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Gluten (Glu) is important to wheat products by forming a three-dimensional matrix. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and structural properties of gluten after conjugation with konjac glucomannan (KGM) through the Maillard reaction. The study revealed that the degree of graft increased with the prolonged reaction time. The Glu-KGM conjugates were possessed of increased β-sheet but decreased α-helix and β-turn, as well as unfolding and loose tertiary structures as the reaction proceeded. Among three different proportions, the Glu-KGM 1:1 conjugate was proved to have the most excellent foaming and emulsifying properties, and could form more rigid and firm gelation structures, which could be related to the decreased particle size and increased zeta potential of the conjugate. Overall, the physicochemical and structural properties of gluten were significantly related to the KGM ratios as well as the reaction period.

The azimuthal angle relation for obliquely excited standing-wave surface plasmon is analytically studied in detail and thereby a near-field spatial frequency filtering model is proposed, in which the azimuthal angle relation and criterion similar to Heisenberg uncertainty principle are combined to describe the spatial resolving power of surface plasmon self-interference virtual probe imaging system. It is revealed that the incidence coupling possesses spatial anisotropy due to polarization modulation, and the mechanism for spatial resolution degradation is the compression of spatial frequency bandwidth in the near-field domain.

BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate the effect of high-glucose and high-fat condition on estrogen receptor- and sexual precocity-related genes in GT1-7 cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, CCK8 was used to detect cell viability, and TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptosis levels of GT1-7 cells after treatment with glucosamine and palmitate. The expression level of GnRH was measured by ELISA and RT-qPCR. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of ERs, CD36, and GPR54 in GT1-7 cells, and the expression of ERs was detected using immunohistochemistry analysis. Finally, after adding the intervening drug tamoxifen to GT1-7 cells, the expression level of GnRH was measured by ELISA and Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of GPR54 and GnRH. RESULTS GnRH secretion in the high-fat and high-glucose group increased continuously over time and peaked at 18 h, and GnRH gene expression peaked at 12 h. High-fat and high-glucose conditions also significantly increased the levels of estrogen receptors s (ERs), fatty acid translocase protein (CD36), and G Protein-Coupled Receptors 54 (GPR54) in GT1-7 cells. After estrogen receptors s (ER) was inhibited, GnRH secretion and GPR54 expression were decreased at 12 h and 18 h. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that high-glucose and high-fat conditions promote the secretion of GnRH and ER and the expression of genes related to sexual precocity in GT1-7 cells.

A simple and effective method for fabricating high fill-factor aspheric microlens array using digital maskless lithography is reported. The method use the contour planes of the designed profile as binary image, which replace physical mask by DMD display. On the lithography system, the dose accumulated over multiple exposures and the exposure dose reconstructed in wafer, then the designed profile developed. Aspheric microlens arrays with hexagonal base and square base were produced by the method, and they were gapless at each microlens periphery, so the microlens array with fill-factor of 100%.

The universal endocrine pathological state affecting young individuals and adults is type 2 diabetes mellitus, which has seen a significant increase in the last 30 years, particularly in children. Genetic and evnironmental factors are the causative agents for this pathological state in children. This rapid and wide spread of the disease can be controlled by enforcing amendments in environmental factors such as diet, physical activities and obesity. In young infants breastfeeding may be a key modulator of the disease. Associated disorders co-observed in the patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus include renal failure, heart problems and circulatory dysfunctionalities, such as cardiac failure and vision disability. These associated disorders become more pronounced in young patients when they reach puberty. To overcome the lethal outcomes of the disease, early screening of the disease is crucial. The present review focused on the latest updates in the field, as well as plausible risks and complications of this pathological state.

In this paper, a planar polymer sub-wavelength grating whose period structure is modulated by different refractive index is proposed. The guided mode resonant of the proposed grating is analyzed with effective medium theory and the eigenvalue equation of the thin film waveguide, and the reflectance properties of the grating are simulated with rigid coupled-wave analysis. The reflectance property shows obvious polarization dependent. The influences of the grating period, thickness and the incident angle on the resonant wavelength are also analyzed. It is shown that the resonant wavelength shows redshift with the increase of grating period, dual resonant peaks occur when the grating thickness is of some certain values, and the resonant peak of normal incidence will split into 2 peaks on the condition that oblique incidence. This planar polymer sub-wavelength grating may find application in filters, polarization elements, reflectors and so on.

