC, Perico, N, Pigott, DM, Pirsaheb, M, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Prakash, S, Puri, P, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MHU, Rajati, F, Ranabhat, CL, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Reiner, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Rezapour, A, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Rubagotti, E, Sadat, N, Sadeghi, E, Safari, Y, Sagar, R, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salimi, Y, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Milicevic, MMS, Sartorius, B, Sathian, B, Sawant, AR, Schaeffer, LE, Schipp, MF, Schwebel, DC, Senbeta, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Siabani, S, Silveira, DGA, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Skirbekk, V, Sligar, A, Sobaih, BH, Soofi, M, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, MB, Sutradhar, I, Sylaja, P, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, BT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tessema, B, Tessema, ZT, Thankappan, KR, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Car, LT, Ullah, I, Uthman, OA, Valdez, PR, Veisani, Y, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wilkinson, JC, Winkler, AS, Wolfe, CDA, Yamada, T, Yeshaneh, A, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Bin Zaman, S, Zhang, J, Zhang, Y, Zodpey, S, Gakidou, E, Hay, SI, Graetz, N, Woyczynski, L, Wilson, KF, Hall, JB, Abate, KH, Abd-Allah, F, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Afshari, M, Ajumobi, O, Akinyemiju, T, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alcalde Rabanal, JE, Alijanzadeh, M, Alipour, V, Altirkawi, K, Amiresmaili, M, Anber, NH, Andrei, CL, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Aryal, KK, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Atique, S, Ausloos, M, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Azari, S, Badawi, A, Banoub, JAM, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnett, A, Bedi, N, Bennett, DA, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Britton, G, Burstein, R, Butt, ZA, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Castro, F, Cerin, E, Chang, J-C, Collison, ML, Cooper, C, Cork, MA, Daoud, F, Das Gupta, R, Weaver, ND, De Neve, J-W, Deribe, K, Desalegn, BB, Deshpande, A, Desta, M, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dinberu, MT, Djalalinia, S, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duraes, AR, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Earl, L, Kalan, ME, El-Khatib, Z, Eshrati, B, Faramarzi, M, Fareed, M, Faro, A, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Garcia, JA, Gill, PS, Gill, TK, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Grada, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hasan, M, Hassen, HY, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Henry, NJ, Hernandez Prado, B, Herteliu, C, Hole, MK, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hu, G, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Islam, SMS, Izadi, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jha, RP, Ji, JS, Jonas, JB, Shushtari, ZJ, Jozwiak, JJ, Kanchan, T, Kasaeian, A, Karyani, AK, Keiyoro, PN, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khan, EA, Khater, MM, Kiadaliri, AA, Kiirithio, DN, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinyoki, DK, Kisa, A, Kosen, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Defo, BK, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Lami, FH, Lee, PH, Levine, AJ, Li, S, Liao, Y, Lim, L-L, Listl, S, Lopez, JCF, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansournia, MA, Martins-Melo, FR, Masaka, A, Massenburg, BB, Mayala, BK, Mehta, KM, Mendoza, W, Mensah, GA, Meretoja, TJ, Mestrovic, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, EM, Moazen, B, Mohammad, DK, Darwesh, AM, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, AH, Monasta, L, Moodley, Y, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morrison, SD, Mosser, JF, Mousavi, SM, Murray, CJL, Mustafa, G, Nahvijou, A, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Ngunjiri, JW, Cuong, TN, Long, HN, Ningrum, DNA, Noubiap, JJ, Shiadeh, MN, Nyasulu, PS, Ogbo, FA, Olagunju, AT, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Onwujekwe, OE, Ortega-Altamirano, DDV, Ortiz-Panozo, E, Overland, S, Mahesh, PA, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pati, S, Patton, GC, Perico, N, Pigott, DM, Pirsaheb, M, Postma, MJ, Pourshams, A, Prakash, S, Puri, P, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MHU, Rajati, F, Ranabhat, CL, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Reiner, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Rezapour, A, Rios-Gonzalez, C, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Rubagotti, E, Sadat, N, Sadeghi, E, Safari, Y, Sagar, R, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salimi, Y, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Milicevic, MMS, Sartorius, B, Sathian, B, Sawant, AR, Schaeffer, LE, Schipp, MF, Schwebel, DC, Senbeta, AM, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sharma, R, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Siabani, S, Silveira, DGA, Singh, JA, Sinha, DN, Skirbekk, V, Sligar, A, Sobaih, BH, Soofi, M, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Sreeramareddy, CT, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, MB, Sutradhar, I, Sylaja, P, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadesse, BT, Temsah, M-H, Terkawi, AS, Tessema, B, Tessema, ZT, Thankappan, KR, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, BX, Car, LT, Ullah, I, Uthman, OA, Valdez, PR, Veisani, Y, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, GT, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wilkinson, JC, Winkler, AS, Wolfe, CDA, Yamada, T, Yeshaneh, A, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Bin Zaman, S, Zhang, J, Zhang, Y, Zodpey, S, Gakidou, E, and Hay, SI
Abstract: Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1-3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4-6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9-11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12-14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.
Published: 2020

25. Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author: James, SL, Lucchesi, LR, Bisignano, C, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Henry, NJ, McCracken, D, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Alahdab, F, Alipour, V, Andualem, Z, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Badiye, AD, Bagherzadeh, M, Banstola, A, Baernighausen, TW, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bhaumik, S, Bijani, A, Bukhman, G, Carvalho, F, Crowe, CS, Dalal, K, Daryani, A, Nasab, MD, Hoa, TD, Huyen, PD, Endries, AY, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Gebremedhin, KBB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gilani, SA, Haagsma, JA, Hamidi, S, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Igumbor, EU, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Jayatilleke, AU, Kahsay, A, Kapoor, N, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khazaee-Pool, M, Kokubo, Y, Lopez, AD, Madadin, M, Majdan, M, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Mangalam, S, Massenburg, BB, Meles, HG, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, TJ, Miazgowski, B, Miller, TR, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Morrison, SD, Negoi, I, Trang, HN, Son, HN, Cuong, TN, Nixon, MR, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Padubidri, JR, Polinder, S, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rezapour, A, Rickard, J, Roro, EM, Roy, N, Safari-Faramani, R, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Schwebel, DC, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shigematsu, M, Soheili, A, Stokes, MA, Tohidinik, HR, Bach, XT, Valdez, PR, Wijeratne, T, Yisma, E, Zaidi, Z, Zamani, M, Zhang, Z-J, Hay, S, Mokdad, AH, James, SL, Lucchesi, LR, Bisignano, C, Castle, CD, Dingels, Z, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Henry, NJ, McCracken, D, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Alahdab, F, Alipour, V, Andualem, Z, Antonio, CAT, Arabloo, J, Badiye, AD, Bagherzadeh, M, Banstola, A, Baernighausen, TW, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bhaumik, S, Bijani, A, Bukhman, G, Carvalho, F, Crowe, CS, Dalal, K, Daryani, A, Nasab, MD, Hoa, TD, Huyen, PD, Endries, AY, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Gebremedhin, KBB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gilani, SA, Haagsma, JA, Hamidi, S, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Igumbor, EU, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SSN, Jayatilleke, AU, Kahsay, A, Kapoor, N, Kasaeian, A, Khader, YS, Khalil, IA, Khan, EA, Khazaee-Pool, M, Kokubo, Y, Lopez, AD, Madadin, M, Majdan, M, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Mangalam, S, Massenburg, BB, Meles, HG, Menezes, RG, Meretoja, TJ, Miazgowski, B, Miller, TR, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Morrison, SD, Negoi, I, Trang, HN, Son, HN, Cuong, TN, Nixon, MR, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Padubidri, JR, Polinder, S, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, DL, Rezapour, A, Rickard, J, Roro, EM, Roy, N, Safari-Faramani, R, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Schwebel, DC, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Shigematsu, M, Soheili, A, Stokes, MA, Tohidinik, HR, Bach, XT, Valdez, PR, Wijeratne, T, Yisma, E, Zaidi, Z, Zamani, M, Zhang, Z-J, Hay, S, and Mokdad, AH
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Past research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of health loss globally. Detailed estimates of the morbidity and mortality from these injuries could help drive preventative measures and improved access to care. METHODS: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2017 framework to produce three main results. First, we produced results on incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. Second, we analysed these results to measure mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we reported the measures above in terms of the cause of fire, heat and hot substances and the types of bodily injuries that result. RESULTS: Globally, there were 8 991 468 (7 481 218 to 10 740 897) new fire, heat and hot substance injuries in 2017 with 120 632 (101 630 to 129 383) deaths. At the global level, the age-standardised mortality caused by fire, heat and hot substances significantly declined from 1990 to 2017, but regionally there was variability in age-standardised incidence with some regions experiencing an increase (eg, Southern Latin America) and others experiencing a significant decrease (eg, High-income North America). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and mortality of injuries that result from fire, heat and hot substances affect every region of the world but are most concentrated in middle and lower income areas. More resources should be invested in measuring these injuries as well as in improving infrastructure, advancing safety measures and ensuring access to care.
Published: 2020

26. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author: Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Miller-Petrie, M. K. (Molly K.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhikari, T. B. (Tara Ballav), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Marcela), Ahmadi, M. (Mehdi), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Akanda, A. S. (Ali S.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alam, N. (Noore), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Albright, J. (James), Albujeer, A. (Ammar), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Alebel, A. (Animut), Alemu, Z. A. (Zewdie Aderaw), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Amul, G. G. (Gianna Gayle Herrera), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansariadi, A. (Ansariadi), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Asmelash, D. (Daniel), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awasthi, S. (Shally), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azman, A. S. (Andrew S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barboza, M. A. (Miguel A.), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basu, S. (Sanjay), . (), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Ramirez, D. F. (Diana Fernanda Bejarano), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Benzian, H. (Habib), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Bin Sayeed, M. S. (Muhammad Shahdaat), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Brown, A. (Alexandria), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Rincon, J. C. (Julio Cesar Campuzano), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chalise, B. (Binaya), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Dadi, A. F. (Abel Fekadu Fekadu), Dahiru, T. (Tukur), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Daoud, F. (Farah), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Weaver, N. D. (Nicole Davis), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Dolecek, C. (Christiane), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa, I), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Enany, S. (Shymaa), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Faraon, E. J. (Emerito Jose A.), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fasil, A. F. (Alebachew Fasil), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fekadu, W. (Wubalem), Fentahun, N. (Netsanet), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Frostad, J. J. (Joseph Jon), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Garcia, G. M. (Gregory M.), Gatotoh, A. M. (Augustine Mwangi), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Geramo, Y. C. (Yilma Chisha Dea), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Sherbaf, F. G. (Farzaneh Ghazi), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Girmay, A. (Alem), Gizaw, Z. (Zemichael), Goodridge, A. (Amador), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Green, M. S. (Manfred S.), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Ha, G. H. (Giang Hai), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Haile, M. T. (Michael Tamene), Hall, B. J. (Brian J.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed, I), Hasan, M. (Mehedi), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hayelom, D. H. (Desta Haftu), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed, I), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hollerich, G. I. (Gillian, I), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Humayun, A. (Ayesha), Hussain, S. A. (Syed Ather), Hussen, M. A. (Mamusha Aman A.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R. Q. (Rebecca Q.), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karch, A. (Andre), Karki, S. (Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, N. (Nuruzzaman), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kusuma, D. (Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, A. (Aparna), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lebedev, G. (Georgy), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Lewycka, S. (Sonia), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Nasab, E. M. (Entezar Mehrabi), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. (Teferi), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Meles, H. G. (Hagazi Gebre), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Metekiya, W. M. (Workua Mekonnen), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, H. (Hassen), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, Q. P. (QuynhAnh P.), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris, V), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Pana, A. (Adrian), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patle, A. (Ajay), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Pham, H. Q. (Hai Quang), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Poljak, M. (Mario), Pollock, I. (Ian), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prada, S. I. (Sergio, I), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, P. C. (Puja C.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rath, G. K. (Goura Kishor), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Saleem, A. (Ahsan), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santos, I. S. (Itamar S.), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Sao Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sayyah, M. (Mehdi), Sbarra, A. N. (Alyssa N.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shahid, I. (Izza), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shin, J. I. (Jae Il), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Si, S. (Si), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, V. (Virendra), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, B. B. (Balbir Bagicha Singh), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Sinha, D. N. (Dhirendra Narain), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Smith, D. L. (David L.), Filho, A. M. (Adauto Martins Soares), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Taye, B. (Bineyam), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tekelemedhin, S. W. (Shishay Wahdey), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), ThekkePurakkal, A. S. (Akhil Soman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thompson, R. L. (Robert L.), Thomson, A. J. (Alan J.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uthman, O. A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Whawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wangdi, K. (Kinley), Weiss, D. J. (Daniel J.), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werkneh, A. A. (Adhena Ayaliew), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yaseri, M. (Mehdi), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon, I), Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Miller-Petrie, M. K. (Molly K.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedeji, I. A. (Isaac Akinkunmi), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhikari, T. B. (Tara Ballav), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Agudelo-Botero, M. (Marcela), Ahmadi, M. (Mehdi), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Akanda, A. S. (Ali S.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alam, N. (Noore), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Albright, J. (James), Albujeer, A. (Ammar), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Alebel, A. (Animut), Alemu, Z. A. (Zewdie Aderaw), Ali, M. (Muhammad), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Amul, G. G. (Gianna Gayle Herrera), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Ansariadi, A. (Ansariadi), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Asmelash, D. (Daniel), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awasthi, S. (Shally), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azman, A. S. (Andrew S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barboza, M. A. (Miguel A.), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basu, S. (Sanjay), . (), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Ramirez, D. F. (Diana Fernanda Bejarano), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Benzian, H. (Habib), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Bin Sayeed, M. S. (Muhammad Shahdaat), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Brown, A. (Alexandria), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Rincon, J. C. (Julio Cesar Campuzano), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chalise, B. (Binaya), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Cromwell, E. A. (Elizabeth A.), Dadi, A. F. (Abel Fekadu Fekadu), Dahiru, T. (Tukur), Dahlawi, S. M. (Saad M. A.), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Daoud, F. (Farah), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Weaver, N. D. (Nicole Davis), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Dolecek, C. (Christiane), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa, I), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Enany, S. (Shymaa), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Faraon, E. J. (Emerito Jose A.), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fasil, A. F. (Alebachew Fasil), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fekadu, W. (Wubalem), Fentahun, N. (Netsanet), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Flohr, C. (Carsten), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Frostad, J. J. (Joseph Jon), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Garcia, G. M. (Gregory M.), Gatotoh, A. M. (Augustine Mwangi), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Geramo, Y. C. (Yilma Chisha Dea), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Sherbaf, F. G. (Farzaneh Ghazi), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Girmay, A. (Alem), Gizaw, Z. (Zemichael), Goodridge, A. (Amador), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Green, M. S. (Manfred S.), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Ha, G. H. (Giang Hai), Haagsma, J. A. (Juanita A.), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Haile, M. T. (Michael Tamene), Hall, B. J. (Brian J.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed, I), Hasan, M. (Mehedi), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hayelom, D. H. (Desta Haftu), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed, I), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hollerich, G. I. (Gillian, I), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Humayun, A. (Ayesha), Hussain, S. A. (Syed Ather), Hussen, M. A. (Mamusha Aman A.), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R. Q. (Rebecca Q.), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jenabi, E. (Ensiyeh), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karch, A. (Andre), Karki, S. (Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, N. (Nuruzzaman), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B. K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kusuma, D. (Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lal, A. (Aparna), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Lebedev, G. (Georgy), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Lewycka, S. (Sonia), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Lopukhov, P. D. (Platon D.), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Nasab, E. M. (Entezar Mehrabi), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. (Teferi), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Meles, H. G. (Hagazi Gebre), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Metekiya, W. M. (Workua Mekonnen), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, H. (Hassen), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mosser, J. F. (Jonathan F.), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christopher J. L.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naghavi, M. (Mohsen), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, Q. P. (QuynhAnh P.), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris, V), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Pana, A. (Adrian), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patle, A. (Ajay), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Pham, H. Q. (Hai Quang), Pigott, D. M. (David M.), Pilgrim, T. (Thomas), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Poljak, M. (Mario), Pollock, I. (Ian), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prada, S. I. (Sergio, I), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rao, P. C. (Puja C.), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rath, G. K. (Goura Kishor), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Moghaddam, S. S. (Sahar Saeedi), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Saleem, A. (Ahsan), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santos, I. S. (Itamar S.), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Sao Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sayyah, M. (Mehdi), Sbarra, A. N. (Alyssa N.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaheen, A. A. (Amira A.), Shahid, I. (Izza), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shin, J. I. (Jae Il), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Si, S. (Si), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, V. (Virendra), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, B. B. (Balbir Bagicha Singh), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Sinha, D. N. (Dhirendra Narain), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Smith, D. L. (David L.), Filho, A. M. (Adauto Martins Soares), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soriano, J. B. (Joan B.), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Spurlock, E. E. (Emma Elizabeth), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Taye, B. (Bineyam), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tekelemedhin, S. W. (Shishay Wahdey), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), ThekkePurakkal, A. S. (Akhil Soman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Thompson, R. L. (Robert L.), Thomson, A. J. (Alan J.), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uthman, O. A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Whawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wangdi, K. (Kinley), Weiss, D. J. (Daniel J.), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Werkneh, A. A. (Adhena Ayaliew), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yaseri, M. (Mehdi), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Moghadam, T. Z. (Telma Zahirian), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zar, H. J. (Heather J.), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon, I), and Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.)
Abstract: Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0)
Published: 2020

27. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author: Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Acharya, D. (Dilaram), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhena, B. M. (Beyene Meressa), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Ahmad, S. (Sohail), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, R. (Rushdia), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, N. (Noore), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, B. A. (Beriwan Abdulqadir), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Anoushiravani, A. (Amir), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azzopardi, P. S. (Peter S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Babalola, T. K. (Tesleem Kayode), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bairwa, M. (Mohan), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Bali, A. G. (Ayele Geleto), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basaleem, H. (Huda), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Bay, V. D. (Vo Dinh), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Baye, E. (Estifanos), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Bekele, B. B. (Bayu Begashaw), Belayneh, Y. M. (Yaschilal Muche), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Birihane, B. M. (Binyam Minuye), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bojia, H. A. (Hunduma Amensisa), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Bragazzi, N. L. (Nicola Luigi), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Busse, R. (Reinhard), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Chanie, W. F. (Wagaye Fentahun), Chatterjee, P. (Pranab), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chichiabellu, T. Y. (Tesfaye Yitna), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Culquichicon, C. (Carlos), Daba, M. S. (Matiwos Soboka), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davey, G. (Gail), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Davis, A. C. (Adrian C.), Davitoiu, D. V. (Dragos Virgil), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), Demis, A. B. (Asmamaw Bizuneh), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demissie, G. D. (Getu Debalkie), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duko, B. (Bereket), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Kalan, M. E. (Mohammad Ebrahimi), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), El Sayed, I. (Iman), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elema, T. B. (Teshome Bekele), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Elyazar, I. R. (Iqbal R. F.), Endalamaw, A. (Aklilu), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Esteghamati, S. (Sadaf), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebre, T. (Teshome), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G. G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghadiri, K. (Keyghobad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Ghimire, P. R. (Pramesh Raj), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Gomes, N. G. (Nelson G. M.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Grada, A. (Ayman), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Hailu, G. B. (Gessessew Bugssa), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hasan, M. M. (Md Mehedi), Hasanpoor, E. (Edris), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hoang, C. L. (Chi Linh), Rad, E. H. (Enayatollah Homaie), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hoseini, M. (Mohammad), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseini, M. (Mostafa), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hsairi, M. (Mohamed), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Hussen, M. M. (Mohammedaman Mama), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Igumbor, E. U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Izadi, N. (Neda), Jaca, A. (Anelisa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Matin, B. K. (Behzad Karami), Karch, A. (Andre), Karim, M. A. (Mohd Anisul), Karki, H. K. (Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasahun, Y. C. (Yawukal Chane), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Karyani, A. K. (Ali Kazemi), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Kelbore, A. G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A. P. (Andre Pascal), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, M. N. (Md Nuruzzaman), Khan, M. S. (Muhammad Shahzeb), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissoon, N. (Niranjan), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kraemer, M. U. (Moritz U. G.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kusuma, V. K. (Vivek Kumar Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lad, S. D. (Sheetal D.), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, F. (Felix), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lamichhane, P. (Prabhat), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Liu, S. (Simin), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Longbottom, J. (Joshua), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manda, A. L. (Ana Laura), Manohar, N. D. (Narendar Dawani Dawanu), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Maravilla, J. C. (Joemer C.), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B. B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. (Amjad), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, K. A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moore, C. E. (Catrin E.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Muchie, K. F. (Kindie Fentahun), Mulaw, G. F. (Getahun Fentaw), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christoper J. L.), Murthy, G. V. (G. V. S.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabhan, A. F. (Ashraf F.), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naidoo, K. S. (Kovin S.), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, C. T. (Cuong Tat), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, D. (Dabere), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Nong, V. M. (Vuong Minh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogah, O. S. (Okechukwu Samuel), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T. O. (Tinuke O.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Oren, E. (Eyal), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris V.), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Paternina-Caicedo, A. J. (Angel J.), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paudel, D. (Deepak), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Piroozi, B. (Bakhtiar), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prasad, N. (Narayan), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (Afarin), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, S. (Shafiur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rana, S. M. (Saleem Muhammad), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rawaf, D. L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Reta, M. A. (Melese Abate), Rezaei, N. (Negar), Rezai, M. S. (Mohammad Sadegh), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Rios-Blancas, M. (Maria), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roro, E. M. (Elias Merdassa), Ross, J. M. (Jennifer M.), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabde, Y. D. (Yogesh Damodar), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi Sao), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarkar, K. (Kaushik), Sarker, A. R. (Abdur Razzaque), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabaninejad, H. (Hosein), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shallo, S. A. (Seifadin Ahmed), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharifi, H. (Hamid), Shehata, H. S. (Hatem Samir), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shifti, D. M. (Desalegn Markos), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, V. (Virendra), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soltani, S. (Shahin), Somayaji, R. (Ranjani), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sultana, M. (Marufa), Sunguya, B. F. (Bruno Fokas), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Tasew, A. A. (Aberash Abay), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, B. (Belay), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Toma, A. (Alemayehu), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K. B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uzochukwu, B. S. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P. R. (Pascual R.), Varughese, S. (Santosh), Violante, F. S. (Francesco S.), Vollmer, S. (Sebastian), Hawariat, F. G. (Feleke Gebremeskel W.), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wallin, M. T. (Mitchell Taylor), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Weaver, M. (Marcia), Weji, B. G. (Bedilu Girma), Weldesamuel, G. T. (Girmay Teklay), Welgan, C. A. (Catherine A.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Westerman, R. (Ronny), Wiangkham, T. (Taweewat), Wiysonge, C. S. (Charles Shey), Wolde, H. F. (Haileab Fekadu), Wondafrash, D. Z. (Dawit Zewdu), Wonde, T. E. (Tewodros Eshete), Worku, G. T. (Getasew Taddesse), Wu, A.-M. (Ai-Min), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yadollahpour, A. (Ali), Jabbari, S. H. (Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yatsuya, H. (Hiroshi), Yeshaneh, A. (Alex), Yilgwan, C. S. (Christopher Sabo), Yilma, M. T. (Mekdes Tigistu), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Yoon, S.-J. (Seok-Jun), Younis, M. Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zepro, N. B. (Nejimu Biza), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Zhao, X. G. (Xiu-Ju George), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.), Wiens, K. E. (Kirsten E.), Lindstedt, P. A. (Paulina A.), Blacker, B. F. (Brigette F.), Johnson, K. B. (Kimberly B.), Baumann, M. M. (Mathew M.), Schaeffer, L. E. (Lauren E.), Abbastabar, H. (Hedayat), Abd-Allah, F. (Foad), Abdelalim, A. (Ahmed), Abdollahpour, I. (Ibrahim), Abegaz, K. H. (Kedir Hussein), Abejie, A. N. (Ayenew Negesse), Abreu, L. G. (Lucas Guimaraes), Abrigo, M. R. (Michael R. M.), Abualhasan, A. (Ahmed), Accrombessi, M. M. (Manfred Mario Kokou), Acharya, D. (Dilaram), Adabi, M. (Maryam), Adamu, A. A. (Abdu A.), Adebayo, O. M. (Oladimeji M.), Adedoyin, R. A. (Rufus Adesoji), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Adetokunboh, O. O. (Olatunji O.), Adhena, B. M. (Beyene Meressa), Afarideh, M. (Mohsen), Ahmad, S. (Sohail), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ahmed, A. E. (Anwar E.), Ahmed, M. B. (Muktar Beshir), Ahmed, R. (Rushdia), Akalu, T. Y. (Temesgen Yihunie), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Al-Aly, Z. (Ziyad), Alam, N. (Noore), Alam, S. (Samiah), Alamene, G. M. (Genet Melak), Alanzi, T. M. (Turki M.), Alcalde-Rabanal, J. E. (Jacqueline Elizabeth), Ali, B. A. (Beriwan Abdulqadir), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Aljunid, S. M. (Syed Mohamed), Almasi, A. (Ali), Almasi-Hashiani, A. (Amir), Al-Mekhlafi, H. M. (Hesham M.), Altirkawi, K. A. (Khalid A.), Alvis-Guzman, N. (Nelson), Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J. (Nelson J.), Amini, S. (Saeed), Amit, A. M. (Arianna Maever L.), Andrei, C. L. (Catalina Liliana), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Anoushiravani, A. (Amir), Ansari, F. (Fereshteh), Antonio, C. A. (Carl Abelardo T.), Antony, B. (Benny), Antriyandarti, E. (Ernoiz), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aref, H. M. (Hany Mohamed Amin), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Armoon, B. (Bahram), Arora, A. (Amit), Aryal, K. K. (Krishna K.), Arzani, A. (Afsaneh), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atalay, H. T. (Hagos Tasew), Athari, S. S. (Seyyed Shamsadin), Athari, S. M. (Seyyede Masoume), Atre, S. R. (Sachin R.), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Awoke, N. (Nefsu), Quintanilla, B. P. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Ayano, G. (Getinet), Ayanore, M. A. (Martin Amogre), Aynalem, Y. A. (Yared Asmare), Azari, S. (Samad), Azzopardi, P. S. (Peter S.), Babaee, E. (Ebrahim), Babalola, T. K. (Tesleem Kayode), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bairwa, M. (Mohan), Bakkannavar, S. M. (Shankar M.), Balakrishnan, S. (Senthilkumar), Bali, A. G. (Ayele Geleto), Banach, M. (Maciej), Banoub, J. A. (Joseph Adel Mattar), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Barnighausen, T. W. (Till Winfried), Basaleem, H. (Huda), Basu, S. (Sanjay), Bay, V. D. (Vo Dinh), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Baye, E. (Estifanos), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Beheshti, M. (Mahya), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Bekele, B. B. (Bayu Begashaw), Belayneh, Y. M. (Yaschilal Muche), Bell, M. L. (Michelle L.), Bennett, D. A. (Derrick A.), Berbada, D. A. (Dessalegn Ajema), Bernstein, R. S. (Robert S.), Bhat, A. G. (Anusha Ganapati), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z. A. (Zulfiqar A.), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Birihane, B. M. (Binyam Minuye), Biswas, R. K. (Raaj Kishore), Bohlouli, S. (Somayeh), Bojia, H. A. (Hunduma Amensisa), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brady, O. J. (Oliver J.), Bragazzi, N. L. (Nicola Luigi), Briko, A. N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Briko, N. I. (Nikolay Ivanovich), Britton, G. B. (Gabrielle B.), Nagaraja, S. B. (Sharath Burugina), Busse, R. (Reinhard), Butt, Z. A. (Zahid A.), Camera, L. A. (Luis Alberto), Campos-Nonato, I. R. (Ismael R.), Cano, J. (Jorge), Car, J. (Josip), Cardenas, R. (Rosario), Carvalho, F. (Felix), Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A. (Carlos A.), Castro, F. (Franz), Chanie, W. F. (Wagaye Fentahun), Chatterjee, P. (Pranab), Chattu, V. K. (Vijay Kumar), Chichiabellu, T. Y. (Tesfaye Yitna), Chin, K. L. (Ken Lee), Christopher, D. J. (Devasahayam J.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cormier, N. M. (Natalie Maria), Costa, V. M. (Vera Marisa), Culquichicon, C. (Carlos), Daba, M. S. (Matiwos Soboka), Damiani, G. (Giovanni), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Dang, A. K. (Anh Kim), Darwesh, A. M. (Aso Mohammad), Darwish, A. H. (Amira Hamed), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Das, J. K. (Jai K.), Das Gupta, R. (Rajat), Dash, A. P. (Aditya Prasad), Davey, G. (Gail), Davila-Cervantes, C. A. (Claudio Alberto), Davis, A. C. (Adrian C.), Davitoiu, D. V. (Dragos Virgil), De la Hoz, F. P. (Fernando Pio), Demis, A. B. (Asmamaw Bizuneh), Demissie, D. B. (Dereje Bayissa), Demissie, G. D. (Getu Debalkie), Demoz, G. T. (Gebre Teklemariam), Denova-Gutierrez, E. (Edgar), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalew, A. (Assefa), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Dharmaratne, S. D. (Samath Dhamminda), Dhillon, P. (Preeti), Dhimal, M. (Meghnath), Dhungana, G. P. (Govinda Prasad), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dipeolu, I. O. (Isaac Oluwafemi), Djalalinia, S. (Shirin), Doyle, K. E. (Kerrie E.), Dubljanin, E. (Eleonora), Duko, B. (Bereket), Duraes, A. R. (Andre Rodrigues), Kalan, M. E. (Mohammad Ebrahimi), Edinur, H. A. (Hisham Atan), Effiong, A. (Andem), Eftekhari, A. (Aziz), El Nahas, N. (Nevine), El Sayed, I. (Iman), Zaki, M. E. (Maysaa El Sayed), El Tantawi, M. (Maha), Elema, T. B. (Teshome Bekele), Elhabashy, H. R. (Hala Rashad), El-Jaafary, S. I. (Shaimaa I.), Elkout, H. (Hajer), Elsharkawy, A. (Aisha), Elyazar, I. R. (Iqbal R. F.), Endalamaw, A. (Aklilu), Endalew, D. A. (Daniel Adane), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Esteghamati, A. (Alireza), Esteghamati, S. (Sadaf), Etemadi, A. (Arash), Ezekannagha, O. (Oluchi), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faridnia, R. (Roghiyeh), Farzadfar, F. (Farshad), Fazlzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Feigin, V. L. (Valery L.), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N. A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M. O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Foroutan, M. (Masoud), Franklin, R. C. (Richard Charles), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gad, M. M. (Mohamed M.), Gayesa, R. T. (Reta Tsegaye), Gebre, T. (Teshome), Gebremedhin, K. B. (Ketema Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G. G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gesesew, H. A. (Hailay Abrha), Gezae, K. E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghadiri, K. (Keyghobad), Ghashghaee, A. (Ahmad), Ghimire, P. R. (Pramesh Raj), Gill, P. S. (Paramjit Singh), Gill, T. K. (Tiffany K.), Ginindza, T. G. (Themba G.), Gomes, N. G. (Nelson G. M.), Gopalani, S. V. (Sameer Vali), Goulart, A. C. (Alessandra C.), Goulart, B. N. (Barbara Niegia Garcia), Grada, A. (Ayman), Gubari, M. I. (Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen), Gugnani, H. C. (Harish Chander), Guido, D. (Davide), Guimaraes, R. A. (Rafael Alves), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rajeev), Hafezi-Nejad, N. (Nima), Haile, D. H. (Dessalegn H.), Hailu, G. B. (Gessessew Bugssa), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R. R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Handiso, D. W. (Demelash Woldeyohannes), Haririan, H. (Hamidreza), Hariyani, N. (Ninuk), Hasaballah, A. I. (Ahmed I.), Hasan, M. M. (Md Mehedi), Hasanpoor, E. (Edris), Hasanzadeh, A. (Amir), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H. Y. (Hamid Yimam), Hegazy, M. I. (Mohamed I.), Heibati, B. (Behzad), Heidari, B. (Behnam), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henry, N. J. (Nathaniel J.), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Heydarpour, F. (Fatemeh), de Hidru, H. D. (Hagos Degefa), Hird, T. R. (Thomas R.), Hoang, C. L. (Chi Linh), Rad, E. H. (Enayatollah Homaie), Hoogar, P. (Praveen), Hoseini, M. (Mohammad), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseini, M. (Mostafa), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Hsairi, M. (Mohamed), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Hussen, M. M. (Mohammedaman Mama), Ibitoye, S. E. (Segun Emmanuel), Igumbor, E. U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O. S. (Olayinka Stephen), Ilic, M. D. (Milena D.), Imani-Nasab, M. H. (Mohammad Hasan), Iqbal, U. (Usman), Irvani, S. S. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S. M. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Iwu, C. J. (Chinwe Juliana), Izadi, N. (Neda), Jaca, A. (Anelisa), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jalali, A. (Amir), Jayatilleke, A. U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R. P. (Ravi Prakash), Jha, V. (Vivekanand), Ji, J. S. (John S.), Jonas, J. B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J. J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kabir, Z. (Zubair), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kalani, H. (Hamed), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Matin, B. K. (Behzad Karami), Karch, A. (Andre), Karim, M. A. (Mohd Anisul), Karki, H. K. (Hamidreza Karimi-Sari Surendra), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kasahun, G. G. (Gebremicheal Gebreslassie), Kasahun, Y. C. (Yawukal Chane), Kasaye, H. K. (Habtamu Kebebe), Kassa, G. G. (Gebrehiwot G.), Kassa, G. M. (Getachew Mullu), Kayode, G. A. (Gbenga A.), Karyani, A. K. (Ali Kazemi), Kebede, M. M. (Mihiretu M.), Keiyoro, P. N. (Peter Njenga), Kelbore, A. G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A. P. (Andre Pascal), Ketema, D. B. (Daniel Bekele), Khader, Y. S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M. A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khalilov, R. (Rovshan), Khan, E. A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khan, J. (Junaid), Khan, M. N. (Md Nuruzzaman), Khan, M. S. (Muhammad Shahzeb), Khatab, K. (Khaled), Khater, A. M. (Amir M.), Khater, M. M. (Mona M.), Khayamzadeh, M. (Maryam), Khazaei, M. (Mohammad), Khazaei, S. (Salman), Khosravi, M. H. (Mohammad Hossein), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kiadaliri, A. (Ali), Kim, Y. J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R. W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kisa, S. (Sezer), Kissoon, N. (Niranjan), Shivakumar, K. M. (K. M.), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kolola, T. (Tufa), Komaki, H. (Hamidreza), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koul, P. A. (Parvaiz A.), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kraemer, M. U. (Moritz U. G.), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Kugbey, N. (Nuworza), Kumar, G. A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Kumar, P. (Pushpendra), Kusuma, V. K. (Vivek Kumar Dian), La Vecchia, C. (Carlo), Lacey, B. (Ben), Lad, S. D. (Sheetal D.), Lal, D. K. (Dharmesh Kumar), Lam, F. (Felix), Lami, F. H. (Faris Hasan), Lamichhane, P. (Prabhat), Lansingh, V. C. (Van Charles), Lasrado, S. (Savita), Laxmaiah, A. (Avula), Lee, P. H. (Paul H.), LeGrand, K. E. (Kate E.), Leili, M. (Mostafa), Lenjebo, T. L. (Tsegaye Lolaso), Leshargie, C. T. (Cheru Tesema), Levine, A. J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Liu, S. (Shiwei), Liu, S. (Simin), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), Longbottom, J. (Joshua), Lopez, J. C. (Jaifred Christian F.), Abd El Razek, H. M. (Hassan Magdy), Abd El Razek, M. M. (Muhammed Magdy), Prasad, D. R. (D. R. Mahadeshwara), Mahasha, P. W. (Phetole Walter), Mahotra, N. B. (Narayan B.), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D. C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A. A. (Abdullah A.), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manda, A. L. (Ana Laura), Manohar, N. D. (Narendar Dawani Dawanu), Mansournia, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Mapoma, C. C. (Chabila Christopher), Maravilla, J. C. (Joemer C.), Martinez, G. (Gabriel), Martini, S. (Santi), Martins-Melo, F. R. (Francisco Rogerlandio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B. B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mathur, M. R. (Manu Raj), Mayala, B. K. (Benjamin K.), Mazidi, M. (Mohsen), McAlinden, C. (Colm), Meharie, B. G. (Birhanu Geta), Mehndiratta, M. M. (Man Mohan), Mehta, K. M. (Kala M.), Mekonnen, T. C. (Tefera Chane), Meles, G. G. (Gebrekiros Gebremichael), Memiah, P. T. (Peter T. N.), Memish, Z. A. (Ziad A.), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Menezes, R. G. (Ritesh G.), Mereta, S. T. (Seid Tiku), Meretoja, T. J. (Tuomo J.), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Mihretie, K. M. (Kebadnew Mulatu), Miller, T. R. (Ted R.), Mini, G. K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E. M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohajer, B. (Bahram), Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A. (Amjad), Mohammad, D. K. (Dara K.), Mohammad, K. A. (Karzan Abdulmuhsin), Mohammad, Y. (Yousef), Mezerji, N. M. (Naser Mohammad Gholi), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammadifard, N. (Noushin), Mohammed, J. A. (Jemal Abdu), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A. H. (Ali H.), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moore, C. E. (Catrin E.), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi, M. (Masoud), Moradi-Joo, M. (Mohammad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morales, L. (Linda), Velasquez, I. M. (Ilais Moreno), Mosapour, A. (Abbas), Mouodi, S. (Simin), Mousavi, S. M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mozaffor, M. (Miliva), Muchie, K. F. (Kindie Fentahun), Mulaw, G. F. (Getahun Fentaw), Munro, S. B. (Sandra B.), Muriithi, M. K. (Moses K.), Murray, C. J. (Christoper J. L.), Murthy, G. V. (G. V. S.), Musa, K. I. (Kamarul Imran), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Muthupandian, S. (Saravanan), Nabhan, A. F. (Ashraf F.), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Nagarajan, A. J. (Ahamarshan Jayaraman), Naidoo, K. S. (Kovin S.), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nansseu, J. R. (Jobert Richie), Nascimento, B. R. (Bruno Ramos), Nazari, J. (Javad), Ndwandwe, D. E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Netsere, H. B. (Henok Biresaw), Ngunjiri, J. W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, C. T. (Cuong Tat), Nguyen, H. L. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, T. H. (Trang Huyen), Nigatu, D. (Dabere), Nigatu, S. G. (Solomon Gedlu), Ningrum, D. N. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nnaji, C. A. (Chukwudi A.), Nojomi, M. (Marzieh), Nong, V. M. (Vuong Minh), Norheim, O. F. (Ole F.), Noubiap, J. J. (Jean Jacques), Motlagh, S. N. (Soraya Nouraei), Oancea, B. (Bogdan), Ogah, O. S. (Okechukwu Samuel), Ogbo, F. A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Olagunju, A. T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T. O. (Tinuke O.), Olusanya, B. O. (Bolajoko Olubukunola), Olusanya, J. O. (Jacob Olusegun), Onwujekwe, O. E. (Obinna E.), Oren, E. (Eyal), Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. (Doris V.), Osarenotor, O. (Osayomwanbo), Osei, F. B. (Frank B.), Owolabi, M. O. (Mayowa O.), Mahesh, P. A. (P. A.), Padubidri, J. R. (Jagadish Rao), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Patel, S. K. (Sangram Kishor), Paternina-Caicedo, A. J. (Angel J.), Pathak, A. (Ashish), Patton, G. C. (George C.), Paudel, D. (Deepak), Paulos, K. (Kebreab), Pepito, V. C. (Veincent Christian Filipino), Pereira, A. (Alexandre), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pervaiz, A. (Aslam), Pescarini, J. M. (Julia Moreira), Piroozi, B. (Bakhtiar), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Postma, M. J. (Maarten J.), Pourjafar, H. (Hadi), Pourmalek, F. (Farshad), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Poustchi, H. (Hossein), Prada, S. I. (Sergio I.), Prasad, N. (Narayan), Preotescu, L. (Liliana), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahim, F. (Fakher), Rahimi-Movaghar, A. (Afarin), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M. H. (Mohammad Hifz Ur), Rahman, M. A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rahman, S. (Shafiur), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rana, S. M. (Saleem Muhammad), Ranabhat, C. L. (Chhabi Lal), Rasella, D. (Davide), Rawaf, D. L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawal, L. (Lal), Rawasia, W. F. (Wasiq Faraz), Renjith, V. (Vishnu), Renzaho, A. M. (Andre M. N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Reta, M. A. (Melese Abate), Rezaei, N. (Negar), Rezai, M. S. (Mohammad Sadegh), Riahi, S. M. (Seyed Mohammad), Ribeiro, A. I. (Ana Isabel), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Rios-Blancas, M. (Maria), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roro, E. M. (Elias Merdassa), Ross, J. M. (Jennifer M.), Rubagotti, E. (Enrico), Rubino, S. (Salvatore), Saad, A. M. (Anas M.), Sabde, Y. D. (Yogesh Damodar), Sabour, S. (Siamak), Sadeghi, E. (Ehsan), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Sagar, R. (Rajesh), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Sahraian, M. A. (Mohammad Ali), Sajadi, S. M. (S. Mohammad), Salahshoor, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salem, H. (Hosni), Salem, M. R. (Marwa Rashad), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A. M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Santric-Milicevic, M. M. (Milena M.), Jose, B. P. (Bruno Piassi Sao), Saraswathy, S. Y. (Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer), Sarkar, K. (Kaushik), Sarker, A. R. (Abdur Razzaque), Sarrafzadegan, N. (Nizal), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Sathish, T. (Thirunavukkarasu), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Schwebel, D. C. (David C.), Senbeta, A. M. (Anbissa Muleta), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S. G. (Sadaf G.), Servan-Mori, E. (Edson), Shabaninejad, H. (Hosein), Shafieesabet, A. (Azadeh), Shaikh, M. A. (Masood Ali), Shalash, A. S. (Ali S.), Shallo, S. A. (Seifadin Ahmed), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsi, M. (MohammadBagher), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Shannawaz, M. (Mohammed), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharifi, H. (Hamid), Shehata, H. S. (Hatem Samir), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shetty, B. S. (B. Suresh Kumar), Shibuya, K. (Kenji), Shiferaw, W. S. (Wondimeneh Shibabaw), Shifti, D. M. (Desalegn Markos), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Il Shin, J. (Jae), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shirkoohi, R. (Reza), Siabani, S. (Soraya), Siddiqi, T. J. (Tariq Jamal), Silva, D. A. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, A. (Ambrish), Singh, J. A. (Jasvinder A.), Singh, N. P. (Narinder Pal), Singh, V. (Virendra), Sisay, M. M. (Malede Mequanent), Skiadaresi, E. (Eirini), Sobhiyeh, M. R. (Mohammad Reza), Sokhan, A. (Anton), Soltani, S. (Shahin), Somayaji, R. (Ranjani), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sorrie, M. B. (Muluken Bekele), Soyiri, I. N. (Ireneous N.), Sreeramareddy, C. T. (Chandrashekhar T.), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M. B. (Mu'awiyyah Babale), Suleria, H. A. (Hafiz Ansar Rasul), Sultana, M. (Marufa), Sunguya, B. F. (Bruno Fokas), Sykes, B. L. (Bryan L.), Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabuchi, T. (Takahiro), Tadesse, D. B. (Degena Bahrey), Tarigan, I. U. (Ingan Ukur), Tasew, A. A. (Aberash Abay), Tefera, Y. M. (Yonatal Mesfin), Tekle, M. G. (Merhawi Gebremedhin), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Tesfay, B. E. (Berhe Etsay), Tesfay, F. H. (Fisaha Haile), Tessema, B. (Belay), Tessema, Z. T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thankappan, K. R. (Kavumpurathu Raman), Thomas, N. (Nihal), Toma, A. (Alemayehu), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Tovani-Palone, M. R. (Marcos Roberto), Traini, E. (Eugenio), Tran, B. X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K. B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Unnikrishnan, B. (Bhaskaran), Usman, M. S. (Muhammad Shariq), Uzochukwu, B. 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(Mahmoud), Yousof, H. S. (Hebat-Allah Salah A.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Yusefzadeh, H. (Hasan), Zadey, S. (Siddhesh), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Bin Zaman, S. (Sojib), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zandian, H. (Hamed), Zepro, N. B. (Nejimu Biza), Zerfu, T. A. (Taddese Alemu), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Zhao, X. G. (Xiu-Ju George), Ziapour, A. (Arash), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Zuniga, Y. M. (Yves Miel H.), Hay, S. I. (Simon I.), and Reiner, R. C. (Robert C., Jr.)
Abstract: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall O
Published: 2020

28. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study.