A new model of integrative ommatidium for bionic optical compound eye is proposed in this paper. The structure of the integrative ommatidium for bionic optical compound eye is constructed. The ray matrix of the integrative bionic optical compound eyes is deduced detailedly with ray-matrix method, and the principle points and focal points of the integrative bionic compound eye are calculated. The ray matrix of the integrative bionic compound eye is related tightly with the length of the cylinder waveguide part, so as the image principle point and the image focal point. The length of the cylinder waveguide has no influence on the position of the object principle point and the object focal point of the integrative bionic compound eye. However, difference length of the cylinder waveguide will lead to different positions of the image principle point and image focal points. Self-focus effect can be employed to fabricate the integrative bionic optical compound eyes with some nonlinear optical polymer.

This paper presents a facile and effective method to fabricate microlens array in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The microlens array model is fabricated in photoresist via digital maskless grayscale lithography technique and the replica molding technique is used to fabricate PDMS microlens array. A convex PDMS microlens array with rectangular aperture and concave PDMS microlens array with hexagonal aperture are fabricated. The morphological characteristics of the microlens arrays are measured by microscope and 3D profiler. The results indicate that the profiles of the PDMS microlens arrays are clear and distinct. This method provides a simple and low-cost approach to prepare large area, concave or convex with arbitrary shape microlens array, which has potential application in many optoelectronic devices.

A novel method is proposed to fabricate continuous relief micro-optic elements using real-time maskless lithography technique based on digital mirror device (DMD). To evaluate the method, aspheric and spheric micro-lens array was fabricated by following the proposed principle. Firstly distribution of the required exposure dose of lens array was obtained and sliced into a number of contours of equal proportions. Then the contour planes instead of virtual masks were converted into binary image. On the lithography system, the dose accumulated over multiple exposures and the required exposure dose profiles were reconstructed. Finally in the photoresist layer, virtual profiles of lens array were formed, consistent with the original designed elements. The method is feasible and reliable for the fabrication of arbitrary continuous relief micro-optic elements.

Three methods of quantization are employed to design quantized GRIN lens, whose optical properties are expected to approach that of the ideal one. Detail operations for quantization are described in this paper. In order to verify and check the validities of the methods, full-vector BPM method has been carried out to simulate the focus properties of the quantized GRIN lens, and that of the ideal one for comparison. Analysis indicates that all the quantized GRIN lenses perform similar optical properties as the ideal one does. Thereinto, the performances of the GRIN lens quantized equally according to n(r) and the one quantized with hybrid method are quite close to that of the ideal GRIN lens. The methods of quantization presented in this paper can be as the reference framework for designing expected GRIN lenses before fabricating them with a simpler process of definite parameters.

Electron excitated temperature is one of the most important parameters of Ar plasma-arc. Emission spectrum diagnosis technique has been widely used in the research of electron temperature for its easy operation and small disturbance, where the spectral analysis is the focused content. However, there is still no report about spectral analysis of Ar plasma-arc under different experimental parameters. In this paper, we use the fiber spectrograph for collecting the spectral distribution of the Ar plasma-arc. Then we change the experimental parameters, analyze the influences of the electric current and air current on the spectral distribution. The results show that all these experimental parameters have great influence on the characteristics of spectrum such as spectral line intensity, background signal, etc. It is found that electric current below 100 A, air current below 10 A/min are good for spectral analysis, while two different wavelengths of 696.5 nm and 763.5 nm are suitable for temperature field testing and analyzing. This research provides a good foundation for density field, pressure field and velocity field testing and analyzing, it is also beneficial for us to understand the inner mechanism of Ar plasma-arc.

Digital coding-mask technique based on digital micro-mirror devices (DMD) is proposed in this paper. The fundamental rule of digital coding-mask technique is to modulate the incident light intensity by adjusting the transmittance of the units on the coding-mask. The transmittance is controlled by the apertures on the units of the coding-mask. Lohmann’s III coding method and error diffusion coding method are employed to coding mask, and wavelet transformation is used to suppress the background noise of the mask image. Real-time control on the image of the digital coding mask can be realized by loading the coded mask image to DMD, which is driven by a computer. Digital coding-mask technique gives full play of the advantages of DMD, such as real time and flexibility. In addition, the digital coding-mask technique is helpful to deal with the problem of mask aberration, which is caused by the nonlinear effect in the process of projection and exposure. This technique can also make use of optimization algorithm to suppress the background noise of the digital coding-mask images so that the quality of the relief structure of photoresist is improved.

Due to the nonseparable variance term, the dynamic mean-variance portfolio selection in market without riskless asset is not time consistent or time consistent in efficiency. Similar to the market with riskless asset, the investor can perform as good as the truncated global optimal mean-variance policy with revised lower funding level. Thus, we propose a dynamic revised mean-variance policy, which is better than the global optimal policy.

In the paper, the characteristic of imaging with digital micro-mirror device (DMD) illuminated by a partially coherent light is discussed using Abbe's method. When a mask is sampled by DMD, the intensity in the substrate is modulated by sinc function and cut off by pupil function, according to oblique illumination theory and Fourier transform property of exponential function, a fast partially coherent imaging algorithm for DMD-based dynamic projection photolithography is proposed to combine Hopkins's method with Abbe's method. In the algorithm, the transmission cross coefficient (TCC) matrix of DMD projection photolithography is constructed as two-matrix multiplication according to illuminate source points. The new development presented in this paper utilizes matrix multiplication technique to speed up the computation of TCC matrix by tenfold on an average, which is beneficial to real time mask shift and mask optimization in DMD-based gray-tone photolithography.

During laser spectroscopic measurement, a part of laser energy will be converted into heat in the processes of excitation and light emission. Temperature monitoring can help to evaluate such nonradiative process. Upconversion luminescence of phosphor Y 2 O 3 :Er,Yb under laser excitation at 980 nm was investigated in this work. Point temperature of the phosphor was monitored using the fluorescent intensity ratio (FIR) technology. Laser induced temperature rising was identified by comparison with a theoretically ideal temperature calibration function: lnR = 3.1738–1167/ T . The monitored temperature of laser heating rises monotonically with increasing laser power. Circumstances around heating point will modify the calibration function, but the linear slope of lnR ~ 1/ T is constant.

In this paper, a new technology which can be used to diagnose 3-D temperature distribution of argon arc plasma is proposed. Compared with current technologies, two aspects have been improved. First, a new hybrid reconstruction technique [max-entropy, least square, and flatness reconstruction technique (MLFRT)] is presented as an algorithm system, where the numerical simulation of the MLFRT has been realized. The results show that the MLFRT has good convergence, stability, and efficiency. Second, two orthographic double-wavelength light paths have been designed in the experimental setup, which can collect intensity data in real time. Based on these data, we reconstruct the emission coefficient using the MLFRT. Then, a spectral line relative intensity method was chosen to calculate the 3-D temperature distribution, where the spectral analysis of argon arc plasma was introduced. This new technology can acquire good result by just two orthographic intensity data sets. Therefore, the experimental system is simple, and the experimental cost is low. The result is beneficial to understand the working principle of argon arc plasma, improving the level of craftsmanship. It also has good application advantages over other 3-D flow field testing, such as density field, pressure field, velocity field, etc. It shows great academic and economic value.

Dynamical-gradual greyscale digital lithography is proposed in this article. This technique is based on a space light modulator (SLM). The digital mask group was designed according to zones. Exposure energy was accumulated by controlling time and grey value. Each mask in the designed mask group was displayed on a PC sequentially, so the exposure of each zone could be finely controlled. This lithographic skill was illustrated by fabricating a microlens array. During fabrication, the zones were divided equally from the microlens’ diameter, and each unit was formed by pixels of the space light modulator. In this way, a microlens’ profile and optical property could be improved. In the experiment, we fabricated patterns of microlenses of 64 µm in diameter and 7 µm in height.