Author: James, SL, Castle, CD, Dingels, ZV, Fox, JT, Hamilton, EB, Liu, Z, Roberts, NLS, Sylte, DO, Bertolacci, GJ, Cunningham, M, Henry, NJ, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, JS, Chapman, JR, Chattu, VK, Chattu, SK, Chatziralli, I, Chaudhary, N, Cho, DY, Choi, J-YJ, LeGrand, KE, Kabir Chowdhury, MA, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Cicuttini, FM, Coelho, JM, Costa, VM, Dahlawi, SMA, Daryani, A, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Leo, DD, Abdelalim, A, Demeke, FM, Demoz, GT, Demsie, DG, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Nasab, MD, Silva, DDD, Dibaji Forooshani, ZS, Do, HT, Doyle, KE, Abdollahpour, I, Driscoll, TR, Dubljanin, E, Adema, BD, Eagan, AW, Elemineh, DA, El-Jaafary, SI, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, CL, Zaki, MES, Eskandarieh, S, Abdulkader, RS, Eyawo, O, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Folayan, MO, Fomenkov, AA, Abedi, A, Foroutan, M, Francis, JM, Franklin, RC, Fukumoto, T, Geberemariyam, BS, Gebremariam, H, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremeskel, LG, Gebremeskel, GG, Gebremichael, B, Abegaz, KH, Gedefaw, GA, Geta, B, Getenet, AB, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Gheshlagh, RG, Gholamian, A, Gilani, SA, Gill, TK, Goudarzian, AH, Abosetugn, AE, Goulart, AC, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Guimarães, RA, Guo, Y, Gupta, G, Haagsma, JA, Hall, BJ, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Abushouk, AI, Handiso, DW, Haro, JM, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassan, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, R, Hendrie, D, Heydarpour, F, Adebayo, OM, Híjar, M, Ho, HC, Hoang, CL, Hole, MK, Holla, R, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Ibitoye, SE, Adsuar, JC, Ilesanmi, OS, Inbaraj, LR, Naghibi Irvani, SS, Mofizul Islam, M, Shariful Islam, SM, Ivers, RQ, Jahani, MA, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, Jayaraman, S, Advani, SM, Jayatilleke, AU, Jha, RP, John-Akinola, YO, Jonas, JB, Jones, KM, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Jungari, SB, Jürisson, M, Agudelo-Botero, M, Kabir, A, Kahsay, A, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kamil, TA, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Kasaeian, A, Kassaye, HG, Ahmad, T, Kavetskyy, T, Kayode, GA, Keiyoro, PN, Kelbore, AG, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khalid, N, Khalil, IA, Khalilov, R, Khan, M, Ahmed, MB, Khan, EA, Khan, J, Khanna, T, Khazaei, S, Khazaie, H, Khundkar, R, Kiirithio, DN, Kim, Y-E, Kim, YJ, Kim, D, Ahmed, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Komaki, H, Kondlahalli, SKM, Koolivand, A, Korshunov, VA, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, MUG, Krishan, K, Defo, BK, Eddine Aichour, MT, Bicer, BK, Kugbey, N, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kumar, V, Kumaresh, G, Lami, FH, Lansingh, VC, Lasrado, S, Alahdab, F, Latifi, A, Lauriola, P, Vecchia, CL, Leasher, JL, Huey Lee, SW, Li, S, Liu, X, Lopez, AD, Lotufo, PA, Lyons, RA, Alanezi, FM, Machado, DB, Madadin, M, Abd El Razek, MM, Mahotra, NB, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Maled, V, Malta, DC, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Alema, NM, Manda, A-L, Manjunatha, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, MA, Maravilla, JC, Mason-Jones, AJ, Masoumi, SZ, Massenburg, BB, Maulik, PK, Mehndiratta, MM, Alemu, BW, Melketsedik, ZA, Memiah, PTN, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengesha, MM, Meretoja, TJ, Meretoja, A, Merie, HE, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Alghnam, SA, Miazgowski, T, Miller, TR, Mini, GK, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Ali, BA, Mohammad, Y, Darwesh, AM, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, JA, Mohebi, F, Mohseni Bandpei, MA, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Ali, S, Moodley, Y, Moradi, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Velásquez, IM, Morrison, SD, Mossie, TB, Muluneh, AG, Alinia, C, Musa, KI, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Naik, G, Naimzada, MD, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nascimento, BR, Naserbakht, M, Alipour, V, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Ndwandwe, DE, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, TH, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, DN, Thi Nguyen, HL, Nikbakhsh, R, Aljunid, SM, Anggraini Ningrum, DN, Nnaji, CA, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, FA, Oghenetega, OB, Oh, I-H, Olagunju, AT, Olagunju, TO, Bali, AO, Onwujekwe, OE, 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Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, P A, M, Padubidri, JR, Pakhale, S, Pakshir, K, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E-K, Almasri, NA, Patel, SK, Pathak, A, Pati, S, Paulos, K, Peden, AE, Filipino Pepito, VC, Pereira, J, Phillips, MR, Polibin, RV, Polinder, S, Altirkawi, K, Pourmalek, F, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Prakash, S, Angga Pribadi, DR, Puri, P, Syed, ZQ, Rabiee, N, Rabiee, M, Radfar, A, Abdeldayem Amer, YS, Rafay, A, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi, S, Rahman, MA, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Rao, SJ, Andrei, CL, Rashedi, V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Renjith, V, Resnikoff, S, Rezapour, A, Ribeiro, AI, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Rickard, J, Rios González, CM, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Saddik, B, Safarpour, H, Safdarian, M, Mohammad Sajadi, S, Salamati, P, T Antonio, CA, Rashad Salem, MR, Salem, H, Salz, I, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Riera, LS, Santric Milicevic, MM, Sarker, AR, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Anvari, D, Sawhney, M, Sayyah, M, 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Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Youm, Y, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Asaad, M, Yu, Y, Moghadam, TZ, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, SB, Zamani, M, Zandian, H, Zarei, F, Zhang, Z-J, Zhang, Y, Ziapour, A, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Zodpey, S, Dandona, R, Dharmaratne, SD, Hay, SI, Mokdad, AH, Pigott, DM, Reiner, RC, Vos, T, Ayano, G, Ayanore, MA, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, AD, Baig, AA, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, SK, Banik, PC, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Belete, H, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhe, K, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, AG, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, ZA, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Boloor, A, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Borzì, AM, Boufous, S, Braithwaite, D, Briko, NI, Brugha, T, Budhathoki, SS, Car, J, Cárdenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, and Castelpietra, G
Abstract: BACKGROUND: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. METHODS: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. RESULTS: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.
Published: 2020

29. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author: James, S, Castle, C, Dingels, Z, Fox, J, Hamilton, E, Liu, Z, Roberts, N, Sylte, D, Bertolacci, G, Cunningham, M, Henry, N, Legrand, K, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abedi, A, Abegaz, K, Abosetugn, A, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Adsuar, J, Advani, S, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, R, Eddine Aichour, M, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, F, Alema, N, Alemu, B, Alghnam, S, Ali, B, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Altirkawi, K, Abdeldayem Amer, Y, Andrei, C, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, T Antonio, C, Anvari, D, Yaw Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Arora, A, Asaad, M, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Belete, H, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Boloor, A, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Borzì, A, Boufous, S, Braithwaite, D, Briko, N, Brugha, T, Budhathoki, S, Car, J, Cárdenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chapman, J, Chattu, V, Chattu, S, Chatziralli, I, Chaudhary, N, Cho, D, Choi, J, Kabir Chowdhury, M, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Cicuttini, F, Coelho, J, Costa, V, Dahlawi, S, Daryani, A, Dávila-Cervantes, C, Leo, D, Demeke, F, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Nasab, M, Silva, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Do, H, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubljanin, E, Adema, B, Eagan, A, Elemineh, D, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, C, Zaki, M, Eskandarieh, S, Eyawo, O, Faris, P, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Franklin, R, Fukumoto, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebremariam, H, 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Abstract: Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.
Published: 2020

30. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Graetz, N., Woyczynski, L., Wilson, K. F., Hall, J. B., Abate, K. H., Abd-Allah, F., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., Afshari, M., Ajumobi, O., Akinyemiju, T., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Rabanal, J. E. A., Alijanzadeh, M., Alipour, V., Altirkawi, K., Amiresmaili, M., Anber, N. H., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Aryal, K. K., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Atique, S., Ausloos, M., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Azari, S., Badawi, A., Banoub, J. A. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnett, A., Bedi, N., Bennett, D. A., Bhattacharjee, N. V., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Britton, G., Burstein, R., Butt, Z. A., Cárdenas, R., Carvalho, F., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Castro, F., Cerin, E., Chang, J. -C, Collison, M. L., Cooper, C., Cork, M. A., Daoud, F., Das Gupta, R., Weaver, N. D., De Neve, J. -W, Deribe, K., Desalegn, B. B., Deshpande, A., Desta, M., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dinberu, M. T., Djalalinia, S., Dubey, M., Dubljanin, E., Durães, A. R., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Earl, L., Kalan, M. E., El-Khatib, Z., Eshrati, B., Faramarzi, M., Fareed, M., Faro, A., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, E., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fukumoto, T., García, J. A., Gill, P. S., Gill, T. K., Gona, P. N., Gopalani, S. V., Grada, A., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hasan, M., Hassen, H. Y., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Henry, N. J., Prado, B. H., Herteliu, C., Hole, M. K., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hu, G., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Izadi, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jha, R. P., Ji, J. S., Jonas, J. B., Shushtari, Z. J., Jozwiak, J. J., Kanchan, T., Kasaeian, A., Karyani, A. K., Keiyoro, P. N., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khan, E. A., Khater, M. M., Kiadaliri, A. A., Kiirithio, D. N., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinyoki, D. K., Kisa, A., Kosen, S., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Defo, B. K., Kumar, M., Kumar, P., Lami, F. H., Lee, P. H., Levine, A. J., Li, S., Liao, Y., Lim, L. -L, Listl, S., Lopez, J. C. F., Majdan, M., Majdzadeh, R., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansournia, M. A., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masaka, A., Massenburg, B. B., Mayala, B. K., Mehta, K. M., Mendoza, W., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miller, T. R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moazen, B., Mohammad, D. K., Darwesh, A. M., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moosazadeh, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morrison, S. D., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi, S. M., Murray, C. J. L., Mustafa, G., Nahvijou, A., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Ndwandwe, D. E., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, L. H., Ningrum, D. N. A., Noubiap, J. J., Shiadeh, M. N., Nyasulu, P. S., Ogbo, F. A., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Ortega-Altamirano, D. D. V., Ortiz-Panozo, Eduardo, Øverland, S., P. A, M., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pati, S., Patton, G. C., Perico, N., Pigott, D. M., Pirsaheb, M., Postma, M. J., Pourshams, A., Prakash, S., Puri, P., Qorbani, M., Radfar, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. H. U., Rajati, F., Ranabhat, C. L., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reiner, R.C., Jr, Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, S., Rezapour, A., Rios-González, C., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rostami, A., Rubagotti, E., Sadat, N., Sadeghi, E., Safari, Y., Sagar, R., Salam, N., Salamati, P., Salimi, Y., Salimzadeh, H., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Sathian, B., Sawant, A. R., Schaeffer, L. E., Schipp, M. F., Schwebel, D. C., Senbeta, A. M., Sepanlou, S. G., Shaikh, M. A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, K., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikh, A., Shigematsu, M., Siabani, S., Silveira, D. G. A., Singh, J. A., Sinha, D. N., Skirbekk, V., Sligar, A., Sobaih, B. H., Soofi, M., Soriano, J. B., Soyiri, I. N., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Sudaryanto, A., Babale Sufiyan, M., Sutradhar, I., Sylaja, P., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tadesse, B. T., Temsah, M. -H, Terkawi, A. S., Tessema, B., Tessema, Z. T., Thankappan, K. R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Car, L. T., Ullah, I., Uthman, O. A., Valdez, P. R., Veisani, Y., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Thu Vu, G., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y. -P, Wilkinson, J. C., Winkler, A. S., Wolfe, C. D. A., Yamada, T., Yeshaneh, A., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yousefifard, M., Yu, C., Bin Zaman, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zodpey, S., Gakidou, E., Hay, S. I., Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment, Graetz, N., Woyczynski, L., Wilson, K. F., Hall, J. B., Abate, K. H., Abd-Allah, F., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., Afshari, M., Ajumobi, O., Akinyemiju, T., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Rabanal, J. E. A., Alijanzadeh, M., Alipour, V., Altirkawi, K., Amiresmaili, M., Anber, N. H., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Aremu, O., Aryal, K. K., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Atique, S., Ausloos, M., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Azari, S., Badawi, A., Banoub, J. A. M., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnett, A., Bedi, N., Bennett, D. A., Bhattacharjee, N. V., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Britton, G., Burstein, R., Butt, Z. A., Cárdenas, R., Carvalho, F., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Castro, F., Cerin, E., Chang, J. -C, Collison, M. L., Cooper, C., Cork, M. A., Daoud, F., Das Gupta, R., Weaver, N. D., De Neve, J. -W, Deribe, K., Desalegn, B. B., Deshpande, A., Desta, M., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dinberu, M. T., Djalalinia, S., Dubey, M., Dubljanin, E., Durães, A. R., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Earl, L., Kalan, M. E., El-Khatib, Z., Eshrati, B., Faramarzi, M., Fareed, M., Faro, A., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M, Fernandes, E., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fukumoto, T., García, J. A., Gill, P. S., Gill, T. K., Gona, P. N., Gopalani, S. V., Grada, A., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hasan, M., Hassen, H. Y., Hendrie, D., Henok, A., Henry, N. J., Prado, B. H., Herteliu, C., Hole, M. K., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hu, G., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Izadi, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jha, R. P., Ji, J. S., Jonas, J. B., Shushtari, Z. J., Jozwiak, J. J., Kanchan, T., Kasaeian, A., Karyani, A. K., Keiyoro, P. N., Kesavachandran, C. N., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khan, E. A., Khater, M. M., Kiadaliri, A. A., Kiirithio, D. N., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kinyoki, D. K., Kisa, A., Kosen, S., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Defo, B. K., Kumar, M., Kumar, P., Lami, F. H., Lee, P. H., Levine, A. J., Li, S., Liao, Y., Lim, L. -L, Listl, S., Lopez, J. C. F., Majdan, M., Majdzadeh, R., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Mansournia, M. A., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masaka, A., Massenburg, B. B., Mayala, B. K., Mehta, K. M., Mendoza, W., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miller, T. R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moazen, B., Mohammad, D. K., Darwesh, A. M., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moosazadeh, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morrison, S. D., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi, S. M., Murray, C. J. L., Mustafa, G., Nahvijou, A., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Ndwandwe, D. E., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, L. H., Ningrum, D. N. A., Noubiap, J. J., Shiadeh, M. N., Nyasulu, P. S., Ogbo, F. A., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Ortega-Altamirano, D. D. V., Ortiz-Panozo, Eduardo, Øverland, S., P. A, M., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pati, S., Patton, G. C., Perico, N., Pigott, D. M., Pirsaheb, M., Postma, M. J., Pourshams, A., Prakash, S., Puri, P., Qorbani, M., Radfar, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. H. U., Rajati, F., Ranabhat, C. L., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reiner, R.C., Jr, Remuzzi, G., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, S., Rezapour, A., Rios-González, C., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rostami, A., Rubagotti, E., Sadat, N., Sadeghi, E., Safari, Y., Sagar, R., Salam, N., Salamati, P., Salimi, Y., Salimzadeh, H., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Sathian, B., Sawant, A. R., Schaeffer, L. E., Schipp, M. F., Schwebel, D. C., Senbeta, A. M., Sepanlou, S. G., Shaikh, M. A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, K., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikh, A., Shigematsu, M., Siabani, S., Silveira, D. G. A., Singh, J. A., Sinha, D. N., Skirbekk, V., Sligar, A., Sobaih, B. H., Soofi, M., Soriano, J. B., Soyiri, I. N., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Sudaryanto, A., Babale Sufiyan, M., Sutradhar, I., Sylaja, P., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tadesse, B. T., Temsah, M. -H, Terkawi, A. S., Tessema, B., Tessema, Z. T., Thankappan, K. R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Car, L. T., Ullah, I., Uthman, O. A., Valdez, P. R., Veisani, Y., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vollmer, S., Thu Vu, G., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y. -P, Wilkinson, J. C., Winkler, A. S., Wolfe, C. D. A., Yamada, T., Yeshaneh, A., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yousefifard, M., Yu, C., Bin Zaman, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zodpey, S., Gakidou, E., Hay, S. I., and Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment
Abstract: Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12–14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.
Published: 2020
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31. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Kyu, Hh, Abate, D, Abate, Kh, Abay, Sm, Abbafati, C, Abbasi, N, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdela, J, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, Rs, Abebe, M, Abebe, Z, Abil, Oz, Aboyans, V, Abrham, Ar, Abu-Raddad, Lj, Abu-Rmeileh, Nme, Accrombessi, Mmk, Acharya, D, Acharya, P, Ackerman, In, Adamu, Aa, Adebayo, Om, Adekanmbi, V, Ademi, Z, Adetokunboh, Oo, Adib, Mg, Adsuar, Jc, Afanvi, Ka, Afarideh, M, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Agesa, Km, Aggarwal, R, Aghayan, Sa, Agrawal, A, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, Mb, Ahmed, S, Aichour, An, Aichour, I, Aichour, Mte, Akinyemiju, T, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Mekhlafi, Hm, Al-Raddadi, Rm, Alahdab, F, Alam, K, Alam, T, Alashi, A, Alavian, Sm, Alene, Ka, Alijanzadeh, M, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Aljunid, Sm, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Alonso, J, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Aminde, Ln, Amini, E, Amiresmaili, M, Ammar, W, Amoako, Ya, Anber, Nh, Andrei, Cl, Androudi, S, Animut, Md, Anjomshoa, M, Ansha, Mg, Antonio, Cat, Anwari, P, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Arora, A, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, Kk, Asayesh, H, Ataro, Z, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, Efga, Awasthi, A, Ayala, Quintanilla, Ayer, R, Azzopardi, Ps, Babazadeh, A, Badali, H, Balakrishnan, K, Bali, Ag, Banach, M, Banoub, Jam, Barac, A, Barboza, Ma, Barker-Collo, Sl, Bärnighausen, Tw, Barquera, S, Barrero, Lh, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, Bb, Bekru, Et, Belachew, Ab, Belay, Ya, Bell, Ml, Bello, Ak, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, Rs, Beuran, M, Beyranvand, T, Bhala, N, Bhatt, S, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Za, Biadgo, B, Biehl, Mh, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Bin, Sayeed, Bisanzio, D, Bjørge, T, Bleyer, A, Bobasa, Em, Bou-Orm, Ir, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Brady, Oj, Brant, Lc, Brayne, C, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Njk, Brenner, H, Briant, Ps, Briko, An, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Buchbinder, R, Busse, R, Butt, Za, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campuzano, Rincon, Cano, J, Cárdenas, R, Carrero, Jj, Carter, A, Carvalho, F, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ca, Castillo, Rivas, J, Castro, F, Catalá-López, F, Cercy, Km, Cerin, E, Chaiah, Y, Chang, Jc, Charlson, Fj, Chattu, Vk, Chiang, Pp, Chitheer, A, Choi, Jj, Christensen, H, Christopher, Dj, Chung, Sc, Cicuttini, Fm, Cirillo, Massimo, Collado-Mateo, D, Cooper, C, Cortesi, Pa, Cortinovis, M, Cousin, E, Criqui, Mh, Cromwell, Ea, Cross, M, Crump, Ja, Daba, Ak, Dachew, Ba, Dadi, Af, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, Pi, Daryani, A, Das, Gupta, Das, R, Neves, J, Dasa, Tt, Davitoiu, Dv, De, La, Hoz, Fp, Leo, De, D, De, Neve, Jw, Steur, De, H, Degefa, Mg, Degenhardt, L, Deiparine, S, Demoz, Gt, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deribe, K, Dervenis, N, Des, Jarlais, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, Sd, Dhimal, M, Dinberu, Mt, Dirac, Ma, Djalalinia, S, Doan, L, Dokova, K, Doku, Dt, Dorsey, Er, Doyle, Ke, Driscoll, Tr, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, Duken, Ee, Duncan, Bb, Duraes, Ar, Ebrahimi, H, Ebrahimpour, S, Echko, Mm, Edessa, D, Edvardsson, D, Effiong, A, Eggen, Ae, Ehrlich, Jr, Bcheraoui, El, C, El-Khatib, Z, Elyazar, Irf, Enayati, A, Endalifer, Ml, Endries, Ay, Er, B, Erskine, He, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Fakhim, H, Faramarzi, M, Fareed, M, Farhadi, F, Farid, Ta, Farinha, Cses, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fazaeli, Aa, Feigin, Vl, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, Jc, Ferrari, Aj, Ferreira, Ml, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Foigt, Na, Foreman, Kj, Frank, Td, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Furtado, Jm, Gakidou, E, Gall, S, Gallus, S, Ganji, M, Garcia-Basteiro, Al, Gardner, Wm, Gebre, Ak, Gebremedhin, At, Gebremichael, Tg, Gelano, Tf, Geleijnse, Jm, Genova-Maleras, R, Geramo, Ycd, Gething, Pw, Gezae, Ke, Ghadami, Mr, Ghadiri, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Ghimire, M, Ghoshal, Ag, Gill, Ps, Gill, Tk, Ginawi, Ia, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, Ev, Goldberg, Em, Goli, S, Gómez-Dantés, H, Gona, Pn, Gopalani, Sv, Gorman, Tm, Goulart, Ac, Goulart, Bng, Grada, A, Grosso, G, Gugnani, Hc, Guillemin, F, Guo, Y, Gupta, Pc, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gutiérrez, Ra, Gyawali, B, Haagsma, Ja, Hachinski, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haghparast, Bidgoli, Hagos, Tb, Hailegiyorgis, Tt, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, Rr, Hamidi, S, Handal, Aj, Hankey, Gj, Hao, Y, Harb, Hl, Harikrishnan, S, Haririan, H, Haro, Jm, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, Hy, Havmoeller, R, Hay, Rj, Hay, Si, Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A, Heibati, B, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Heydarpour, P, Hibstu, Dt, Hoek, Hw, Hoffman, Hj, Hole, Mk, Homaie, Rad, E, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, Hd, Hosseini, Sm, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hotez, Pj, Hoy, Dg, Hsairi, M, Htet, As, Huang, Jj, Iburg, Km, Ikeda, Ct, Ilesanmi, Os, Irvani, Ssn, Irvine, Cms, Islam, Sms, Islami, F, Jacobsen, Kh, Jahangiry, L, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, Sk, Jakovljevic, M, James, Sl, Jayatilleke, Au, Jeemon, P, Jha, Rp, Jha, V, Js, Ji, Johnson, Co, Jonas, Jb, Jonnagaddala, J, Jorjoran, Shushtari, Z, Joshi, A, Jozwiak, Jj, Jungari, Sb, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalani, R, Kanchan, T, Kar, C, Karami, M, Karami, Matin, B, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, N, Karimi, Sm, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, Dh, Kassa, Gm, Kassa, Td, Kassebaum, Nj, Katikireddi, Sv, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kazemi, Z, Karyani, Ak, Keighobadi, Mm, Keiyoro, Pn, Kemmer, L, Kemp, Gr, Kengne, Ap, Keren, A, Khader, Ys, Khafaei, B, Khafaie, Ma, Khajavi, A, Khalid, N, Khalil, Ia, Khan, Ea, Khan, Ms, Khan, Ma, Khang, Yh, Khater, Mm, Khazaei, M, Khoja, At, Khosravi, A, Khosravi, Mh, Kiadaliri, Aa, Kidanemariam, Zt, Kiirithio, Dn, Kim, Ci, Kim, D, Kim, Ye, Kim, Yj, Kimokoti, Rw, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Knudsen, Aks, Kocarnik, Jm, Kochhar, S, Kokubo, Y, Kolola, T, Kopec, Ja, Kosen, S, Kotsakis, Ga, Koul, Pa, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnaswami, S, Krohn, Kj, Kuate, Defo, Kucuk, B, Bicer, B, Kumar, Ga, Kumar, M, Kuzin, I, Lad, Dp, Lad, Sd, Lafranconi, A, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lami, Fh, Lang, Jj, Langan, Sm, Lansingh, Vc, Latifi, A, Lau, Km, Lazarus, Jv, Leasher, Jl, Ledesma, Jr, Lee, Ph, Leigh, J, Leili, M, Leshargie, Ct, Leung, J, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liao, Y, Liben, Ml, Lim, Ll, Lim, Ss, Limenih, Ma, Linn, S, Liu, S, Looker, Kj, Lopez, Ad, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, Pa, Lozano, R, Lucas, Tcd, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, Ra, Ma, S, Macarayan, Erk, Mackay, Mt, Maddison, Er, Madotto, F, Maghavani, Dp, Mai, Ht, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, Dc, Mamun, Aa, Manda, Al, Manguerra, H, Mansournia, Ma, Mantilla, Herrera, Mantovani, Lg, Maravilla, Jc, Marcenes, W, Marks, A, Martins-Melo, Fr, Martopullo, I, März, W, Marzan, Mb, Massano, J, Massenburg, Bb, Mathur, Mr, Maulik, Pk, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, Jj, Mckee, M, Mcmahon, Bj, Mehata, S, Mehrotra, R, Mehta, Km, Mehta, V, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mekonen, T, Melese, A, Melku, M, Memiah, Ptn, Memish, Za, Mendoza, W, Mengistu, G, Mensah, Ga, Mereta, St, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, Tj, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Millear, 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Subjects: Male, Health Status, health statu, HALE, mortality rate, communicable disease, DALYs, Global Burden of Disease, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Medicine and Health Sciences, Singapore, OUTCOMES, disability-adjusted life year, international cooperation, Medicine (all), 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Central African Republic, newborn disease, IRON-DEFICIENCY, AIDS, priority journal, Bahrain, disease severity, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, cerebrovascular accident, Ukraine, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, INTERVENTIONS, Slovakia, DISORDERS, Burundi, WEIGHTS, GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Communicable Diseases, Article, STYLE, Medicine, General & Internal, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Disabled Persons, human, Healthy Lifestyle, HALE, DALYs, global burden of disease, Mortality, Aged, Science & Technology, Mortality, Premature, HIV, ischemic heart disease, major clinical study, PREVENTION, non communicable disease, GBD, disability-adjusted life-years, age, sex factor, Socioeconomic Factors, Algeria, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, lower respiratory tract infection, Wounds and Injuries, GENDER, Human medicine, trend study, chronic obstructive lung disease
Abstract: Background How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7.4 years (95% uncertainty interval 74-7.8), from 65.6 years (65.3-65- 8) in 1990 to 73.0 years (72.7-73.3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5.1 years (5.0-5.3) in high SDI countries to 12.0 years (11.3-12.8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26.3% (20.1-33.1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11.7% (8.8-15.1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6.3 years (5.9-6.7), from 57.0 years (54.6-59.1) in 1990 to 63.3 years (60.5-65.7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3.8 years (3.4-4.1) in high SDI countries to 10.5 years (9.8-11.2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1.0 year (0.4-1.7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62.4 years [59.9-64.7] in 1990 to 63.5 years [60.9-65.8] in 2017) to 23.7 years (21.9-25.6) in Eritrea (30.7 years [28.9-32.2] in 1990 to 54.4 years [51.5-57.1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1.4 years (0.6-2.3) in Algeria to 11.9 years (10.9-12.9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75.8 years [72.4-78.7]) and males (72.6 years [69 " 8-75.0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47.0 years [43.7-50.2] for females and 42.8 years [40.1-45.6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41.3% (38.8-43.5) for communicable diseases and by 49"8% (47.9-51.6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40.1% (36.8-43.0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18.1% (16.0-20.2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low S DI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2018

32. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Author: Fitzmaurice, C. Abate, D. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdelalim, A. Abdoli, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulle, A.S.M. Abebe, N.D. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abualhasan, A. Adedeji, I.A. Advani, S.M. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Aghaali, M. Agius, D. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadian, E. Ahmadpour, E. Ahmed, M.B. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Al-Aly, Z. Alabdulkader, A.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, T. Alamene, G.M. Alemnew, B.T.T. Alene, K.A. Alinia, C. Alipour, V. Aljunid, S.M. Bakeshei, F.A. Almadi, M.A.H. Almasi-Hashiani, A. Alsharif, U. Alsowaidi, S. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amini, E. Amini, S. Amoako, Y.A. Anbari, Z. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, F. Ansariadi, A. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arab-Zozani, M. Arabloo, J. Arefi, Z. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Artaman, A. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ashagre, A.F. Assadi, R. Ataeinia, B. Atalay, H.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Awoke, N. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayanore, M.A. Ayele, H.T. Babaee, E. Bacha, U. Badawi, A. Bagherzadeh, M. Bagli, E. Balakrishnan, S. Balouchi, A. Barnighausen, T.W. Battista, R.J. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belay, Y.B. Belayneh, Y.M. Berfield, K.K.S. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Beuran, M. Bhakta, N. Bhattacharyya, K. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birungi, C. Bisignano, C. Bitew, H. Bjorge, T. Bleyer, A. Bogale, K.A. Bojia, H.A. Borzi, A.M. Bosetti, C. Bou-Orm, I.R. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briko, A.N. Briko, N.I. Bustamante-Teixeira, M.T. Butt, Z.A. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castro, C. Castro, F. Catala-Lopez, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chanie, W.F. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chauhan, N.S. Chehrazi, M. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chichiabellu, T.Y. Chido-Amajuoyi, O.G. Chimed-Ochir, O. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Chu, D.-T. Constantin, M.-M. Costa, V.M. Crocetti, E. Crowe, C.S. Curado, M.P. Dahlawi, S.M.A. Damiani, G. Darwish, A.H. Daryani, A. Das Neves, J. Demeke, F.M. Demis, A.B. Demissie, B.W. Demoz, G.T. Denova-Gutierrez, E. Derakhshani, A. Deribe, K.S. Desai, R. Desalegn, B.B. Desta, M. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Diaz, D. Dinberu, M.T.T. Djalalinia, S. Doku, D.T. Drake, T.M. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Ebrahimi, H. Effiong, A. Eftekhari, A. El Sayed, I. Zaki, M.E.S. El-Jaafary, S.I. El-Khatib, Z. Elemineh, D.A. Elkout, H. Ellenbogen, R.G. Elsharkawy, A. Emamian, M.H. Endalew, D.A. Endries, A.Y. Eshrati, B. Fadhil, I. Fallah, V. Faramarzi, M. Farhangi, M.A. Farioli, A. Farzadfar, F. Fentahun, N. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Fisher, J.L. Force, L.M. Foroutan, M. Freitas, M. Fukumoto, T. Futran, N.D. Gallus, S. Gankpe, F.G. Gayesa, R.T. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremeskel, G.G. Gedefaw, G.A. Gelaw, B.K. Geta, B. Getachew, S. Gezae, K.E. Ghafourifard, M. Ghajar, A. Ghashghaee, A. Gholamian, A. Gill, P.S. Ginindza, T.T.G. Girmay, A. Gizaw, M. Gomez, R.S. Gopalani, S.V. Gorini, G. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Ribeiro Guerra, M. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Hadkhale, K. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Hanfore, L.K. Haro, J.M. Hasankhani, M. Hasanzadeh, A. Hassen, H.Y. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. Hidru, H.D. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Hoogar, P. Horita, N. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Househ, M. Hussen, M.M. Ileanu, B. Ilic, M.D. Innos, K. Irvani, S.S.N. Iseh, K.R. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Jafari Balalami, N. Jafarinia, M. Jahangiry, L. Jahani, M.A. Jahanmehr, N. Jakovljevic, M. James, S.L. Javanbakht, M. Jayaraman, S. Jee, S.H. Jenabi, E. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Jonnagaddala, J. Joo, T. Jungari, S.B. Jurisson, M. Kabir, A. Kamangar, F. Karch, A. Karimi, N. Karimian, A. Kasaeian, A. Kasahun, G.G. Kassa, B. Kassa, T.D. Kassaw, M.W. Kaul, A. Keiyoro, P.N. Kelbore, A.G. Kerbo, A.A. Khader, Y.S. Khalilarjmandi, M. Khan, E.A. Khan, G. Khang, Y.-H. Khatab, K. Khater, A. Khayamzadeh, M. Khazaee-Pool, M. Khazaei, S. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kianipour, N. Kim, D. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kisa, S. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Komaki, H. Koyanagi, A. Krohn, K.J. Bicer, B.K. Kugbey, N. Kumar, V. Kuupiel, D. La Vecchia, C. Lad, D.P. Lake, E.A. Lakew, A.M. Lal, D.K. Lami, F.H. Lan, Q. Lasrado, S. Lauriola, P. Lazarus, J.V. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Liao, Y. Limenih, M.A. Listl, S. Lopez, A.D. Lopukhov, P.D. Lunevicius, R. Madadin, M. Magdeldin, S. El Razek, H.M.A. Majeed, A. Maleki, A. Malekzadeh, R. Manafi, A. Manafi, N. Manamo, W.A. Mansourian, M. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Maroufizadeh, S. Martini, S.M.S. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Maswabi, M.T. Mathur, M.R. McAlinden, C. McKee, M. Meheretu, H.A.A. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, V. Meier, T. Melaku, Y.A. Meles, G.G. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Menezes, R.G. Merat, S. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Mihretie, K.M.M. Miller, T.R. Mills, E.J. Mir, S.M. Mirzaei, H. Mirzaei, H.R. Mishra, R. Moazen, B. Mohammad, D.K. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammad, Y. Darwesh, A.M. Mohammadbeigi, A. Mohammadi, H. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadian, M. Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M. Mohammadpourhodki, R. Mohammed, A.S. Mohammed, J.A. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moossavi, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Joo, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradpour, F. Morawska, L. Morgado-Da-costa, J. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muhammed, O.S.S. Musa, J. Nabhan, A.R. Naderi, M. Nagarajan, A.J. Nagel, G. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nasiri, N. Nazari, J. Negoi, I. Neupane, S. Newcomb, P.A. Nggada, H.A. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, C.T. Nikniaz, L. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nixon, M.R. Nnaji, C.A. Nojomi, M. Nosratnejad, S. Shiadeh, M.N. Obsa, M.S. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Oluwasanu, M.M. Omonisi, A.E. Onwujekwe, O.E. Oommen, A.M. Oren, E. Ortega-Altamirano, D.D.V. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. P A, M. Padubidri, J.R. Pakhale, S. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Park, E.-K. Parsian, H. Pashaei, T. Patel, S. Patil, S.T. Pennini, A. Pereira, D.M. Piccinelli, C. Pillay, J.D. Pirestani, M. Pishgar, F. Postma, M.J. Pourjafar, H. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Qorbani, M. Rabiee, M. Rabiee, N. Radfar, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, M. Rahman, M.A. Rajati, F. Rana, S.M. Raoofi, S. Rath, G.K. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reiner, R.C. Renzaho, A.M.N. Rezaei, N. Rezapour, A. Ribeiro, A.I. Ribeiro, D. Ronfani, L. Roro, E.M. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Saad, R.S. Sabbagh, P. Sabour, S. Saddik, B. Safiri, S. Sahebkar, A. Salahshoor, M.R. Salehi, F. Salem, H. Salem, M.R. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sartorius, B. Sarveazad, A. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawhney, M. Sayyah, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Schottker, B. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Sepehrimanesh, M. Seyedmousavi, S. Shaahmadi, F. Shabaninejad, H. Shahbaz, M. Shaikh, M.A. Shamshirian, A. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, Z. Sharif, M. Sharifi, A. Sharifi, H. Sharma, R. Sheikh, A. Shirkoohi, R. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Silva, D.A.S. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, A. Singh, J.A. Sisay, S. Sitas, F. Sobngwi, E. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Stathopoulou, V. Sufiyan, M.B. Tabares-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Takahashi, K. Tamtaji, O.R. Tarawneh, M.R. Tassew, S.G. Taymoori, P. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Tesfay, B.E. Tesfay, F.H. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, G.A. Thapa, S. Tlaye, K.G. Topor-Madry, R. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Traini, E. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tsadik, A.G. Ullah, I. Uthman, O.A. Vacante, M. Vaezi, M. Varona Perez, P. Veisani, Y. Vidale, S. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vu, G.T. Vujcic, I.S. Wabinga, H. Wachamo, T.M. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Weldegebreal, F. Weldesamuel, G.T. Wijeratne, T. Wondafrash, D.Z. Wonde, T.E. Wondmieneh, A.B. Workie, H.M. Yadav, R. Yadegar, A. Yadollahpour, A. Yaseri, M. Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. Yeshaneh, A. Yimam, M.A. Yimer, E.M. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Younis, M.Z. Yousefi, B. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zabeh, E. Zadnik, V. Moghadam, T.Z. Zaidi, Z. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zangeneh, A. Zaki, L. Zendehdel, K. Zenebe, Z.M. Zewale, T.A. Ziapour, A. Zodpey, S. Murray, C.J.L. Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration
Abstract: Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Published: 2019

33. Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1923–1994), (S0140673618322256), (10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6))

Author: Stanaway, J.D. Afshin, A. Gakidou, E. Lim, S.S. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adane, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Ademi, Z. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, A. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, S. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Ali, K. Ali, S.M. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antó, J.M. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Ball, K. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bjørge, T. Blacker, B.F. Bleyer, A. Borschmann, R. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brauer, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briko, A.N. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Buchbinder, R. Burnett, R.T. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahill, L.E. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Cárdenas, R. Carreras, G. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castillo Rivas, J. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Causey, K. Cercy, K.M. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chang, K.-L. Charlson, F.J. Chattopadhyay, A. Chattu, V.K. Chee, M.L. Cheng, C.-Y. Chew, A. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chimed-Ochir, O. Chin, K.L. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Cirillo, M. Cohen, A.J. Collado-Mateo, D. Cooper, C. Cooper, O.R. Coresh, J. Cornaby, L. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cousin, E. Criqui, M.H. Cromwell, E.A. Cundiff, D.K. Daba, A.K. Dachew, B.A. Dadi, A.F. Damasceno, A.A.M. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Darby, S.C. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das Gupta, R. Das Neves, J. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davitoiu, D.V. 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Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Momeniha, F. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Mozaffarian, D. Mruts, K.B. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Neal, B. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, N.B. Nichols, E. Nie, J. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nishi, N. Nixon, M.R. Nojomi, M. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Obermeyer, C.M. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. 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Abstract: Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk–outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2019

34. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: Associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Haagsma, J.A. James, S.L. Castle, C.D. Dingels, Z.V. Fox, J.T. Hamilton, E.B. Liu, Z. Lucchesi, L.R. Roberts, N.L.S. Sylte, D.O. Adebayo, O.M. Ahmadi, A. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, M.T.E. Alahdab, F. Alghnam, S.A. Aljunid, S.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Anjomshoa, M. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Arora, A. Asayesh, H. Assadi, R. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Balalla, S. Banstola, A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Benjet, C. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Bijani, A. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Bose, D. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Catalá-López, F. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Crowe, C.S. Dalal, K. Daryani, A. Davitoiu, D.V. Degenhardt, L. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Deribe, K. Dessie, G.A. Deveber, G.A. Dharmaratne, S.D. Doan, L.P. Dolan, K.A. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. El Sayed Zaki, M. Endries, A.Y. Eskandarieh, S. Faro, A. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Gezae, K.E. Gill, T.K. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Guo, Y. Gupta, R. Haghparast Bidgoli, H. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Haro, J.M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Híjar, M. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hossain, N. Hostiuc, S. Hu, G. Igumbor, E.U. Ilesanmi, O.S. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, S.M.S. Ivers, R.Q. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahanmehr, N. Jakovljevic, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. Jozwiak, J.J. Jürisson, M. Kabir, A. Kalani, R. Kasaeian, A. Kelbore, A.G. Kengne, A.P. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khan, E.A. Khoja, A.T. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, D. Kisa, A. Koyanagi, A. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, M. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Leasher, J.L. Li, S. Linn, S. Lunevicius, R. MacHado, F.R. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Malta, D.C. Manda, A.-L. Mansournia, M.A. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Meheretu, H.A.A. Mehndiratta, M.M. Melese, A. Mendoza, W. Mengesha, M.M. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Moazen, B. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. Mohammadibakhsh, R. Mohammed, S. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Mondello, S. Montero-Zamora, P.A. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Murthy, S. Musa, K.I. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Ndwandwe, D.E. Negoi, I. Nguyen, T.H. Nguyen, S.H. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, H.L.T. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Orpana, H.M. Otstavnov, S.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pakhale, S. Park, E.-K. Patton, G.C. Pesudovs, K. Phillips, M.R. Polinder, S. Prakash, S. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahimi, S. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M.A. Rai, R.K. Ramezanzadeh, K. Rawaf, S. Rawaf, D.L. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaeian, S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Sabde, Y.D. Saddik, B. Salamati, P. Salimi, Y. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez Riera, L. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Satpathy, M. Sawhney, M. Sawyer, S.M. Saxena, S. Saylan, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Sepanlou, S.G. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sheikh, A. Shen, J. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shiue, I. Silva, J.P. Singh, J.A. Sinha, D.N. Soares Filho, A.M. Soriano, J.B. Soshnikov, S. Soyiri, I.N. Starodubov, V.I. Stein, D.J. Stokes, M.A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunshine, J.E. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tessema, G.A. Thakur, J.S. Tran, K.B. Tran, B.X. Tudor Car, L. Uthman, O.A. Uzochukwu, B.S.C. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Yadav, P. Yano, Y. Yenesew, M.A. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Younis, M.Z. Yu, C. Zafar, S. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zhao, Y. Zodpey, S. Hay, S.I. Lopez, A.D. Mokdad, A.H. Vos, T.
Abstract: Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum. © 2020 Author(s).
Published: 2019

35. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: James, S.L. Bannick, M.S. Montjoy-Venning, W.C. Lucchesi, L.R. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Hawley, C. Hay, S.I. Jakovljevic, M. Khalil, I. Krohn, K.J. Mokdad, A.H. Naghavi, M. Nichols, E. Reiner, R.C. Smith, M. Feigin, V.L. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. Sunshine, J.E. Yost, M.G. Ellenbogen, R.G. Kalani, R. Morrison, S.D. Crowe, C.S. Massenburg, B.B. Theadom, A. Te Ao, B.J. Balalla, S. Jones, K.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Li, S. Sobhani, S. Hosseini, S.M. Mansournia, M.A. Yaseri, M. Anjomshoa, M. Mousavi, S.M. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Malekzadeh, R. Poustchi, H. Roshandel, G. Sepanlou, S.G. Afarideh, M. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Ganji, M. Kasaeian, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Eskandarieh, S. Sahraian, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Abbasi, N. Farzadfar, F. Irvani, S.N. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Salamati, P. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Mate, K.K.V. Abdulkader, R. Abraha, H.N. Kassa, T.D. Nirayo, Y.L. Weldegwergs, K.G. Gezae, K.E. Zenebe, Z.M. Degefa, M.G. Kahsay, A. Asgedom, S.W. Gebre, A.K. Yimer, E.M. Belachew, A.B. Meles, H. Adsuar, J.C. Zodpey, S. Agrawal, S. Awasthi, A. Kumar, G.A. Ahmadi, A. Najafi, F. Rajati, F. Khazaie, H. Farzaei, M.H. Moradi, M. Rezaei, S. Soofi, M. Siabani, S. Rezaeian, S. Ahmed, M.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Feyissa, G.T. Hussen, M.A. Aichour, A. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Owolabi, M.O. Akseer, N. Bhutta, Z.A. Badawi, A. Alahdab, F. Kassa, G.M. Alebel, A. Wagnew, F.W.S. Belay, Y.A. Leshargie, C.T. Alghnam, S.A. Ali, B.A. Alsharif, U. Temsah, M.-H. Altirkawi, K. Davitoiu, D.V. Hostiuc, S. Beuran, M. Negoi, I. Andrei, C.L. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Levi, M. Ariani, F. Biffino, M. Asefa, N.G. Atique, S. Rahman, M.A. Wijeratne, T. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Rafiei, A. Badali, H. Mohammadi, M. Moosazadeh, M. Daryani, A. Banstola, A. Tran, K.B. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bedi, N. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Shabaninejad, H. Behzadifar, Ma. Kabir, A. Yousefifard, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Behzadifar, Me. Bekele, B. Hassen, H.Y. Henok, A. Biadgo, B. Bennett, D.A. Goulart, A.C. Bensenor, I.M. Lotufo, P.A. Wang, Y.P. Yisma, E. Berhane, A. Deribe, K. Yasin, Y.J. Demoz, G.T. Bhalla, A. Bhaumik, S. Bijani, A. Zamani, M. Bililign, N. Kumar, M. Birungi, C. Boufous, S. Brazinova, A. Brown, A.W. Car, M. Majeed, A. Rawaf, S. Rawaf, D.L. Shoman, H. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. El-Khatib, Z. Roy, N. Carvalho, F. Santos, J.V. Fernandes, E. Silva, J.P. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Hoffman, H.J. Catalá-López, F. Chaiah, Y. Temsah, O. Champs, A.P. Chang, J.-C. Choi, J.-Y.J. Christopher, D.J. Cooper, C. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Nguyen, T.H. Doku, D.T. Drake, T.M. Sheikh, A. Soyiri, I.N. Dubey, M. Santric Milicevic, M.M.M. Dubljanin, E. Faro, A. Filip, I. Radfar, A. Fischer, F. Fukumoto, T. Gankpe, F.G. Gopalkrishna, G. Haagsma, J.A. Polinder, S. Khoja, A.T. Pinilla-Monsalve, G.D. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Haro, J.M. Hassankhani, H. Havmoeller, R. Hegazy, M.I. Hendrie, D. Miller, T.R. Hibstu, D.T. Kassa, Z.Y. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hu, G. Ilesanmi, O.S. Jayaraman, S. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Moazen, B. Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. Jozwiak, J.J. Jürisson, M. Kahssay, M. Liben, M.L. Karch, A. Kengne, A.P. Khader, Y.S. Safari, H. Khafaie, M.A. Khalid, N. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Usman, M.S. Siddiqi, T.J. Khang, Y.-H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Yoon, S.-J. Kisa, A. Winkler, A.S. Koyanagi, A. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Lalloo, R. Moradinazar, M. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Latifi, A. Safiri, S. Lunevicius, R. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Manda, A.-L. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehta, V. Melese, A. Memiah, P.T.N. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, G. Shiferaw, M.S. Tekle, M.G. Meretoja, T.J. Meretoja, A. Szoeke, C.E.I. Mestrovich, T. Miazgowski, T. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Molokhia, M. Monast, L. Ronfani, L. Mondello, S. Moradi, G. Moschos, M.M. Murthy, S. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Naik, G. Schwebel, D.C. Nangia, V. Nascimento, B.R. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nyasulu, P.S. Renzaho, A.M.N. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Otstavnov, S.S. Dnb, M.P.A. Pakhale, S. Pandey, A.R. Pesudovs, K. Prakash, S. Qorbani, M. Rafay, A. Rahman, M. Stokes, M.A. Shariful Islam, S.M. Rai, R.K. Ram, U. Reis, C. Resnikoff, S. Roever, L. Sunguy, B.F. Ruhago, G.M. Saddik, B. Saldanha, R.D.F. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sartorius, B. Satpathy, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Shaikh, M.A.A. Sharif, M. She, J. Shen, J. Sheth, K.N. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shiue, I. Silveira, D.A. Soares Filho, A.M. Sinha, D.N. Soriano, J.B. Stein, D.J. Sufiyan, M.B. Sykes, B.L. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Topor-Madry, R. Tran, B.X. Tudor Car, L. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Waheed, Y. Werdecker, A. Wyper, G.M.A. Yano, Y. Ye, P. Yip, P. Yonemoto, N. Younis, M.Z. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. GBD 2016 Traumatic Brain Injury Spinal Cord Injury Collaborators
Abstract: Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used causespecific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. Findings In 2016, there were 27.08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24.30-30.30 million) new cases of TBI and 0.93 million (0.78-1.16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55.50 million (53.40-57.62 million) and of SCI was 27.04 million (24.98-30.15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the agestandardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8.4% (95% UI 7.7 to 9.2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0.2% [-2.1 to 2.7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3.6% (1.8 to 5.5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3.6% [-7.4 to 4.0]). TBI caused 8.1 million (95% UI 6.0-10.4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9.5 million (6.7-12.4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. Interpretation TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. © 2018 The Author(s).
Published: 2019

36. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Feigin, V.L. Nichols, E. Alam, T. Bannick, M.S. Beghi, E. Blake, N. Culpepper, W.J. Dorsey, E.R. Elbaz, A. Ellenbogen, R.G. Fisher, J.L. Fitzmaurice, C. Giussani, G. Glennie, L. James, S.L. Johnson, C.O. Kassebaum, N.J. Logroscino, G. Marin, B. Mountjoy-Venning, W.C. Nguyen, M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Patel, A.P. Piccininni, M. Roth, G.A. Steiner, T.J. Stovner, L.J. Szoeke, C.E.I. Theadom, A. Vollset, S.E. Wallin, M.T. Wright, C. Zunt, J.R. Abbasi, N. Abd-Allah, F. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Acharya, D. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adeoye, A.M. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Akseer, N. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Shahi Salman, R. Alahdab, F. Alene, K.A. Aljunid, S.M. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Anber, N.H. Antonio, C.A.T. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Asayesh, H. Asghar, R.J. Atalay, H.T. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayuk, T.B. Badawi, A. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Baune, B.T. Bedi, N. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhane, A. Beuran, M. Bhattacharyya, K. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Blazes, C.K. Brayne, C. Butt, Z.A. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Cantu-Brito, C. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chang, J.-C. Chatziralli, I. Chiang, P.P.-C. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Cooper, C. Cortesi, P.A. Costa, V.M. Criqui, M.H. Crowe, C.S. Damasceno, A.A.M. Daryani, A. De la Cruz-Góngora, V. De La Hoz, F.P. De Leo, D. Degefa, M.G. Demoz, G.T. Deribe, K. Dharmaratne, S.D. Diaz, D. Dinberu, M.T. Djalalinia, S. Doku, D.T. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Edvardsson, D. El-Khatib, Z. Endres, M. Endries, A.Y. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Farhadi, F. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Fatima, B. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Fukumoto, T. Ganji, M. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gebre, A.K. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelaw, B.K. Geleijnse, J.M. Geremew, D. Gezae, K.E. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Gidey, M.Y. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goulart, A.C. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Guo, Y. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Haagsma, J.A. Hagos, T.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Haro, J.M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, S.I. Hegazy, M.I. Heidari, B. Henok, A. Heydarpour, F. Hoang, C.L. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hosseini, S.M. Hu, G. Igumbor, E.U. Ilesanmi, O.S. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, S.M.S. Jakovljevic, M. Javanbakht, M. Jha, R.P. Jobanputra, Y.B. Jonas, J.B. Józwiak, J.J. Jürisson, M. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Kalkonde, Y. Kamil, T.A. Kanchan, T. Karami, M. Karch, A. Karimi, N. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kaul, A. Kefale, A.T. Keiyoro, P.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khazaie, H. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, A.S. Kim, D. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kisa, A. Kokubo, Y. Koyanagi, A. Krishnamurthi, R.V. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, M. Lacey, B. Lafranconi, A. Lansingh, V.C. Latifi, A. Leshargie, C.T. Li, S. Liao, Y. Linn, S. Lo, W.D. Lopez, J.C.F. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lucas, R.M. Lunevicius, R. Mackay, M.T. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Manafi, N. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. März, W. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Mate, K.K.V. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. Mehta, V. Meier, T. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Moazen, B. Mohajer, B. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammadibakhsh, R. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Monasta, L. Mondello, S. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Moreno Velásquez, I. Morrison, S.D. Mousavi, S.M. Muhammed, O.S. Muruet, W. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Naderi, M. Nagel, G. Naheed, A. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, C.T. Nguyen, L.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nixon, M.R. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nyasulu, P.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Onwujekwe, O.E. Oren, E. Owolabi, M.O. A, M.P. Pakpour, A.H. Pan, W.-H. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandian, J.D. Patel, S.K. Pereira, D.M. Petzold, M. Pillay, J.D. Piradov, M.A. Polanczyk, G.V. Polinder, S. Postma, M.J. Poulton, R. Poustchi, H. Prakash, S. Prakash, V. Qorbani, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rajati, F. Ram, U. Ranta, A. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reinig, N. Reis, C. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Rios González, C.M. Roberts, N.L.S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roro, E.M. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Sabbagh, P. Sacco, R.L. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Safari, H. Safari-Faramani, R. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahathevan, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Salamati, P. Salehi Zahabi, S. Salimi, Y. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Santos, I.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schwebel, D.C. Seedat, S. Sepanlou, S.G. Shabaninejad, H. Shafieesabet, A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. She, J. Sheikh, A. Sheth, K.N. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silberberg, D.H. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, J.A. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Smith, M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Stein, D.J. Stein, M.B. Stokes, M.A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Te Ao, B.J. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Thakur, J.S. Thrift, A.G. Topor-Madry, R. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Truelsen, T.C. Tsadik, A.G. Tudor Car, L. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Vasanthan, R. Veisani, Y. Venketasubramanian, N. Violante, F.S. Vlassov, V. Vosoughi, K. Vu, G.T. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weiss, J. Whiteford, H.A. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Xu, G. Yadollahpour, A. Yamada, T. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yatsuya, H. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zare, Z. Zhang, Y. Zodpey, S. Naghavi, M. Murray, C.J.L. Vos, T. GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2019

37. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Orpana, H.M. Marczak, L.B. Arora, M. Abbasi, N. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, Z. Abraha, H.N. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Ahmadi, A. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akseer, N. Al‐raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alkerwi, A. Allebeck, P. Alvis‐guzman, N. Anber, N.H. Anjomshoa, M. Antonio, C.A.T. Arora, A. Aryal, K.K. Asgedom, S.W. Awasthi, A. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Badali, H. Barker‐collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Bazargan‐hejazi, S. Benjet, C. Bensenor, I.M. Berfeld, N. Beuran, M. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bililign, N. Borges, G. Borschmann, R. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brugha, T. Butt, Z.A. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Malta, D.C. Castañeda‐orjuela, C.A. Catalá‐lópez, F. Ciobanu, L.G. Dachew, B.A. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. Degenhardt, L. Demoz, G.T. Jarlais, D.C.D. Dharmaratne, S.D. Djalalinia, S. Doan, L. Doku, D.T. Dubey, M. El‐khatib, Z. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Faro, A. Farzadfar, F. Fekadu, W. Fernandes, E. Ferrari, A.J. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Foreman, K.J. Fukumoto, T. Gebre, A.K. Grosso, G. Gupta, R. Haagsma, J.A. Bidgoli, H.H. Haj‐mirzaian, A. Hamidi, S. Hankey, G.J. Haro, J.M. Hassen, H.Y. Hay, S.I. Heidari, B. Hendrie, D. Rad, E.H. Hosseini, S.M. Hostiuc, S. Irvani, S.S.N. Islam, S.M.S. Jakovljevic, M. James, S. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jha, R.P. Jonas, J.B. Jozwiak, J.J. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, G.M. Kawakami, N. Kefale, A.T. Kemp, G.R. Khader, Y.S. Khafaie, M.A. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.A. Khan, M.S. Khang, Y.-H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kieling, C. Kim, Y.-E. Kisa, A. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kokubo, Y. Koyanagi, A. Krish, V.S. Defo, B.K. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Lamichhane, P. Lang, J.J. Latifi, A. Lee, P.H. Leung, J. Lim, L.-L. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Mahesh, P.A. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Malekzadeh, R. Manda, A.-L. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Maravilla, J.C. Martinez‐raga, J. Mathur, M.R. Maulik, P.K. McGrath, J.J. Mehrotra, R. Mekonen, T. Mendoza, W. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Mitchell, P.B. Moazen, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammed, S. Mokdad, A.H. Monasta, L. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi‐lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Velásquez, I.M. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Mustafa, G. Nagel, G. Naheed, A. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nixon, M.R. Ofori‐asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Øverland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Panda‐jonas, S. Parry, C.D.H. Pati, S. Patten, S.B. Patton, G.C. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Plana‐ripoll, O. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Qorbani, M. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi‐movaghar, A. Rahimi‐movaghar, V. Rahman, M.A. Rai, R.K. Rezaeian, S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Sachdev, P.S. Safari, H. Safiri, S. Salamati, P. Salimi, Y. Salomon, J.A. Samy, A.M. Santos, I.S. Santric‐milicevic, M.M. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Satpathy, M. Sawhney, M. Schwebel, D.C. Sepanlou, S.G. Shaikh, M.A. Sharif, M. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shiue, I. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Silva, J.P. Singh, J.A. Filho, A.M.S. Sobhani, S. Stein, D.J. Stein, M.B. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Tabarés‐seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Tavakkoli, M. Tehrani‐banihashemi, A. Temsah, M.-H. Topor‐madry, R. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Ullah, I. Unutzer, J. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Valdez, P.R. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, C. Vlassov, V. Vos, T. Vujcic, I.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Wyper, G.M.A. Yaseri, M. Yimer, E.M. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaidi, Z. Zamani, M. Murray, C.J.L. Naghavi, M.
Abstract: Objectives To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7% (27.2% to 36.6%) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6%. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0%, 95% uncertainty interval 42.6% to 54.6%) than men (23.8%, 15.6% to 32.7%). Conclusions Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortality rates. © Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited.
Published: 2019

38. Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: Global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

Author: James, S.L. (Spencer L.), Lucchesi, L.R. (Lydia R.), Bisignano, C. (Catherine), Castle, C.D. (Chris D.), Dingels, Z.V. (Zachary V.), Fox, J.T. (Jack T.), Hamilton, E.B. (Erin B.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), McCracken, D. (Darrah), Roberts, N.L.S. (Nicholas L.S.), Sylte, D.O. (Dillon O.), Ahmadi, A. (Alireza), Ahmed, M.B. (Muktar Beshir), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Andualem, Z. (Zewudu), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Badiye, A.D. (Ashish D.), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Banstola, A. (Amrit), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Barzegar, A. (Akbar), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bukhman, G. (Gene), Carvalho, F. (Félix), Crowe, C.S. (Christopher Stephen), Dalal, K. (Koustuv), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Nasab, M.D. (Mostafa Dianati), Do, H.T. (Hoa Thi), Do, H.P. (Huyen Phuc), Endries, A.Y. (Aman Yesuf), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebremedhin, K.B.B. (Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G.G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gilani, S.A. (Syed Amir), Haagsma, J.A. (Juanita), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Igumbor, E.U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O.S. (Olayinka Stephen), Irvani, S.S.N. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Jayatilleke, A.U. (Achala Upendra), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kapoor, N. (Neeti), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalil, I.A. (Ibrahim A.), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khazaee-Pool, M. (Maryam), Kokubo, Y. (Yoshihiro), Lopez, A.D. (Alan D), Madadin, M. (Mohammed), Majdan, M. (Marek), Maled, V. (Venkatesh), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manafi, A. (Ali), Mangalam, S. (Srikanth), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Meles, H.G. (Hagazi Gebre), Menezes, R.G. (Ritesh G.), Meretoja, T.J. (Tuomo J.), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. (Abdollah), Mohammadpourhodki, R. (Reza), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Nguyen, T.H. (Trang Huyen), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nguyen, C.T. (Cuong Tat), Nixon, M.R. (Molly R.), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T.O. (Tinuke O.), Padubidri, J.R. (Jagadish Rao), Polinder, S. (Suzanne), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rezapour, A. (Aziz), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roro, E.M. (Elias Merdassa), Roy, N. (Nadine) van, Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Salamati, P. (Payman), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Soheili, A. (Amin), Stokes, M.A. (Mark A.), Tohidinik, H.R. (Hamid Reza), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Yisma, E. (Engida), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Z.-J. (Zhi-Jiang), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), James, S.L. (Spencer L.), Lucchesi, L.R. (Lydia R.), Bisignano, C. (Catherine), Castle, C.D. (Chris D.), Dingels, Z.V. (Zachary V.), Fox, J.T. (Jack T.), Hamilton, E.B. (Erin B.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), McCracken, D. (Darrah), Roberts, N.L.S. (Nicholas L.S.), Sylte, D.O. (Dillon O.), Ahmadi, A. (Alireza), Ahmed, M.B. (Muktar Beshir), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Andualem, Z. (Zewudu), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Badiye, A.D. (Ashish D.), Bagherzadeh, M. (Mojtaba), Banstola, A. (Amrit), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Barzegar, A. (Akbar), Bayati, M. (Mohsen), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bijani, A. (Ali), Bukhman, G. (Gene), Carvalho, F. (Félix), Crowe, C.S. (Christopher Stephen), Dalal, K. (Koustuv), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Nasab, M.D. (Mostafa Dianati), Do, H.T. (Hoa Thi), Do, H.P. (Huyen Phuc), Endries, A.Y. (Aman Yesuf), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebremedhin, K.B.B. (Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork), Gebremeskel, G.G. (Gebreamlak Gebremedhn), Gilani, S.A. (Syed Amir), Haagsma, J.A. (Juanita), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Househ, M. (Mowafa), Igumbor, E.U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O.S. (Olayinka Stephen), Irvani, S.S.N. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Jayatilleke, A.U. (Achala Upendra), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kapoor, N. (Neeti), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khalil, I.A. (Ibrahim A.), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khazaee-Pool, M. (Maryam), Kokubo, Y. (Yoshihiro), Lopez, A.D. (Alan D), Madadin, M. (Mohammed), Majdan, M. (Marek), Maled, V. (Venkatesh), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Manafi, N. (Navid), Manafi, A. (Ali), Mangalam, S. (Srikanth), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Meles, H.G. (Hagazi Gebre), Menezes, R.G. (Ritesh G.), Meretoja, T.J. (Tuomo J.), Miazgowski, B. (Bartosz), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. (Abdollah), Mohammadpourhodki, R. (Reza), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Nguyen, T.H. (Trang Huyen), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nguyen, C.T. (Cuong Tat), Nixon, M.R. (Molly R.), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T.O. (Tinuke O.), Padubidri, J.R. (Jagadish Rao), Polinder, S. (Suzanne), Rabiee, N. (Navid), Rabiee, M. (Mohammad), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rezapour, A. (Aziz), Rickard, J. (Jennifer), Roro, E.M. (Elias Merdassa), Roy, N. (Nadine) van, Safari-Faramani, R. (Roya), Salamati, P. (Payman), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senthilkumaran, S. (Subramanian), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Soheili, A. (Amin), Stokes, M.A. (Mark A.), Tohidinik, H.R. (Hamid Reza), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Yisma, E. (Engida), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Z.-J. (Zhi-Jiang), Hay, S.I. (Simon), and Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.)
Abstract: Background: Past research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of health loss globally. Detailed estimates of the morbidity and mortality from these injuries could help drive preventative measures and improved access to care. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Disease 2017 framework to produce three main results. First, we produced results on incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. Second, we analysed these results to measure mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we reported the measures above in terms of the cause of fire, heat and hot substances and the types of bodily injuries that result. Results: Globally, there were 8 991 468 (7 481 218 to 10 740 897) new fire, heat and hot substance injuries in 2017 with 120 632 (101 630 to 129 383) deaths. At the global level, the age-standardised mortality caused by fire, heat and hot substances significantly declined from 1990 to 2017, but regionally there was variability in age-standardised incidence with some regions experiencing an increase (eg, Southern Latin America) and others experiencing a significant decrease (eg, High-income North America). Conclusions: The incidence and mortality of injuries that result from fire, heat and hot substances affect every region of the world but are most concentrated in middle and lower income areas. More resources should be invested in measuring these injuries as well as in improving infrastructure, advancing safety measures and ensuring access to care.
Published: 2019
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39. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: Associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Haagsma, J.A. (Juanita), James, S.L. (Spencer L.), Castle, C.D. (Chris D.), Dingels, Z.V. (Zachary V.), Fox, J.T. (Jack T.), Hamilton, E.B. (Erin B.), Liu, Z. (Zichen), Lucchesi, L.R. (Lydia R.), Roberts, N.L.S. (Nicholas L.S.), Sylte, D.O. (Dillon O.), Adebayo, O.M. (Oladimeji M.), Ahmadi, A. (Alireza), Ahmed, M.B. (Muktar Beshir), Aichour, M.T.E. (Miloud Taki Eddine), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alghnam, S.A. (Suliman A.), Aljunid, S.M. (Syed Mohamed), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alsharif, U. (Ubai), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Appiah, S.C.Y. (Seth Christopher Yaw), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Arora, A. (Amit), Asayesh, H. (Hamid), Assadi, R. (Reza), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. (Beatriz Paulina), Balalla, S. (Shivanthi), Banstola, A. (Amrit), Barker-Collo, S.L. (Suzanne Lyn), Bärnighausen, T.W. (Till Winfried), Bazargan-Hejazi, S. (Shahrzad), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Benjet, C. (Corina), Bennett, D. (Derrick), Bensenor, I.M. (Isabela M.), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Bijani, A. (Ali), Borges, G. (Guilherme), Borschmann, R. (Rohan), Bose, D. (Dipan), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brazinova, A. (Alexandra), Campuzano Rincon, J.C. (Julio Cesar), Cárdenas, R. (Rosario), Carrero, J.J. (Juan J.), Carvalho, F. (Félix), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Catalá-López, F. (Ferrán), Choi, J.-Y.J. (Jee-Young J.), Christopher, D.J. (Devasahayam J.), Crowe, C.S. (Christopher Stephen), Dalal, K. (Koustuv), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Davitoiu, D.V. (Dragos Virgil), Degenhardt, F., Leo, D. (Diego) de, De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Dessie, G.A. (Getenet Ayalew), Deveber, G.A. (Gabrielle Aline), Dharmaratne, S.D. (Samath D), Doan, L.P. (Linh Phuong), Dolan, K.A. (Kate A.), Driscoll, T.R. (Tim Robert), Dubey, M. (Manisha), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Ellingsen, C.L. (Christian Lycke), El Sayed Zaki, M. (Maysaa), Endries, A.Y. (Aman Yesuf), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Franklin, R. (Richard), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Gill, T.K. (Tiffany K.), Goulart, A.C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Haghparast Bidgoli, H. (Hassan), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R.R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Haro, J.M. (Josep Maria), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H.Y. (Hamid Yimam), Havmoeller, R. (Rasmus), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Hijar, M. (Martha), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Homaie Rad, E. (Enayatollah), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Igumbor, E.U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O.S. (Olayinka Stephen), Irvani, S.S.N. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R.Q. (Rebecca Q.), Jacobsen, K.H. (Kathryn H), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jayatilleke, A.U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B., Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. (Zahra), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Jürisson, M. (Mikk), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kalani, R. (Rizwan), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kelbore, A.G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A.P. (Andre Pascal), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M.A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khoja, A.T. (Abdullah T.), Kiadaliri, A.A. (Aliasghar A.), Kim, Y.-E. (Young-Eun), Kim, D. (Daniel), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kuate Defo, B. (Barthelemy), Kucuk Bicer, B. (Burcu), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lalloo, R. (Ratilal), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V.C. (Van C.), Leasher, J.L. (Janet L.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lunevicius, R. (Raimundas), MacHado, F.R. (Flavia R.), Magdy Abd El Razek, H. (Hassan), Magdy Abd El Razek, M. (Muhammed), Mahotra, N.B. (Narayan Bahadur), Majdan, M. (Marek), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malik, M.A. (Manzoor Ahmad), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Manda, A.-L. (Ana-Laura), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Maulik, P.K. (Pallab K.), Meheretu, H.A.A. (Hailemariam Abiy Alemu), Mehndiratta, M.M. (Man Mohan), Melese, A. (Addisu), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mengesha, M.M. (Melkamu Merid), Meretoja, T.J. (Tuomo J.), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. (Naser), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Mondello, S. (Stefania), Montero-Zamora, P.A. (Pablo A.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moosazadeh, M. (Mahmood), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Morawska, L. (Lidia), Velásquez, I.M. (Ilais Moreno), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Moschos, M.M. (Marilita M.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Murthy, S. (Srinivas), Musa, K.I. (Kamarul Imran), Naik, G. (Gurudatta), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Nascimento, J., Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Nguyen, T.H. (Trang Huyen), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Ningrum, D.N.A. (Dina Nur Anggraini), Nirayo, Y.L. (Yirga Legesse), Ofori-Asenso, R. (Richard), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Oh, I.-H. (In-Hwan), Oladimeji, O. (Olanrewaju), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olagunju, T.O. (Tinuke O.), Olivares, P.R. (Pedro), Orpana, H.M. (Heather M.), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), Mahesh, P.A. (P. A.), Pakhale, S. (Smita), Park, E.-K. (Eun-Kee), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Pesudovs, K. (Konrad), Phillips, M.R. (Michael R.), Polinder, S. (Suzanne), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafay, A. (Anwar), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi, S. (Siavash), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rahman, M.A. (Muhammad Aziz), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Ramezanzadeh, K. (Kiana), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M.N.), Resnikoff, S. (Serge), Rezaeian, S. (Shahab), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ronfani, L. (Luca), Roshandel, G. (Gholamreza), Sabde, Y.D. (Yogesh Damodar), Saddik, B. (Basema), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salz, I. (Inbal), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sanabria, J. (Juan), Sanchez Riera, L. (Lidia), Santric Milicevic, M.M. (Milena M.), Satpathy, M. (Maheswar), Sawhney, M. (Monika), Sawyer, S.M. (Susan M.), Saxena, S. (Sonia), Saylan, M. (Mete), Schneider, I.J.C. (Ione J.C.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Seedat, S. (Soraya), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Shams-Beyranvand, M. (Mehran), Shamsizadeh, M. (Morteza), Sharif-Alhoseini, M. (Mahdi), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shen, J. (Jiabin), Shigematsu, M. (Mika), Shiri, R. (Rahman), Shiue, I. (Ivy), Silva, J.P. (Joaõ Pedro), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soares Filho, A.M. (Adauto Martins), Soriano, J.B. (Joan B.), Soshnikov, S. (Sergey), Soyiri, I.N. (Ireneous N.), Starodubov, V.I. (Vladimir I.), Stein, D.J. (Dan J.), Stokes, M.A. (Mark A.), Sufiyan, M.B. (Mu'Awiyyah Babale), Sunshine, J.E. (Jacob E.), Sykes, B.L. (Bryan L.), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tabb, K.M. (Karen M), Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. (Arash), Tessema, G.A. (Gizachew Assefa), Thakur, J.S. (Jarnail Singh), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tudor Car, L. (Lorainne), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Uzochukwu, B.S.C. (Benjamin S. Chudi), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Varavikova, E. (Elena), Vasconcelos, A.M.N. (Ana Maria Nogales), Venketasubramanian, N. (Narayanaswamy), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V.V. (Vasiliy Victorovich), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Winkler, A.S. (Andrea Sylvia), Yadav, P. (Priyanka), Yano, Y. (Yuichiro), Yenesew, M.A. (Muluken Azage), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zafar, S. (Shamsa), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhao, Y. (Yong), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Lopez, A.D. (Alan D), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Vos, T. (Theo), Haagsma, J.A. (Juanita), James, S.L. (Spencer L.), Castle, C.D. (Chris D.), Dingels, Z.V. (Zachary V.), Fox, J.T. (Jack T.), Hamilton, E.B. (Erin B.), Liu, Z. (Zichen), Lucchesi, L.R. (Lydia R.), Roberts, N.L.S. (Nicholas L.S.), Sylte, D.O. (Dillon O.), Adebayo, O.M. (Oladimeji M.), Ahmadi, A. (Alireza), Ahmed, M.B. (Muktar Beshir), Aichour, M.T.E. (Miloud Taki Eddine), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alghnam, S.A. (Suliman A.), Aljunid, S.M. (Syed Mohamed), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alsharif, U. (Ubai), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Anjomshoa, M. (Mina), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Appiah, S.C.Y. (Seth Christopher Yaw), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Arora, A. (Amit), Asayesh, H. (Hamid), Assadi, R. (Reza), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. (Beatriz Paulina), Balalla, S. (Shivanthi), Banstola, A. (Amrit), Barker-Collo, S.L. (Suzanne Lyn), Bärnighausen, T.W. (Till Winfried), Bazargan-Hejazi, S. (Shahrzad), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Behzadifar, M. (Masoud), Behzadifar, M. (Meysam), Benjet, C. (Corina), Bennett, D. (Derrick), Bensenor, I.M. (Isabela M.), Bhaumik, S. (Soumyadeep), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Bijani, A. (Ali), Borges, G. (Guilherme), Borschmann, R. (Rohan), Bose, D. (Dipan), Boufous, S. (Soufiane), Brazinova, A. (Alexandra), Campuzano Rincon, J.C. (Julio Cesar), Cárdenas, R. (Rosario), Carrero, J.J. (Juan J.), Carvalho, F. (Félix), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Catalá-López, F. (Ferrán), Choi, J.-Y.J. (Jee-Young J.), Christopher, D.J. (Devasahayam J.), Crowe, C.S. (Christopher Stephen), Dalal, K. (Koustuv), Daryani, A. (Ahmad), Davitoiu, D.V. (Dragos Virgil), Degenhardt, F., Leo, D. (Diego) de, De Neve, J.-W. (Jan-Walter), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Dessie, G.A. (Getenet Ayalew), Deveber, G.A. (Gabrielle Aline), Dharmaratne, S.D. (Samath D), Doan, L.P. (Linh Phuong), Dolan, K.A. (Kate A.), Driscoll, T.R. (Tim Robert), Dubey, M. (Manisha), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Ellingsen, C.L. (Christian Lycke), El Sayed Zaki, M. (Maysaa), Endries, A.Y. (Aman Yesuf), Eskandarieh, S. (Sharareh), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Fernandes, E. (Eduarda), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Franklin, R. (Richard), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Gill, T.K. (Tiffany K.), Goulart, A.C. (Alessandra C.), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Haghparast Bidgoli, H. (Hassan), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hamadeh, R.R. (Randah R.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Haro, J.M. (Josep Maria), Hassankhani, H. (Hadi), Hassen, H.Y. (Hamid Yimam), Havmoeller, R. (Rasmus), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Henok, A. (Andualem), Hijar, M. (Martha), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Homaie Rad, E. (Enayatollah), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hostiuc, S. (Sorin), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Igumbor, E.U. (Ehimario U.), Ilesanmi, O.S. (Olayinka Stephen), Irvani, S.S.N. (Seyed Sina Naghibi), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Ivers, R.Q. (Rebecca Q.), Jacobsen, K.H. (Kathryn H), Jahanmehr, N. (Nader), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jayatilleke, A.U. (Achala Upendra), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B., Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. (Zahra), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Jürisson, M. (Mikk), Kabir, A. (Ali), Kalani, R. (Rizwan), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Kelbore, A.G. (Abraham Getachew), Kengne, A.P. (Andre Pascal), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khafaie, M.A. (Morteza Abdullatif), Khalid, N. (Nauman), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khoja, A.T. (Abdullah T.), Kiadaliri, A.A. (Aliasghar A.), Kim, Y.-E. (Young-Eun), Kim, D. (Daniel), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Kuate Defo, B. (Barthelemy), Kucuk Bicer, B. (Burcu), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lalloo, R. (Ratilal), Lam, H. (Hilton), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lansingh, V.C. (Van C.), Leasher, J.L. (Janet L.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lunevicius, R. (Raimundas), MacHado, F.R. (Flavia R.), Magdy Abd El Razek, H. (Hassan), Magdy Abd El Razek, M. (Muhammed), Mahotra, N.B. (Narayan Bahadur), Majdan, M. (Marek), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malik, M.A. (Manzoor Ahmad), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Manda, A.-L. (Ana-Laura), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Maulik, P.K. (Pallab K.), Meheretu, H.A.A. (Hailemariam Abiy Alemu), Mehndiratta, M.M. (Man Mohan), Melese, A. (Addisu), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mengesha, M.M. (Melkamu Merid), Meretoja, T.J. (Tuomo J.), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Mestrovic, T. (Tomislav), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N. (Naser), Mohammadibakhsh, R. (Roghayeh), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Molokhia, M. (Mariam), Monasta, L. (Lorenzo), Mondello, S. (Stefania), Montero-Zamora, P.A. (Pablo A.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moosazadeh, M. (Mahmood), Moradi, G. 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(Priyanka), Yano, Y. (Yuichiro), Yenesew, M.A. (Muluken Azage), Yip, P. (Paul), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zafar, S. (Shamsa), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhao, Y. (Yong), Zodpey, S. (Sanjay), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Lopez, A.D. (Alan D), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), and Vos, T. (Theo)
Abstract: Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.
Published: 2019
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40. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Feigin, V, Nichols, E, Alam, T, Bannick, M, Beghi, E, Blake, N, Culpepper, W, Dorsey, E, Elbaz, A, Ellenbogen, R, Fisher, J, Fitzmaurice, C, Giussani, G, Glennie, L, James, S, Johnson, C, Kassebaum, N, Logroscino, G, Marin, B, Mountjoy-Venning, W, Nguyen, M, Ofori-Asenso, R, Patel, A, Piccininni, M, Roth, G, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Szoeke, C, Theadom, A, Vollset, S, Wallin, M, Wright, C, Zunt, J, Abbasi, N, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Aboyans, V, Abraha, H, Acharya, D, Adamu, A, Adebayo, O, Adeoye, A, Adsuar, J, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, M, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akinyemi, R, Akseer, N, Al-Eyadhy, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Alahdab, F, Alene, K, Aljunid, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Asayesh, H, Asghar, R, Atalay, H, Awasthi, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayuk, T, Badawi, A, Banach, M, Banoub, J, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, 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K., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Moazen, Babak, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadi, Moslem, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam, Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Moodley, Yoshan, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradinazar, Mehdi, Moraga, Paula, Moreno Velásquez, Ilais, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Muhammed, Oumer Sada, Muruet, Walter, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Newton, Charles Richard James, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Nixon, Molly R, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Malihe, Nyasulu, Peter S, Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olagunju, Tinuke O, Olivares, Pedro R, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Oren, Eyal, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, PA, Mahesh, Pakpour, Amir H, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pereira, David M, Petzold, Max, Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Poulton, Richie, Poustchi, Hossein, Prakash, Swayam, Prakash, V., Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajati, Fatemeh, Ram, Usha, Ranta, Anna, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reinig, Nickolas, Reis, Cesar, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaeian, Shahab, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rios González, Carlos Miguel, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Sabbagh, Parisa, Sacco, Ralph L, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Safari, Hosein, Safari-Faramani, Roya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Salehi Zahabi, Saleh, Salimi, Yahya, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawant, Arundhati R, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shabaninejad, Hosein, Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakir, Raad A, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheth, Kevin N, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sobhani, Soheila, Soofi, Moslem, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Sposato, Luciano A, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stokes, Mark A, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylaja, P. 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Abstract: Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·
Published: 2019

41. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Orpana, H, Marczak, L, Arora, M, Abbasi, N, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, Z, Abraha, H, Afarideh, M, Afshari, M, Ahmadi, A, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akseer, N, Al‐raddadi, R, Alahdab, F, Alkerwi, A, Allebeck, P, Alvis‐guzman, N, Anber, N, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arora, A, Aryal, K, Asgedom, S, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, B, Badali, H, Barker‐collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Bazargan‐hejazi, S, Benjet, C, Bensenor, I, Berfeld, N, Beuran, M, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bililign, N, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brugha, T, Butt, Z, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Malta, D, Castañeda‐orjuela, C, Catalá‐lópez, F, Ciobanu, L, Dachew, B, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, Degenhardt, L, Demoz, G, Jarlais, D, Dharmaratne, S, Djalalinia, S, Doan, L, Doku, D, Dubey, M, El‐khatib, Z, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fekadu, W, Fernandes, E, Ferrari, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foreman, K, Fukumoto, T, Gebre, A, Grosso, G, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Bidgoli, H, Haj‐mirzaian, A, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Haro, J, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Heidari, B, Hendrie, D, Rad, E, Hosseini, S, Hostiuc, S, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Jayatilleke, A, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, G, Kawakami, N, Kefale, A, Kemp, G, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khubchandani, J, Kiadaliri, A, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Knudsen, A, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Krish, V, Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Lamichhane, P, Lang, J, Latifi, A, Lee, P, Leung, J, Lim, L, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Mahesh, P, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Malekzadeh, R, Manda, A, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Maravilla, J, Martinez‐raga, J, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mcgrath, J, Mehrotra, R, Mekonen, T, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirrakhimov, E, Mitchell, P, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, 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Fischer, Florian, Foreman, Kyle J., Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gupta, Rahul, Haagsma, Juanita A., Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Haj‐mirzaian, Arvin, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Haro, Josep Maria, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Heidari, Behnam, Hendrie, Delia, Rad, Enayatollah Homaie, Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa, Hostiuc, Sorin, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, James, Spencer, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kawakami, Norito, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Kemp, Grant Rodgers, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A., Kieling, Christian, Kim, Young-Eun, Kisa, Adnan, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Krish, Varsha Sarah, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Lamichhane, Prabhat, Lang, Justin J., Latifi, Arman, Lee, Paul H., Leung, Janni, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Mahesh, P. A., Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manda, Ana-Laura, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Maravilla, Joemer C., Martinez‐raga, Jose, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K., McGrath, John J., Mehrotra, Ravi, Mekonen, Tesfa, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mitchell, Philip B., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Moslem, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi‐lakeh, Maziar, Moradinazar, Mehdi, Velásquez, Ilais Moreno, Morisaki, Naho, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Moschos, Marilita M., Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mustafa, Ghulam, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Nixon, Molly R., Ofori‐asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Panda‐jonas, Songhomitra, Parry, Charles D H., Pati, Sanghamitra, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Plana‐ripoll, Oleguer, Postma, Maarten J., Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi‐movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi‐movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rezaeian, Shahab, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Sachdev, Perminder S., Safari, Hosein, Safiri, Saeid, Salamati, Payman, Salimi, Yahya, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Santric‐milicevic, Milena M., Sartorius, Benn, Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Schwebel, David C., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A., Filho, Adauto Martins Soares, Sobhani, Soheila, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F., Tabarés‐seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M., Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Tehrani‐banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Topor‐madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Ullah, Irfan, Unutzer, Jurgen, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A., Valdez, Pascual R., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasconcelos, Cintia, Vlassov, Vasily, Vos, Theo, Vujcic, Isidora S., Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wyper, Grant M A., Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimer, Ebrahim M., Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zamani, Mohammad, Murray, Christopher J L., Naghavi, Mohsen, Orpana, H, Marczak, L, Arora, M, Abbasi, N, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, Z, Abraha, H, Afarideh, M, Afshari, M, Ahmadi, A, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akseer, N, Al‐raddadi, R, Alahdab, F, Alkerwi, A, Allebeck, P, Alvis‐guzman, N, Anber, N, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arora, A, Aryal, K, Asgedom, S, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, B, Badali, H, Barker‐collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Bazargan‐hejazi, S, Benjet, C, Bensenor, I, Berfeld, N, Beuran, M, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bililign, N, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Brazinova, A, 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Abstract: Objectives To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7% (27.2% to 36.6%) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6%. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0%, 95% uncertainty interval 42.6% to 54.6%) than men (23.8%, 15.6% to 32.7%). Conclusions Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortalit
Published: 2019

42. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: James, SL, Theadom, A, Ellenbogen, RG, Bannick, MS, Mountjoy-Venning, WC, Lucchesi, LR, Abbasi, N, Abdulkader, R, Abraha, HN, Adsuar, JC, Afarideh, M, Agrawal, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, MB, Aichour, AN, Aichour, I, Aichour, MTE, Akinyemi, RO, Akseer, N, Alahdab, F, Alebel, A, Alghnam, SA, Ali, BA, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, K, Andrei, CL, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, H, Ansha, MG, Antonio, CAT, Appiah, SCY, Ariani, F, Asefa, NG, Asgedom, SW, Atique, S, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayuk, TB, Azzopardi, PS, Badali, H, Badawi, A, Balalla, S, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, BB, Belachew, AB, Belay, YA, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Beuran, M, Bhalla, A, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, ZA, Biadgo, B, Biffino, M, Bijani, A, Bililign, N, Birungi, C, Boufous, S, Brazinova, A, Brown, AW, Car, M, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, CA, Catala-Lopez, F, Chaiah, Y, Champs, AP, Chang, J-C, Choi, J-YJ, Christopher, DJ, Cooper, C, Crowe, CS, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daryani, A, Davitoiu, DV, Degefa, MG, Demoz, GT, Deribe, K, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, PD, Doku, DT, Drake, TM, Dubey, M, Dubljanin, E, El-Khatib, Z, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Farzaei, MH, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Feyissa, GT, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fukumoto, T, Ganji, M, Gankpe, FG, Gebre, AK, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gezae, KE, Gopalkrishna, G, Goulart, AC, Haagsma, JA, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Haro, JM, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, HY, Havmoeller, R, Hawley, C, Hay, SI, Hegazy, MI, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Hibstu, DT, Hoffman, HJ, Hole, MK, Rad, EH, Hosseini, SM, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Hussen, MA, Ilesanmi, OS, Irvani, SN, Jakovljevic, M, Jayaraman, S, Jha, RP, Jonas, JB, Jones, KM, Shushtari, ZJ, Jozwiak, JJ, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kahsay, A, Kahssay, M, Kalani, R, Karch, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, GM, Kassa, TD, Kassa, ZY, Kengne, AP, Khader, YS, Khafaie, MA, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khan, EA, Khan, MS, Khang, Y-H, 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Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roy, N, Ruhago, GM, Saddik, B, Safari, H, Safiri, S, Sahraian, MA, Salamati, P, Saldanha, RDF, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Santos, JV, Milicevic, MMMS, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Schneider, IJC, Schwebel, DC, Sepanlou, SG, Shabaninejad, H, Shaikh, MAA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Sharif, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Islam, SMS, She, J, Sheikh, A, Shen, J, Sheth, KN, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, MS, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Shoman, H, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, TJ, Silva, JP, Silveira, DGA, Sinha, DN, Smith, M, Soares Filho, AM, Sobhani, S, Soofi, M, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Stein, DJ, Stokes, MA, Sufiyan, MB, Sunguya, BF, Sunshine, JE, Sykes, BL, Szoeke, CEI, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Ao, BJT, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekle, MG, Temsah, M-H, Temsah, O, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada-Girbes, M, Bach, XT, Khanh, BT, Car, LT, Ukwaja, KN, Ullah, I, Usman, MS, Uthman, OA, Valdez, PR, Vasankari, TJ, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, FS, Wagnew, FS, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y-P, Weldegwergs, KG, Werdecker, A, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, AS, Wyper, GMA, Yano, Y, Yaseri, M, Yasin, YJ, Ye, P, Yimer, EM, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, Yost, MG, Younis, MZ, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Bin Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zenebe, ZM, Zodpey, S, Feigin, VL, Vos, T, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. FINDINGS: In 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30-30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78-1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55·50
Published: 2019

43. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived with Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017 : A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author: Fitzmauric, C., Fitzmaurice, C., Abate, D., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdel-Rahman, O., Abdelalim, A., Abdoli, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulle, A. S. M., Abebe, N. D., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abualhasan, A., Adedeji, I. A., Advani, S. M., Afarideh, M., Afshari, M., Aghaali, M., Agius, D., Agrawal, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadian, E., Ahmadpour, E., Ahmed, M. B., Akbari, M. E., Akinyemiju, T., Al-Aly, Z., Alabdulkader, A. M., Alahdab, F., Alam, T., Alamene, G. M., Alemnew, B. T. T., Alene, K. A., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Bakeshei, F. A., Almadi, M. A. H., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Alsharif, U., Alsowaidi, S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amini, E., Amini, S., Amoako, Y. A., Anbari, Z., Anber, N. H., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Ansariadi, A., Appiah, S. C. Y., Arab-Zozani, M., Arabloo, J., Arefi, Z., Aremu, O., Areri, H. A., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asfaw, E. T., Ashagre, A. F., Assadi, R., Ataeinia, B., Atalay, H. T., Ataro, Z., Atique, S., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Awasthi, A., Awoke, N., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayanore, M. A., Ayele, H. T., Babaee, E., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bagherzadeh, M., Bagli, E., Balakrishnan, S., Balouchi, A., Bärnighausen, T. W., Battista, R. J., Behzadifar, M., Bekele, B. B., Belay, Y. B., Belayneh, Y. M., Berfield, K. K. S., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Beuran, M., Bhakta, N., Bhattacharyya, K., Biadgo, B., Bijani, A., Bin Sayeed, M. S., Birungi, C., Bisignano, C., Bitew, H., Bjørge, T., Bleyer, A., Bogale, K. A., Bojia, H. A., Borzì, A. M., Bosetti, C., Bou-Orm, I. R., Brenner, H., Brewer, J. D., Briko, A. N., Briko, N. I., Bustamante-Teixeira, M. T., Butt, Z. A., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castro, C., Castro, F., Catalá-López, F., Cerin, E., Chaiah, Y., Chanie, W. F., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, P., Chauhan, N. S., Chehrazi, M., Chiang, P. P. -C, Chichiabellu, T. Y., Chido-Amajuoyi, O. G., Chimed-Ochir, O., Choi, J. -YJ., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D. -T, Constantin, M. -M, Costa, V. M., Crocetti, E., Crowe, C. S., Curado, M. P., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Damiani, G., Darwish, A. H., Daryani, A., Das Neves, J., Demeke, F. M., Demis, A. B., Demissie, B. W., Demoz, G. T., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Derakhshani, A., Deribe, K. S., Desai, R., Desalegn, B. B., Desta, M., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dinberu, M. T. T., Djalalinia, S., Doku, D. T., Drake, T. M., Dubey, M., Dubljanin, E., Duken, E. E., Ebrahimi, H., Effiong, A., Eftekhari, A., El Sayed, I., Zaki, M. E. S., El-Jaafary, S. I., El-Khatib, Z., Elemineh, D. A., Elkout, H., Ellenbogen, R. G., Elsharkawy, A., Emamian, M. H., Endalew, D. A., Endries, A. Y., Eshrati, B., Fadhil, I., Fallah, V., Faramarzi, M., Farhangi, M. A., Farioli, A., Farzadfar, F., Fentahun, N., Fernandes, E., Feyissa, G. T., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Force, L. M., Foroutan, M., Freitas, M., Fukumoto, T., Futran, N. D., Gallus, S., Gankpe, F. G., Gayesa, R. T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gedefaw, G. A., Gelaw, B. K., Geta, B., Getachew, S., Gezae, K. E., Ghafourifard, M., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gill, P. S., Ginindza, T. T. G., Girmay, A., Gizaw, M., Gomez, R. S., Gopalani, S. V., Gorini, G., Goulart, B. N. G., Grada, A., Ribeiro Guerra, M., Guimaraes, A. L. S., Gupta, P. C., Gupta, R., Hadkhale, K., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hanfore, L. K., Haro, J. M., Hasankhani, M., Hasanzadeh, A., Hassen, H. Y., Hay, R. J., Hay, S. I., Henok, A., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Hidru, H. D., Hoang, C. L., Hole, M. K., Hoogar, P., Horita, N., Hosgood, H. D., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hussen, M. M., Ileanu, B., Ilic, M. D., Innos, K., Irvani, S. S. N., Iseh, K. R., Islam, S. M. S., Islami, F., Jafari Balalami, N., Jafarinia, M., Jahangiry, L., Jahani, M. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, S. L., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jee, S. H., Jenabi, E., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Jonnagaddala, J., Joo, T., Jungari, S. B., Jürisson, M., Kabir, A., Kamangar, F., Karch, A., Karimi, N., Karimian, A., Kasaeian, A., Kasahun, G. G., Kassa, B., Kassa, T. D., Kassaw, M. W., Kaul, A., Keiyoro, P. N., Kelbore, A. G., Kerbo, A. A., Khader, Y. S., Khalilarjmandi, M., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khang, Y. -H, Khatab, K., Khater, A., Khayamzadeh, M., Khazaee-Pool, M., Khazaei, S., Khoja, A. T., Khosravi, M. H., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, D., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissimova-Skarbek, K., Komaki, H., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K. J., Bicer, B. K., Kugbey, N., Kumar, V., Kuupiel, D., La Vecchia, C., Lad, D. P., Lake, E. A., Lakew, A. M., Lal, D. K., Lami, F. H., Lan, Q., Lasrado, S., Lauriola, P., Lazarus, J. V., Leigh, J., Leshargie, C. T., Liao, Y., Limenih, M. A., Listl, S., Lopez, A. D., Lopukhov, P. D., Lunevicius, R., Madadin, M., Magdeldin, S., El Razek, H. M. A., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manafi, A., Manafi, N., Manamo, W. A., Mansourian, M., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Maroufizadeh, S., Martini, S. M. S., Mashamba-Thompson, T. P., Massenburg, B. B., Maswabi, M. T., Mathur, M. R., McAlinden, C., McKee, M., Meheretu, H. A. A., Mehrotra, R., Mehta, V., Meier, T., Melaku, Y. A., Meles, G. G., Meles, H. G., Melese, A., Melku, M., Memiah, P. T. N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Merat, S., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Mihretie, K. M. M., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mir, S. M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, H. R., Mishra, R., Moazen, B., Mohammad, D. K., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammad, Y., Darwesh, A. M., Mohammadbeigi, A., Mohammadi, H., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, A. S., Mohammed, J. A., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moosazadeh, M., Moossavi, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Joo, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradpour, F., Morawska, L., Morgado-Da-Costa, J., Morisaki, N., Morrison, S. D., Mosapour, A., Mousavi, S. M., Muche, A. A., Muhammed, O. S. S., Musa, J., Nabhan, A. R., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nagel, G., Nahvijou, A., Naik, G., Najafi, F., Naldi, L., Nam, H. S., Nasiri, N., Nazari, J., Negoi, I., Neupane, S., Newcomb, P. A., Nggada, H. A., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nikniaz, L., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nirayo, Y. L., Nixon, M. R., Nnaji, C. A., Nojomi, M., Nosratnejad, S., Shiadeh, M. N., Obsa, M. S., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H, Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Oluwasanu, M. M., Omonisi, A. E., Onwujekwe, O. E., Oommen, A. M., Oren, E., Ortega-Altamirano, D. D. V., Ota, E., Otstavnov, S. S., Owolabi, M. O., Mahesh, P. A., Padubidri, J. R., Pakhale, S., Pakpour, Amir H., Pana, A., Park, E. -K, Parsian, H., Pashaei, T., Patel, S., Patil, S. T., Pennini, A., Pereira, D. M., Piccinelli, C., Pillay, J. D., Pirestani, M., Pishgar, F., Postma, M. J., Pourjafar, H., Pourmalek, F., Pourshams, A., Prakash, S., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, M., Rahman, M. A., Rajati, F., Rana, S. M., Raoofi, S., Rath, G. K., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reiner, R. C., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Ribeiro, A. I., Ribeiro, D., Ronfani, L., Roro, E. M., Roshandel, G., Rostami, A., Saad, R. S., Sabbagh, P., Sabour, S., Saddik, B., Safiri, S., Sahebkar, A., Salahshoor, M. R., Salehi, F., Salem, H., Salem, M. R., Salimzadeh, H., Salomon, J. A., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sartorius, B., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Sayyah, M., Schneider, I. J. C., Schöttker, B., Sekerija, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Sepehrimanesh, M., Seyedmousavi, S., Shaahmadi, F., Shabaninejad, H., Shahbaz, M., Shaikh, M. A., Shamshirian, A., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, H., Sharafi, Z., Sharif, M., Sharifi, A., Sharifi, H., Sharma, R., Sheikh, A., Shirkoohi, R., Shukla, S. R., Si, S., Siabani, S., Silva, D. A. S., Silveira, D. G. A., Singh, A., Singh, J. A., Sisay, S., Sitas, F., Sobngwi, E., Soofi, M., Soriano, J. B., Stathopoulou, V., Sufiyan, M. B., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabuchi, T., Takahashi, K., Tamtaji, O. R., Tarawneh, M. R., Tassew, S. G., Taymoori, P., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M. -H, Temsah, O., Tesfay, B. E., Tesfay, F. H., Teshale, M. Y., Tessema, G. A., Thapa, S., Tlaye, K. G., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Traini, E., Tran, B. X., Tran, K. B., Tsadik, A. G., Ullah, I., Uthman, O. A., Vacante, M., Vaezi, M., Varona Pérez, P., Veisani, Y., Vidale, S., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Vosoughi, K., Vu, G. T., Vujcic, I. S., Wabinga, H., Wachamo, T. M., Wagnew, F. S., Waheed, Y., Weldegebreal, F., Weldesamuel, G. T., Wijeratne, T., Wondafrash, D. Z., Wonde, T. E., Wondmieneh, A. B., Workie, H. M., Yadav, R., Yadegar, A., Yadollahpour, A., Yaseri, M., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yeshaneh, A., Yimam, M. A., Yimer, E. M., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yousefi, B., Yousefifard, M., Yu, C., Zabeh, E., Zadnik, V., Moghadam, T. Z., Zaidi, Z., Zamani, M., Zandian, H., Zangeneh, A., Zaki, L., Zendehdel, K., Zenebe, Z. M., Zewale, T. A., Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Murray, C. J. L., Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration,, Fitzmauric, C., Fitzmaurice, C., Abate, D., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdel-Rahman, O., Abdelalim, A., Abdoli, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulle, A. S. M., Abebe, N. D., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abualhasan, A., Adedeji, I. A., Advani, S. M., Afarideh, M., Afshari, M., Aghaali, M., Agius, D., Agrawal, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadian, E., Ahmadpour, E., Ahmed, M. B., Akbari, M. E., Akinyemiju, T., Al-Aly, Z., Alabdulkader, A. M., Alahdab, F., Alam, T., Alamene, G. M., Alemnew, B. T. T., Alene, K. A., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Bakeshei, F. A., Almadi, M. A. H., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Alsharif, U., Alsowaidi, S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amini, E., Amini, S., Amoako, Y. A., Anbari, Z., Anber, N. H., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Ansariadi, A., Appiah, S. C. Y., Arab-Zozani, M., Arabloo, J., Arefi, Z., Aremu, O., Areri, H. A., Artaman, A., Asayesh, H., Asfaw, E. T., Ashagre, A. F., Assadi, R., Ataeinia, B., Atalay, H. T., Ataro, Z., Atique, S., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., Awasthi, A., Awoke, N., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayanore, M. A., Ayele, H. T., Babaee, E., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bagherzadeh, M., Bagli, E., Balakrishnan, S., Balouchi, A., Bärnighausen, T. W., Battista, R. J., Behzadifar, M., Bekele, B. B., Belay, Y. B., Belayneh, Y. M., Berfield, K. K. S., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Beuran, M., Bhakta, N., Bhattacharyya, K., Biadgo, B., Bijani, A., Bin Sayeed, M. S., Birungi, C., Bisignano, C., Bitew, H., Bjørge, T., Bleyer, A., Bogale, K. A., Bojia, H. A., Borzì, A. M., Bosetti, C., Bou-Orm, I. R., Brenner, H., Brewer, J. D., Briko, A. N., Briko, N. I., Bustamante-Teixeira, M. T., Butt, Z. A., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castro, C., Castro, F., Catalá-López, F., Cerin, E., Chaiah, Y., Chanie, W. F., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, P., Chauhan, N. S., Chehrazi, M., Chiang, P. P. -C, Chichiabellu, T. Y., Chido-Amajuoyi, O. G., Chimed-Ochir, O., Choi, J. -YJ., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D. -T, Constantin, M. -M, Costa, V. M., Crocetti, E., Crowe, C. S., Curado, M. P., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Damiani, G., Darwish, A. H., Daryani, A., Das Neves, J., Demeke, F. M., Demis, A. B., Demissie, B. W., Demoz, G. T., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Derakhshani, A., Deribe, K. S., Desai, R., Desalegn, B. B., Desta, M., Dey, S., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dinberu, M. T. T., Djalalinia, S., Doku, D. T., Drake, T. M., Dubey, M., Dubljanin, E., Duken, E. E., Ebrahimi, H., Effiong, A., Eftekhari, A., El Sayed, I., Zaki, M. E. S., El-Jaafary, S. I., El-Khatib, Z., Elemineh, D. A., Elkout, H., Ellenbogen, R. G., Elsharkawy, A., Emamian, M. H., Endalew, D. A., Endries, A. Y., Eshrati, B., Fadhil, I., Fallah, V., Faramarzi, M., Farhangi, M. A., Farioli, A., Farzadfar, F., Fentahun, N., Fernandes, E., Feyissa, G. T., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Force, L. M., Foroutan, M., Freitas, M., Fukumoto, T., Futran, N. D., Gallus, S., Gankpe, F. G., Gayesa, R. T., Gebrehiwot, T. T., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gedefaw, G. A., Gelaw, B. K., Geta, B., Getachew, S., Gezae, K. E., Ghafourifard, M., Ghajar, A., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gill, P. S., Ginindza, T. T. G., Girmay, A., Gizaw, M., Gomez, R. S., Gopalani, S. V., Gorini, G., Goulart, B. N. G., Grada, A., Ribeiro Guerra, M., Guimaraes, A. L. S., Gupta, P. C., Gupta, R., Hadkhale, K., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hanfore, L. 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Abstract: Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs fo
Published: 2019
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44. Erratum: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (The Lancet (2018) 392(10159) (1736–1788)(S0140673618322037)(10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7))