In this paper, twin-object-beam electronic speckle interferometry is used to study the longitudinal corrosion of carbon steel. The displacement expression of this technique is deduced and optical fibers are used to reduce the influence of the optical system and improve the quality of speckle pattern. Twin-object-beam electronic speckle interferometry cannot only quantitatively cipher out off-plane displacement as a result of corrosion, but also estimate the change of corrosion speed.

The technique of using computer-generated hologram (CGH) for 2-D and 3-D display based on virtual optics was researched widely. A new way, modified peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) method was used to assess 3-D image quality reconstructed by CGH, and an iterative arithmetic was proposed to synthesize CGH perfectly. Furthermore, in the paper a novel way to encrypt 3-D information was proposed. Simulation experiments showed that CGH was an effective encryption technique, and Modified PSNR was a proper definite quantity analysis method for 3-D imaging.

We present the digital-division-mask technique for the first time to solve the problem of decline in transverse resolution, which is caused by using digital micro-mirror device (DMD) to make binary optical elements (BOEs). One high-frequency gray-tone mask can be divided into several low-frequency masks by fixed or variable low-frequency period sampling. And the superimposed lithography effect of these low-frequency masks in the spatial or temporal domain is the same as that of the original high-frequency gray-tone mask. The paper firstly analyzes the digital-division-mask technique in theory and describes the feasibility and advantages. Then taking the diffractive surface fabrication of refractive–diffractive hybrid lens as an example, we conclude that the digital-division-mask technique improves the edge sharpness of lithography pattern, and enhances the diffractive efficiency of BOEs by experiment.

This paper presents a technique to diagnose the three-dimensional temperature fields of arc plasma with orthographic and double-wave spectral tomography. First, the system with two orthographic directional CCD image real-time cameras is adopted to get the information of spectrum intensity related to the gray scale of arc plasma. Second, the improved computerized tomography iterative technique which accords with the least-square and max-entropy criterions, simultaneously, has been used to reconstruct the distributions of different emission coefficients, which shows superiority to the conventional tomography algorithms. Finally, based on plasma physical theory, the spectrum relative-intensity method has been used to reconstruct the distribution features of three-dimensional temperature fields. The experimental results have shown the effectiveness of this measurement system with high-precision and real-time ability. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

For reconstructing based on incomplete projection data, an improved max-entropy reconstruction algorithm is presented in this paper. Both least-square and max-entropy are used in this algorithm, and the penalize-function method is used in iterative processing. The numerical simulation of three different tested fields has been done. Compared with conventional three-dimensional reconstruction algorithms, this novel algorithm has a higher reconstruction precision as well as a better astringency, particularly in the case of easy tested field. For the reconstruction of asymmetric complicated tested field, it also has a good result if suitable projective direction and iterative times can be choosen. Finally, the application of this novel algorithm to diagnose the temperature field of arc plasma is presented.

Two theoretical problems associated with the measurement of temperature or strain from the normalized power of Brillouin signal in a distributed fiber sensor are studied. One problem is the position-dependent of the coefficient relating the Brillouin power to the local temperature or strain. The other problem is the backward infection of the defect (local temperature or strain change). These two problems will degrade the measurement accuracy of a distributed Brillouin fiber sensor by changing the distribution of pump power. To eliminate these two problems, new reference functions are proposed to normalize the Brillouin signal. Simulation results by using fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm show that these new reference functions can eliminate the influence of these two problems on distributed Brillouin fiber sensor.