Author: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators Roth, G.A. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adib, M.G. Admasie, A. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akbari, M.E. Akinyemi, R.O. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alonso, J. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Aremu, O. Arnlov, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Bacha, U. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Banach, M. Banerjee, K. Bannick, M.S. Banoub, J.A.M. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Barnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bassat, Q. Basu, S. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bejot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, E. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhalla, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Blacker, B.F. Basara, B.B. Borschmann, R. Bosetti, C. 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Abstract: GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392: 1736–88—The bottom row in figure 7 was cut off. This correction has been made to the online version as of Nov 9, 2018, and has been made to the printed Article. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Published: 2018

45. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Dicker, D. Nguyen, G. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abdurahman, A.A. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.L.C.B. Ahmed, S. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. 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Eggen, A.E. El Bcheraoui, C. El Sayed Zaki, M. Elfaramawi, M. El-Khatib, Z. Ellingsen, C.L. Elyazar, I.R.F. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y.Y. Er, B. Ermakov, S.P. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Fakhar, M. Fakhim, H. Farag, T. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farid, T.A. E SÃ¡ Farinha, C.S. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Feizy, F. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Feyissa, G.T. Fijabi, D.O. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Ford, J.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Frank, T.D. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. FÃ¼rst, T. Furtado, J.M. Futran, N.D. Galan, A. Gallus, S. Gambashidze, K. Gamkrelidze, A. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gebre, T. Gebre, A.K. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gelano, T.F. Gelaw, Y.A. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Gessner, B.D. 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Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, G. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kibret, G.D.D. Kim, C.-I. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kissoon, N. KivimÃ¤ki, M. Kleber, M.E. Knibbs, L.D. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krishnaswami, S. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kudom, A.A. Kuipers, E.J. Kulikoff, X.R. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumsa, F.A. Kutz, M.J. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lan, Q. Langan, S.M. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Lavados, P.M. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lebedev, G. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Leta, S. Levi, M. Li, S. Li, Y. Li, X. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Logroscino, G. Lonsdale, C. Lorch, S.A. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lucas, T.C.D. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Ma, S. Mabika, C. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Maddison, E.R. Maddison, R. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manamo, W.A. Manda, A.-L. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Marami, D. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marina, S. Martinez-Raga, J. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. MÃ¤rz, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Masiye, F. Massenburg, B.B. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. Mehata, S. Mehendale, S.M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mekonen, T. Mekonnen, T.C. Meles, H.G. Meles, K.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miangotar, Y. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Moazen, B. Moges, N.A. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, S. Mohammed, M.A. Mohan, V. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Moreno VelÃ¡squez, I. Morgado-Da-costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Mukhopadhyay, S. Mullany, E.C. Muller, K. Murhekar, M. Murphy, T.B. Murthy, G.V.S. Murthy, S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nachega, J.B. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Nair, S. Najafi, F. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Ncama, B.P. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, T.H. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, S.K. Opio, J.N. Oren, E. Ortiz, J.R. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Ã˜verland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Oyekale, A.S. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandey, A.R. Pandian, J.D. Parisi, A. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Patle, A. Patten, S.B. Patton, G.C. Paudel, D. Pearce, N. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, A. Pereira, D.M. Perez, K.M. Perico, N. Pervaiz, A. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Pond, C.D. Popova, S. Postma, M.J. Pourmalek, F. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, V. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Qorbani, M. Quistberg, D.A. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Ur Rahman, S. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Raju, S.B. Ram, U. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Ranta, A. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Ray, S.E. Razo-GarcÃa, C. Rego, M.A.S. Rehm, J. Reiner, R.C. Reinig, N. Reis, C. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Riojas, H. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Robinson, S.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Roshchin, D.O. Rostami, A. Rothenbacher, D. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Saadat, S. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salahshoor, M. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saldanha, R.F. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-NiÃ±o, M.D. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Sayyah, M. Scaria, V. Schaeffner, E. Schelonka, K. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. SchÃ¶ttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. ServÃ¡n-Mori, E. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Sheth, K.N. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shifa, G.T. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shrime, M.G. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, V. Sinha, A.P. Sinha, D.N. Sitas, F. Skirbekk, V. Sliwa, K. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Srivastava, R.K. Starodubov, V.I. Stathopoulou, V. Steel, N. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Stewart, L.G. Stokes, M.A. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. TabarÃ©s-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Takahashi, K. Tandon, N. Tassew, A.A. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Tawye, N.Y. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thakur, J.S. Thankappan, K.R. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, L.A. Thomas, N. Thrift, A.G. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tobe-Gai, R. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Topouzis, F. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-GirbÃ©s, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathi, S. Tripathy, S.P. Truelsen, T.C. Truong, N.T. Tsadik, A.G. Tsilimparis, N. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Uzun, S.B. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Vidavalur, R. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagner, G.R. Wagnew, F.W.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wassie, M.M. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weiss, J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wondemagegn, S.A. Wu, S. Wyper, G.M.A. Xu, G. Yadav, R. Yakob, B. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yearwood, J.A. YentÃ¼r, G.K. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. York, H.W. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zachariah, G. Zadnik, V. Zafar, S. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeeb, H. Zeleke, M.M. Zenebe, Z.M. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, K. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J.J. Lopez, A.D. Gakidou, E. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Assessments of age-specifc mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Afairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. Methods: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specifc mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in diferent components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. Findings: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. Interpretation: This analysis of age-sex-specifc mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The fndings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which refects signifcant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. © 2018 The Author(s).
Published: 2018

46. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Lozano, R. Fullman, N. Abate, D. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, N.D. Abebe, Z. Abejie, A.N. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M. Abyu, G.Y. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adedoyin, R.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshari, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Aghayan, S.A. Agius, D. Agrawal, A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Akalu, T.Y. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alam, T. Albujeer, A. Alebel, A. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Alhabib, S. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Allen, C.A. Almasi, A. Al-Maskari, F. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Amenu, K. Amini, E. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Anderson, J.A. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansari, H. Ansariadi, A. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Appiah, L.T. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, M. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Asghar, R.J. Assadi, R. Ataro, Z. Atique, S. Atre, S.R. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Quintanilla, B.P.A. Ayele, H.T. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Azarpazhooh, M.R. Azzopardi, P.S. Azzopardi-Muscat, N. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banerjee, A. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Barthelemy, C.M. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Basu, S. Battista, R.J. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Benzian, H. Berhane, A. Berhe, A.K. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhalla, A. Bhansali, A. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Sayeed, M.S.B. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Bisanzio, D. Biswas, T. Bitew, H. Bizuneh, H. Bjertness, E. Bobasa, E.M. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Bozorgmehr, K. Bragazzi, N.L. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brauer, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Brugha, T. Bukhman, G. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Rincon, J.C.C. Cano, J. Car, J. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carter, A. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Rivas, J.C. Castro, F. Causey, K. Çavlin, A. Cercy, K.M. Cerin, E. Chaiah, Y. Chalek, J. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chattopadhyay, A. Chattu, V.K. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chin, K.L. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christensen, H. Christopher, D.J. Chung, S.-C. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Claßen, T.K.D. Cohen, A.J. Collado-Mateo, D. Cooper, C. Cooper, L.T. Cornaby, L. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cousin, E. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dadi, A.F. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dang, A.K. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Das, S.K. Das Gupta, R. Das Neves, J. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis, A.C. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. Dayama, A. De Courten, B. De Leo, D. Neve, J.W.D. De Steur, H. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Dellavalle, R.P. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Dessie, G.A. Dey, S. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dicker, D. Dinberu, M.T. Ding, E.L. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Douwes-Schultz, D. Driscoll, T.R. Duan, L. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. El Bcheraoui, C. Eldrenkamp, E. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R.F. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Estep, K. Fakhar, M. Fakhim, H. Fanzo, J. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farid, T.A. Farinha, C.S.E.S. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Farzam, H. Fazaeli, A.A. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Fekadu, W. Feldman, R. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Feyissa, G.T. Fijabi, D.O. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Finger, J.D. Fischer, F. Fitzmaurice, C. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Frank, T.D. Franklin, R.C. Fukumoto, T. Fukutaki, K. Fuller, J.E. Fürst, T. Furtado, J.M. Gakidou, E. Gallus, S. Gankpe, F.G. Gansevoort, R.T. Garcia, A.C. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Garcia-Gordillo, M.A. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebre, T. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, B. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Geramo, Y.C.D. Getachew, S. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghadiri, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghiasvand, H. Ghimire, M. Ghoshal, A.G. Giampaoli, S. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goldberg, E.M. Goli, S. Gona, P.N. Goodridge, A. Gopalani, S.V. Gorman, T.M. Goto, A. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Griswold, M.G. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C.C. Guillemin, F. Guimaraes, A.L.S. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Ha, G.H. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Bidgoli, H.H. Hagos, T.B. Haile, M.T. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Hankey, G.J. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haririan, H. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hawley, C.N. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, B. Heidari, M. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Heredia-Pi, I. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, B. Heydarpour, F. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Híjar, M. Hoek, H.W. Hoffman, D.J. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Horita, N. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Hsiao, T. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Hughes, C. Huynh, C.K. Igumbor, E.U. Ikeda, C.T. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Islam, S.M.S. Islami, F. Ivers, R.Q. Izadi, N. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Jalu, M.T. Jamal, A.A. James, S.L. Jassal, S.K. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Johnson, C.O. Johnson, S.C. Jonas, J.B. Jonnagaddala, J. Shushtari, Z.J. Joshi, A. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Madhanraj, K. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kahssay, M. Kalani, R. Kapil, U. Karami, M. Matin, B.K. Karanikolos, M. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Karimi-Sari, H. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassa, Z.Y. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kaul, A. Kawakami, N. Kazemi, Z. Karyani, A.K. Kazi, D.S. Prakash, K.C. Kebede, S. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemmer, L. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Kesavachandran, C.N. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalid, N. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khanna, T. Khater, M.M. Khatony, A. Khazaeipour, Z. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Khubchandani, J. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kiarie, H.W. Kibret, G.D. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kissoon, N. Kivimäki, M. Kocarnik, J.M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krohn, K.J. Defo, B.K. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kudom, A.A. Kulikoff, X.R. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kutz, M.J. Kyu, H.H. Lachat, C. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lagat, A.K. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lamichhane, P. Lan, Q. Lang, J.J. Lansingh, V.C. Lansky, S. Larson, H.J. Larsson, A.O. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Lau, K.M.-M. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Leasher, J.L. Lebedev, G. Ledesma, J.R. Lee, J.B. Lee, P.H. Leever, A.T. Leigh, J. Leinsalu, M. Leshargie, C.T. Leung, J. Lewycka, S. Li, S. Li, X. Li, Y. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Lodha, R. Logroscino, G. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lucchesi, L.R. Lyons, R.A. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Maddison, E.R. Madotto, F. Maghavani, D.P. Magis-Rodriguez, C. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manda, A.-L. Mandarano-Filho, L.G. Mangalam, S. Manguerra, H. Mansournia, M.A. Mapoma, C.C. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marks, A. Martin, R.V. Martins, S.C.O. Martins-Melo, F.R. Martopullo, I. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. McMahon, B.J. Mehata, S. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mejia-Rodriguez, F. Mekonen, T. Mekonnen, T.C.C. Meles, H.G. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mensink, G.B.M. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezgebe, H.B. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miller-Petrie, M.K. Milne, G.J. Mini, G.K. Minnig, S.P. Mirabi, P. Mirarefin, M. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitchell, P.B. Moazen, B. Moghadamnia, A.A. Mohajer, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohan, M.B.V. Mohan, V. Mohebi, F. Moitra, M. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Montañez, J.C. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Morgado-da-Costa, J. Morisaki, N. Morrison, S.D. Mosapour, A. Moschos, M.M. Mountjoy-Venning, W.C. Mouodi, S. Mousavi, S.M. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Mullany, E.C. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Murhekar, M. Murthy, G.V.S. Murthy, S. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Muthupandian, S. Nabhan, A.F. Nachega, J.B. Nagarajan, A.J. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naidoo, K. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Nawaz, H. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngalesoni, F.N. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, M. Nichols, E. Nigatu, S.G. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nirayo, Y.L. Nisar, M.I. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, M. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Shiadeh, M.N. Nowroozi, M.R. Nyasulu, P.S. Obermeyer, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogah, O.S. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Okoro, A. Oladimeji, K.E. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K. Oommen, A.M. Opio, J.N. Oren, E. Oros, A. Ortega-Altamirano, D.D.V. Ortiz, A. Ortiz, J.R. Ortiz-Panozo, E. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Owolabi, M.O. Mahesh, P.A. Pakhale, S. Pakhare, A.P. Pan, W.-H. Pana, A. Panda, B.K. Panda-Jonas, S. Pandian, J.D. Papantoniou, N. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paudel, D. Paulson, K.R. Pearce, N. Peprah, E.K. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pervaiz, A. Pesudovs, K. Petri, W.A. Petzold, M. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Pirsaheb, M. Pletcher, M. Pond, C.D. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Pyakurel, M. Qorbani, M. Quansah, R. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Rahman, M.S. Rahman, M.H.U. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, S.U. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Rajsic, S. Ram, U. Rana, S.M. Ranabhat, C.L. Ranjan, P. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Razo-García, C. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. Reis, C. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Reynales-Shigematsu, L.M. Rezaei, S. Rezaeian, S. Rezai, M.S. Riahi, S.M. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Rios-Blancas, M.J. Roba, K.T. Roberts, N.L.S. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Roy, A. Rubagotti, E. Ruhago, G.M. Sabde, Y.D. Sachdev, P.S. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. De Freitas Saldanha, R. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Santos, I.S. Milicevic, M.M.S. Jose, B.P.S. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Savic, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Saylan, M. Sayyah, M. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M.B. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. Sharma, S.K. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shey, M.S. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shields, C. Shifa, G.T. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shirude, S. Shishani, K. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Sibai, A.M. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Da Silva, N.T. Silveira, D.G.A. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, O.P. Singh, P.K. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Sliwa, K. Smith, A.E. Smith, M. Filho, A.M.S. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soljak, M. Soofi, M. Soosaraei, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soshnikov, S. Soyiri, I.N. Spinelli, A. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, R.G. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Starodubov, V.I. Stathopoulou, V. Steckling, N. Stein, D.J. Stewart, L.G. Stockfelt, L. Stokes, M.A. Straif, K. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tamirat, K.S. Tandon, N. Tanser, F.C. Tassew, A.A. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Tawye, N.Y. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teshale, M.Y. Teshome, D.F. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thakur, J.S. Thankappan, K.R. Theis, A. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, L.A. Thomas, N. Thomson, A.J. Thrift, A.G. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tobe-Gai, R. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tran, T.T. Tripathy, S.P. Troeger, C.E. Truelsen, T.C. Tsadik, A.G. Car, L.T. Tuzcu, E.M. Tymeson, H.D. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Van Donkelaar, A. Varavikova, E. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Vidavalur, R. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollmer, S. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagner, G.R. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Wassie, M.M. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Werkneh, A.A. West, T.E. Westerman, R. Whisnant, J.L. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Wilner, L.B. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolde, H.F. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wu, S. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Xu, R. Yadollahpour, A. Jabbari, S.H.Y. Yakob, B. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yearwood, J.A. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yirsaw, B.D. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yonga, G. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zavala-Arciniega, L. Zegeye, D.T. Zegeye, E.A. Zeleke, A.J. Zendehdel, K. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, A.L. Zhang, X. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Zoeckler, L. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J.J. Lim, S.S. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2018

47. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Murray, C.J.L. Callender, C.S.K.H. Kulikoff, X.R. Srinivasan, V. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdel-Rahman, O. Abdi, A. Abdoli, N. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, H.T. Abebe, M. Abebe, Z. Abebo, T.A. Abejie, A.N. Aboyans, V. Abraha, H.N. Abreu, D.M.X. Abrham, A.R. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, P. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adedeji, I.A. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adhena, B.M. Adhikari, T.B. Adib, M.G. Adou, A.K. Adsuar, J.C. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, M.B. Ahmed, S. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akanda, A.S. Akbari, M.E. Akibu, M. Akinyemi, R.O. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Alahdab, F. Al-Aly, Z. Alam, K. Alebel, A. Aleman, A.V. Alene, K.A. Al-Eyadhy, A. Ali, R. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Almasi, A. Alonso, J. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alsharif, U. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Ammar, W. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Ansari, H. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Appiah, S.C.Y. Aremu, O. Areri, H.A. Arian, N. Ärnlöv, J. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asfaw, E.T. Asgedom, S.W. Assadi, R. Atey, T.M.M. Atique, S. Atteraya, M.S. Ausloos, M. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayele, Y. Ayer, R. Ayuk, T.B. Azzopardi, P.S. Babalola, T.K. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Basaleem, H. Bassat, Q. Basu, A. Baune, B.T. Baynes, H.W. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Belachew, A.B. Belay, A.G. Belay, E. Belay, S.A. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Bergeron, G. Berhane, A. Berman, A.E. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Bertolacci, G.J. Beuran, M. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Birlik, S.M. Birungi, C. Biswas, T. Bizuneh, H. Bleyer, A. Basara, B.B. Bosetti, C. Boufous, S. Brady, O.J. Bragazzi, N.L. Brainin, M. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Brewer, J.D. Briant, P.S. Britton, G. Burstein, R. Busse, R. Butt, Z.A. Cahuana-Hurtado, L. Campos-Nonato, I.R. Campuzano Rincon, J.C. Cano, J. Car, M. Cárdenas, R. Carrero, J.J. Carvalho, F. Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. Rivas, J.C. Castro, F. Catalá-López, F. Çavlin, A. Cerin, E. Chalek, J. Chang, H.-Y. Chang, J.-C. Chattopadhyay, A. Chaturvedi, P. Chiang, P.P.-C. Chin, K.L. Chisumpa, V.H. Chitheer, A. Choi, J.-Y.J. Chowdhury, R. Christopher, D.J. Cicuttini, F.M. Ciobanu, L.G. Cirillo, M. Claro, R.M. Collado-Mateo, D. Constantin, M.-M. Conti, S. Cooper, C. Cooper, L.T. Cornaby, L. Cortesi, P.A. Cortinovis, M. Costa, M. Cromwell, E.A. Crowe, C.S. Cukelj, P. Cunningham, M. Daba, A.K. Dachew, B.A. Dandona, L. Dandona, R. Dargan, P.I. Daryani, A. Gupta, R.D. Neves, J.D. Dasa, T.T. Dash, A.P. Davis Weaver, N. Davitoiu, D.V. Davletov, K. De Leo, D. De Neve, J.-W. Degefa, M.G. Degenhardt, L. Degfie, T.T. Deiparine, S. Demoz, G.T. Demtsu, B. Denova-Gutiérrez, E. Deribe, K. Dervenis, N. Des Jarlais, D.C. Dessie, G.A. Dharmaratne, S.D. Dhimal, M. Dicker, D. Ding, E.L. Dinsa, G.D. Djalalinia, S. Do, H.P. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Dolan, K.A. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimpour, S. Edvardsson, D. El Bcheraoui, C. El-Khatib, Z. Elyazar, I.R. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Ermakov, S.P. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esmaeili, R. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Estep, K. Fakhim, H. Farag, T. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. SáFarinha, C.S.E. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Farzaei, M.H. Fay, K.A. Fazeli, M.S. Feigin, V.L. Feigl, A.B. Feizy, F. Fenny, A.P. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Finegold, S. Fischer, F. Flor, L.S. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fornari, C. Fürst, T. Fukumoto, T. Fuller, J.E. Fullman, N. Gakidou, E. Gallus, S. Gamkrelidze, A. Ganji, M. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia, G.M. Garcia-Gordillo, M.Á. Gebre, A.K. Gebre, T. Gebregergs, G.B. Gebrehiwot, T.T. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gelano, T.F. Gelaw, Y.A. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Gething, P. Gezae, K.E. Ghadami, M.R. Ghadimi, R. Ghadiri, K. Falavarjani, K.G. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghiasvand, H. Ghimire, M. Ghoshal, A.G. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goli, S. Gomez, R.S. Gómez-Dantés, H. Gona, P.N. Goodridge, A. Gopalani, S.V. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C.C. Guo, J. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Hagos, T.B. Hailegiyorgis, T.T. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Harb, H.L. Haririan, H. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hay, S.I. He, Y. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Hegazy, M.I. Heibati, B. Heidari, B. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Henry, N.J. Herteliu, C. 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Khazaeipour, Z. Khazaie, H. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Kibret, G.D. Kidanemariam, Z.T. Kiirithio, D.N. Kilgore, P.E. Kim, D. Kim, J.Y. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kinra, S. Kisa, A. Kivimäki, M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosek, M.N. Kosen, S. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Krishan, K. Krishnaswami, S. Krohn, K.J. Defo, B.K. Bicer, B.K. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kumar, P. Kumsa, F.A. Kutz, M.J. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lal, D.K. Lalloo, R. Lam, H. Lami, F.H. Lang, J.J. Lansky, S. Lansingh, V.C. Laryea, D.O. Lassi, Z.S. Latifi, A. Laxmaiah, A. Lazarus, J.V. Lee, J.B. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leshargie, C.T. Leta, S. Levi, M. Li, S. Li, X. Li, Y. Liang, J. Liang, X. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Limenih, M.A. Linn, S. Liu, S. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Lozano, R. Lunevicius, R. Mabika, C.M. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Madotto, F. Mahmood, T.A.E. Mahotra, N.B. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malik, M.A. Mamun, A.A. Manamo, W.A. 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Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salahshoor, M. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saldanha, R.D.F. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Sambala, E.Z. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Niño, M.D. Santos, I.S. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarmiento-Suárez, R. Saroshe, S. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Schaeffner, E. Schelonka, K. Schneider, I.J.C. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Seedat, S. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Shabaninejad, H. Shackelford, K.A. Shafieesabet, A. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shakir, R.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shukla, S.R. Si, S. Siabani, S. Sibai, A.M. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silpakit, N. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Sliwa, K. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Starodubov, V.I. Steiner, C. Stewart, L.G. Stokes, M.A. Strong, M. Subart, M.L. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabb, K.M. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tandon, N. Tassew, A.A. Tassew, S.G. Taveira, N. Tawye, N.Y. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekle, M.G. Temsah, M.-H. Terkawi, A.S. Teshale, M.Y. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thakur, J.S. Thankappan, K.R. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, N. Thomson, A.J. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Toyoshima, H. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Tripathy, S.P. Truelsen, T.C. Truong, N.T. Tsadik, A.G. Tsegay, A. Tsilimparis, N. Car, L.T. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Uzun, S.B. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Vaidya, G. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Vasconcelos, A.M.N. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Walson, J.L. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H. Widecka, J. Widecka, K. Wijeratne, T. Winkler, A.S. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Wu, S. Wyper, G.M.A. Xu, G. Yamada, T. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Ye, P. Yentür, G.K. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeleke, M.M. Zenebe, Z.M. Zerfu, T.A. Zhang, X. Zhao, X.-J. Zhou, M. Zhu, J. Zimsen, S.R.M. Zodpey, S. Zoeckler, L. Lopez, A.D. Lim, S.S. GBD 2017 Population Fertility Collaborators
Abstract: Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Published: 2018

48. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

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Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Aremu, O. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Arora, M. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Ataro, Z. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Balakrishnan, K. Bali, A.G. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barquera, S. Barrero, L.H. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Bekele, B.B. Bekru, E.T. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bennett, D.A. Bensenor, I.M. Berhane, A. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhatt, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Biehl, M.H. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Bjorge, T. Bleyer, A. Bobasa, E.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brant, L.C. Brayne, C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. 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Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. McMahon, B.J. Mehata, S. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mejia-Rodriguez, F. Mekonen, T. Melese, A. Melku, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Mini, G.K. Mirarefin, M. Mirica, A. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitchell, P.B. Mitiku, H. Moazen, B. Mohajer, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadi, M. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Montanez, J.C. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi, M. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Velásquez, I.M. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Mruts, K.B. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Murthy, G.V.S. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Nagata, C. Nagel, G. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Najafi, F. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, N.B. Nguyen, S.H. Nichols, E. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nixon, M.R. Nomura, S. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Shiadeh, M.N. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Olusanya, J.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K. Oren, E. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. Overland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakhare, A.P. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Panda-Jonas, S. Park, E.-K. Park, J. Parry, C.D.H. Parsian, H. Pasdar, Y. Patel, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paudel, D. Paulson, K.R. Pearce, N. Pereira, A. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Petzold, M. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Piradov, M.A. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Plana-Ripoll, O. Polinder, S. Popova, S. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prakash, V. Prasad, N. Purcell, C.A. Qorbani, M. Quistberg, D.A. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi, Z. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, S.U. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Ranjan, P. Rao, P.C. Rasella, D. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezai, M.S. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Roberts, N.L.S. Robinson, S.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Rothenbacher, D. Rubagotti, E. Sachdev, P.S. Sadat, N. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salimzadeh, H. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sanchez-Nino, M.D. Santomauro, D.F. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarmiento-Suárez, R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schutte, A.E. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shafieesabet, A. Shahbazi, M. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, J. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shiferaw, M.S. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shiue, I. Shokoohinia, Y. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Si, S. Siabani, S. Sibai, A.M. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silva, D.A.S. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Skirbekk, V. Sliwa, K. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Filho, A.M.S. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Soofi, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Starodubov, V.I. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Steiner, T.J. Stokes, M.A. Stovner, L.J. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sulo, G. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sykes, B.L. Sylaja, P.N. Sylte, D.O. Szoeke, C.E.I. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tabuchi, T. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Taylor, H.R. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Tessema, B. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Theis, A. Thirunavukkarasu, S. Thomas, N. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Troeger, C.E. Tsadik, A.G. Tsoi, D. Tudor Car, L. Tyrovolas, S. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Undurraga, E.A. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Varavikova, E. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vos, T. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. West, T.E. Westerman, R. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Williams, H.C. Wilner, L.B. Wilson, S. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Woolf, A.D. Wyper, G.M.A. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zandian, H. Zar, H.J. Zenebe, Z.M. Zipkin, B. Zhou, M. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Zuhlke, L.J. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 DALYs HALE Collaborators
Abstract: Background: How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted lifeyears (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severityof ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-speci?c mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the ?ve leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2018

49. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, S.L. Abate, D. Abate, K.H. Abay, S.M. Abbafati, C. Abbasi, N. Abbastabar, H. Abd-Allah, F. Abdela, J. Abdelalim, A. Abdollahpour, I. Abdulkader, R.S. Abebe, Z. Abera, S.F. Abil, O.Z. Abraha, H.N. Abu-Raddad, L.J. Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. Accrombessi, M.M.K. Acharya, D. Acharya, P. Ackerman, I.N. Adamu, A.A. Adebayo, O.M. Adekanmbi, V. Adetokunboh, O.O. Adib, M.G. Adsuar, J.C. Afanvi, K.A. Afarideh, M. Afshin, A. Agarwal, G. Agesa, K.M. Aggarwal, R. Aghayan, S.A. Agrawal, S. Ahmadi, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadieh, H. Ahmed, M.B. Aichour, A.N. Aichour, I. Aichour, M.T.E. Akinyemiju, T. Akseer, N. Al-Aly, Z. Al-Eyadhy, A. Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. Al-Raddadi, R.M. Alahdab, F. Alam, K. Alam, T. Alashi, A. Alavian, S.M. Alene, K.A. Alijanzadeh, M. Alizadeh-Navaei, R. Aljunid, S.M. Alkerwi, A. Alla, F. Allebeck, P. Alouani, M.M.L. Altirkawi, K. Alvis-Guzman, N. Amare, A.T. Aminde, L.N. Ammar, W. Amoako, Y.A. Anber, N.H. Andrei, C.L. Androudi, S. Animut, M.D. Anjomshoa, M. Ansha, M.G. Antonio, C.A.T. Anwari, P. Arabloo, J. Arauz, A. Aremu, O. Ariani, F. Armoon, B. Ärnlöv, J. Arora, A. Artaman, A. Aryal, K.K. Asayesh, H. Asghar, R.J. Ataro, Z. Atre, S.R. Ausloos, M. Avila-Burgos, L. Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. Awasthi, A. Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. Ayer, R. Azzopardi, P.S. Babazadeh, A. Badali, H. Badawi, A. Bali, A.G. Ballesteros, K.E. Ballew, S.H. Banach, M. Banoub, J.A.M. Banstola, A. Barac, A. Barboza, M.A. Barker-Collo, S.L. Bärnighausen, T.W. Barrero, L.H. Baune, B.T. Bazargan-Hejazi, S. Bedi, N. Beghi, E. Behzadifar, M. Behzadifar, M. Béjot, Y. Belachew, A.B. Belay, Y.A. Bell, M.L. Bello, A.K. Bensenor, I.M. Bernabe, E. Bernstein, R.S. Beuran, M. Beyranvand, T. Bhala, N. Bhattarai, S. Bhaumik, S. Bhutta, Z.A. Biadgo, B. Bijani, A. Bikbov, B. Bilano, V. Bililign, N. Bin Sayeed, M.S. Bisanzio, D. Blacker, B.F. Blyth, F.M. Bou-Orm, I.R. Boufous, S. Bourne, R. Brady, O.J. Brainin, M. Brant, L.C. Brazinova, A. Breitborde, N.J.K. Brenner, H. Briant, P.S. Briggs, A.M. 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Dinberu, M.T. Dirac, M.A. Djalalinia, S. Doan, L. Dokova, K. Doku, D.T. Dorsey, E.R. Doyle, K.E. Driscoll, T.R. Dubey, M. Dubljanin, E. Duken, E.E. Duncan, B.B. Duraes, A.R. Ebrahimi, H. Ebrahimpour, S. Echko, M.M. Edvardsson, D. Effiong, A. Ehrlich, J.R. El Bcheraoui, C. El Sayed Zaki, M. El-Khatib, Z. Elkout, H. Elyazar, I.R.F. Enayati, A. Endries, A.Y. Er, B. Erskine, H.E. Eshrati, B. Eskandarieh, S. Esteghamati, A. Esteghamati, S. Fakhim, H. Fallah Omrani, V. Faramarzi, M. Fareed, M. Farhadi, F. Farid, T.A. Farinha, C.S.E. Farioli, A. Faro, A. Farvid, M.S. Farzadfar, F. Feigin, V.L. Fentahun, N. Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. Fernandes, E. Fernandes, J.C. Ferrari, A.J. Feyissa, G.T. Filip, I. Fischer, F. Fitzmaurice, C. Foigt, N.A. Foreman, K.J. Fox, J. Frank, T.D. Fukumoto, T. Fullman, N. Fürst, T. Furtado, J.M. Futran, N.D. Gall, S. Ganji, M. Gankpe, F.G. Garcia-Basteiro, A.L. Gardner, W.M. Gebre, A.K. Gebremedhin, A.T. Gebremichael, T.G. Gelano, T.F. Geleijnse, J.M. Genova-Maleras, R. Geramo, Y.C.D. Gething, P.W. Gezae, K.E. Ghadiri, K. Ghasemi Falavarjani, K. Ghasemi-Kasman, M. Ghimire, M. Ghosh, R. Ghoshal, A.G. Giampaoli, S. Gill, P.S. Gill, T.K. Ginawi, I.A. Giussani, G. Gnedovskaya, E.V. Goldberg, E.M. Goli, S. Gómez-Dantés, H. Gona, P.N. Gopalani, S.V. Gorman, T.M. Goulart, A.C. Goulart, B.N.G. Grada, A. Grams, M.E. Grosso, G. Gugnani, H.C. Guo, Y. Gupta, P.C. Gupta, R. Gupta, R. Gupta, T. Gyawali, B. Haagsma, J.A. Hachinski, V. Hafezi-Nejad, N. Haghparast Bidgoli, H. Hagos, T.B. Hailu, G.B. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Haj-Mirzaian, A. Hamadeh, R.R. Hamidi, S. Handal, A.J. Hankey, G.J. Hao, Y. Harb, H.L. Harikrishnan, S. Haro, J.M. Hasan, M. Hassankhani, H. Hassen, H.Y. Havmoeller, R. Hawley, C.N. Hay, R.J. Hay, S.I. Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A. Heibati, B. Hendrie, D. Henok, A. Herteliu, C. Heydarpour, S. Hibstu, D.T. Hoang, H.T. Hoek, H.W. Hoffman, H.J. Hole, M.K. Homaie Rad, E. Hoogar, P. Hosgood, H.D. Hosseini, S.M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Hostiuc, M. Hostiuc, S. Hotez, P.J. Hoy, D.G. Hsairi, M. Htet, A.S. Hu, G. Huang, J.J. Huynh, C.K. Iburg, K.M. Ikeda, C.T. Ileanu, B. Ilesanmi, O.S. Iqbal, U. Irvani, S.S.N. Irvine, C.M.S. Mohammed, S. Islam, S. Islami, F. Jacobsen, K.H. Jahangiry, L. Jahanmehr, N. Jain, S.K. Jakovljevic, M. Javanbakht, M. Jayatilleke, A.U. Jeemon, P. Jha, R.P. Jha, V. Ji, J.S. Johnson, C.O. Jonas, J.B. Jozwiak, J.J. Jungari, S.B. Jürisson, M. Kabir, Z. Kadel, R. Kahsay, A. Kalani, R. Kanchan, T. Karami, M. Karami Matin, B. Karch, A. Karema, C. Karimi, N. Karimi, S.M. Kasaeian, A. Kassa, D.H. Kassa, G.M. Kassa, T.D. Kassebaum, N.J. Katikireddi, S.V. Kawakami, N. Kazemi Karyani, A. Keighobadi, M.M. Keiyoro, P.N. Kemmer, L. Kemp, G.R. Kengne, A.P. Keren, A. Khader, Y.S. Khafaei, B. Khafaie, M.A. Khajavi, A. Khalil, I.A. Khan, E.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, M.A. Khang, Y.-H. Khazaei, M. Khoja, A.T. Khosravi, A. Khosravi, M.H. Kiadaliri, A.A. Kiirithio, D.N. Kim, C.-I. Kim, D. Kim, P. Kim, Y.-E. Kim, Y.J. Kimokoti, R.W. Kinfu, Y. Kisa, A. Kissimova-Skarbek, K. Kivimäki, M. Knudsen, A.K.S. Kocarnik, J.M. Kochhar, S. Kokubo, Y. Kolola, T. Kopec, J.A. Kosen, S. Kotsakis, G.A. Koul, P.A. Koyanagi, A. Kravchenko, M.A. Krishan, K. Krohn, K.J. Kuate Defo, B. Kucuk Bicer, B. Kumar, G.A. Kumar, M. Kyu, H.H. Lad, D.P. Lad, S.D. Lafranconi, A. Lalloo, R. Lallukka, T. Lami, F.H. Lansingh, V.C. Latifi, A. Lau, K.M.-M. Lazarus, J.V. Leasher, J.L. Ledesma, J.R. Lee, P.H. Leigh, J. Leung, J. Levi, M. Lewycka, S. Li, S. Li, Y. Liao, Y. Liben, M.L. Lim, L.-L. Lim, S.S. Liu, S. Lodha, R. Looker, K.J. Lopez, A.D. Lorkowski, S. Lotufo, P.A. Low, N. Lozano, R. Lucas, T.C.D. Lucchesi, L.R. Lunevicius, R. Lyons, R.A. Ma, S. Macarayan, E.R.K. Mackay, M.T. Madotto, F. Magdy Abd El Razek, H. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Maghavani, D.P. Mahotra, N.B. Mai, H.T. Majdan, M. Majdzadeh, R. Majeed, A. Malekzadeh, R. Malta, D.C. Mamun, A.A. Manda, A.-L. Manguerra, H. Manhertz, T. Mansournia, M.A. Mantovani, L.G. Mapoma, C.C. Maravilla, J.C. Marcenes, W. Marks, A. Martins-Melo, F.R. Martopullo, I. März, W. Marzan, M.B. Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. Massenburg, B.B. Mathur, M.R. Matsushita, K. Maulik, P.K. Mazidi, M. McAlinden, C. McGrath, J.J. McKee, M. Mehndiratta, M.M. Mehrotra, R. Mehta, K.M. Mehta, V. Mejia-Rodriguez, F. Mekonen, T. Melese, A. Melku, M. Meltzer, M. Memiah, P.T.N. Memish, Z.A. Mendoza, W. Mengistu, D.T. Mengistu, G. Mensah, G.A. Mereta, S.T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, T.J. Mestrovic, T. Mezerji, N.M.G. Miazgowski, B. Miazgowski, T. Millear, A.I. Miller, T.R. Miltz, B. Mini, G.K. Mirarefin, M. Mirrakhimov, E.M. Misganaw, A.T. Mitchell, P.B. Mitiku, H. Moazen, B. Mohajer, B. Mohammad, K.A. Mohammadifard, N. Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M. Mohammed, M.A. Mohammed, S. Mohebi, F. Moitra, M. Mokdad, A.H. Molokhia, M. Monasta, L. Moodley, Y. Moosazadeh, M. Moradi, G. Moradi-Lakeh, M. Moradinazar, M. Moraga, P. Morawska, L. Moreno Velásquez, I. Morgado-Da-Costa, J. Morrison, S.D. Moschos, M.M. Mousavi, S.M. Mruts, K.B. Muche, A.A. Muchie, K.F. Mueller, U.O. Muhammed, O.S. Mukhopadhyay, S. Muller, K. Mumford, J.E. Murhekar, M. Musa, J. Musa, K.I. Mustafa, G. Nabhan, A.F. Nagata, C. Naghavi, M. Naheed, A. Nahvijou, A. Naik, G. Naik, N. Najafi, F. Naldi, L. Nam, H.S. Nangia, V. Nansseu, J.R. Nascimento, B.R. Natarajan, G. Neamati, N. Negoi, I. Negoi, R.I. Neupane, S. Newton, C.R.J. Ngunjiri, J.W. Nguyen, A.Q. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, H.L.T. Nguyen, H.T. Nguyen, L.H. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, N.B. Nguyen, S.H. Nichols, E. Ningrum, D.N.A. Nixon, M.R. Nolutshungu, N. Nomura, S. Norheim, O.F. Noroozi, M. Norrving, B. Noubiap, J.J. Nouri, H.R. Nourollahpour Shiadeh, M. Nowroozi, M.R. Nsoesie, E.O. Nyasulu, P.S. Odell, C.M. Ofori-Asenso, R. Ogbo, F.A. Oh, I.-H. Oladimeji, O. Olagunju, A.T. Olagunju, T.O. Olivares, P.R. Olsen, H.E. Olusanya, B.O. Ong, K.L. Ong, S.K. Oren, E. Ortiz, A. Ota, E. Otstavnov, S.S. øverland, S. Owolabi, M.O. Mahesh, P.A. Pacella, R. Pakpour, A.H. Pana, A. Panda-Jonas, S. Parisi, A. Park, E.-K. Parry, C.D.H. Patel, S. Pati, S. Patil, S.T. Patle, A. Patton, G.C. Paturi, V.R. Paulson, K.R. Pearce, N. Pereira, D.M. Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. Pham, H.Q. Phillips, M.R. Pigott, D.M. Pillay, J.D. Piradov, M.A. Pirsaheb, M. Pishgar, F. Plana-Ripoll, O. Plass, D. Polinder, S. Popova, S. Postma, M.J. Pourshams, A. Poustchi, H. Prabhakaran, D. Prakash, S. Prakash, V. Purcell, C.A. Purwar, M.B. Qorbani, M. Quistberg, D.A. Radfar, A. Rafay, A. Rafiei, A. Rahim, F. Rahimi, K. Rahimi-Movaghar, A. Rahimi-Movaghar, V. Rahman, M. Ur Rahman, M.H. Rahman, M.A. Rahman, S.U. Rai, R.K. Rajati, F. Ram, U. Ranjan, P. Ranta, A. Rao, P.C. Rawaf, D.L. Rawaf, S. Reddy, K.S. Reiner, R.C. Reinig, N. Reitsma, M.B. Remuzzi, G. Renzaho, A.M.N. Resnikoff, S. Rezaei, S. Rezai, M.S. Ribeiro, A.L.P. Robinson, S.R. Roever, L. Ronfani, L. Roshandel, G. Rostami, A. Roth, G.A. Roy, A. Rubagotti, E. Sachdev, P.S. Sadat, N. Saddik, B. Sadeghi, E. Saeedi Moghaddam, S. Safari, H. Safari, Y. Safari-Faramani, R. Safdarian, M. Safi, S. Safiri, S. Sagar, R. Sahebkar, A. Sahraian, M.A. Sajadi, H.S. Salam, N. Salama, J.S. Salamati, P. Saleem, K. Saleem, Z. Salimi, Y. Salomon, J.A. Salvi, S.S. Salz, I. Samy, A.M. Sanabria, J. Sang, Y. Santomauro, D.F. Santos, I.S. Santos, J.V. Santric Milicevic, M.M. Sao Jose, B.P. Sardana, M. Sarker, A.R. Sarrafzadegan, N. Sartorius, B. Sarvi, S. Sathian, B. Satpathy, M. Sawant, A.R. Sawhney, M. Saxena, S. Saylan, M. Schaeffner, E. Schmidt, M.I. Schneider, I.J.C. Schöttker, B. Schwebel, D.C. Schwendicke, F. Scott, J.G. Sekerija, M. Sepanlou, S.G. Serván-Mori, E. Seyedmousavi, S. Shabaninejad, H. Shafieesabet, A. Shahbazi, M. Shaheen, A.A. Shaikh, M.A. Shams-Beyranvand, M. Shamsi, M. Shamsizadeh, M. Sharafi, H. Sharafi, K. Sharif, M. Sharif-Alhoseini, M. Sharma, M. Sharma, R. She, J. Sheikh, A. Shi, P. Shibuya, K. Shigematsu, M. Shiri, R. Shirkoohi, R. Shishani, K. Shiue, I. Shokraneh, F. Shoman, H. Shrime, M.G. Si, S. Siabani, S. Siddiqi, T.J. Sigfusdottir, I.D. Sigurvinsdottir, R. Silva, J.P. Silveira, D.G.A. Singam, N.S.V. Singh, J.A. Singh, N.P. Singh, V. Sinha, D.N. Skiadaresi, E. Slepak, E.L.N. Sliwa, K. Smith, D.L. Smith, M. Soares Filho, A.M. Sobaih, B.H. Sobhani, S. Sobngwi, E. Soneji, S.S. Soofi, M. Soosaraei, M. Sorensen, R.J.D. Soriano, J.B. Soyiri, I.N. Sposato, L.A. Sreeramareddy, C.T. Srinivasan, V. Stanaway, J.D. Stein, D.J. Steiner, C. Steiner, T.J. Stokes, M.A. Stovner, L.J. Subart, M.L. Sudaryanto, A. Sufiyan, M.B. Sunguya, B.F. Sur, P.J. Sutradhar, I. Sykes, B.L. Sylte, D.O. Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Tadakamadla, S.K. Tadesse, B.T. Tandon, N. Tassew, S.G. Tavakkoli, M. Taveira, N. Taylor, H.R. Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. Tekalign, T.G. Tekelemedhin, S.W. Tekle, M.G. Temesgen, H. Temsah, M.-H. Temsah, O. Terkawi, A.S. Teweldemedhin, M. Thankappan, K.R. Thomas, N. Tilahun, B. To, Q.G. Tonelli, M. Topor-Madry, R. Topouzis, F. Torre, A.E. Tortajada-Girbés, M. Touvier, M. Tovani-Palone, M.R. Towbin, J.A. Tran, B.X. Tran, K.B. Troeger, C.E. Truelsen, T.C. Tsilimbaris, M.K. Tsoi, D. Tudor Car, L. Tuzcu, E.M. Ukwaja, K.N. Ullah, I. Undurraga, E.A. Unutzer, J. Updike, R.L. Usman, M.S. Uthman, O.A. Vaduganathan, M. Vaezi, A. Valdez, P.R. Varughese, S. Vasankari, T.J. Venketasubramanian, N. Villafaina, S. Violante, F.S. Vladimirov, S.K. Vlassov, V. Vollset, S.E. Vosoughi, K. Vujcic, I.S. Wagnew, F.S. Waheed, Y. Waller, S.G. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-P. Weiderpass, E. Weintraub, R.G. Weiss, D.J. Weldegebreal, F. Weldegwergs, K.G. Werdecker, A. West, T.E. Whiteford, H.A. Widecka, J. Wijeratne, T. Wilner, L.B. Wilson, S. Winkler, A.S. Wiyeh, A.B. Wiysonge, C.S. Wolfe, C.D.A. Woolf, A.D. Wu, S. Wu, Y.-C. Wyper, G.M.A. Xavier, D. Xu, G. Yadgir, S. Yadollahpour, A. Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. Yamada, T. Yan, L.L. Yano, Y. Yaseri, M. Yasin, Y.J. Yeshaneh, A. Yimer, E.M. Yip, P. Yisma, E. Yonemoto, N. Yoon, S.-J. Yotebieng, M. Younis, M.Z. Yousefifard, M. Yu, C. Zadnik, V. Zaidi, Z. Zaman, S.B. Zamani, M. Zare, Z. Zeleke, A.J. Zenebe, Z.M. Zhang, K. Zhao, Z. Zhou, M. Zodpey, S. Zucker, I. Vos, T. Murray, C.J.L. GBD 2017 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators
Abstract: Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2018

50. OP101 The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding indicators in sub-saharan africa: a meta-analysis of demographic and health surveys

Author: Yisma, E, primary, Mol, B, additional, Lynch, J, additional, and Smithers, L, additional
Published: 2019
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