By means of control flexibility of digital micromirrors, a digital mask fabrication system of a micro-optical element is designed. A single optical element can be obtained on the substrate after a one-time planar exposure. By using a computer to control the digital micromirrors, real-time movement and switch of the mask can be realized, and accordingly superimposed exposure of the multi-mask can be achieved. The real-time digital-mask technique, the digital-mask-movement technique and the digital-mask-fractal technique are, respectively, investigated. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the lost efficiency caused by the limitation of lens aperture is greatly reduced by use of the mask fractal technique. Moreover, the lithography resolution of the gray-scale mask fabricated by an electro-addressable spatial light modulator is improved and the edge acutance is perfected.

During selective laser sintering (SLS), transient temperature has direct effect on prototyping mechanism and quality. The infrared thermograph non-contact testing method is proposed in this paper. The testing results are compared with numerical simulation results. The results indicate that the on-the-spot survey trend agrees with the simulation trend, and the proposed method provides a steady experimental base for selecting sintering parameters and calculating thermophysical parameters reasonably.

The digital virtual mask technique based on digital micro-mirror device (DMD) is applied in the field of micro-engineering such as the machining of micro-optical elements. On the premise of universality, the error of digital virtual mask technique is theoretically deduced, combined with the functional diagram used in the experiment. Based on the expanding application of Rayleigh's criterion, the reference of calculating the error of the lithography mask technique is given. And the method of improving the technique is also discussed.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of different doses of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and on thyroid and glucose metabolism to identify more reasonable therapeutic doses of growth hormone (GH) for the treatment of this condition. In total, 60 prepubertal patients with GHD were randomly divided into the high-dose and low-dose groups (n=30 per group). The groups were treated with 0.1 or 0.05 U/kg for 6 months, respectively. The follow-up study focused on changes to the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3, blood glucose, thyroid hormone [triiodothyronine (T3) and its prohormone, thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)] and the analysis of variance of the repeated data. Changes in the height, body weight and bone age of the high-dose group were greater than those of the low-dose group. After 6 months of treatment, the difference in height between the two groups was statistically significant (P

OPTICA APPLICATA; 1/2015; ISSN 1429-7507

The measurement of Brillouin frequency shift in fiber sensor with edge technique is proposed. The relation between measurement accuracy of Brillouin frequency shift and signal to noise ratio (SNR) is analyzed. The edge technique is realized by choosing the frequency of electrical local oscillator and adopting lowpass filter (LPF). The system with edge technique measures the frequency shift by the edge signal rather than the maximum signal, because the edge signals are higher sensitive to the variation of frequency than the maximum signal. From the calculated results, the SNR required is 37 dB to achieve frequency shift resolution of 0.5 MHz by using double-edge technique, comparing with 65.1 dB in conventional detection system measuring the maximum signal, edge technique improves the measurement accuracy of Brillouin frequency shift greatly. In addition, by choosing the frequency of electrical local oscillator, the highest measurement accuracy of Brillouin frequency shift is achieved.

In this paper, digital mask technique is presented, and a high-quality projecting reduction lithography system has been set up successfully. The core device of digital mask technique is digital micromirror device (DMD) which belongs to one of the electrically addressed spatial light modulators. The output image of DMD can be equivalent to a gray-scale mask of high precision, which can control the exposure precisely. If it is combined with a high-quality projecting reduction system, the fabrication of submicron diffractive optical elements can be realized successfully. The overall design of the system is described in detail, and some diffractive optical element masks are fabricated. Experimental results verify that the system is feasible. In the end, system characteristics and system error are summarized.

Curved microlens array is the core element of the biologically inspired artificial compound eye. Many existing fabrication processes remain expensive and complicated, which limits a broad range of application of the artificial compound eye. In this paper, we report a fast fabrication method for curved microlens array by using DMD-based maskless lithography. When a three-dimensional (3D) target curved profile is projected into a two-dimensional (2D) mask, arbitrary curved microlens array can be flexibly and efficiently obtained by utilizing DMD-based lithography. In order to verify the feasibility of this method, a curved PDMS microlens array with 90 micro lenslets has been fabricated. The physical and optical characteristics of the fabricated microlens array suggest that this method is potentially suitable for applications in artificial compound eye.

Digital coding mask technique is proposed to fabricate binary optical element (BOE) in this paper. Digital coding mask technique is to input the designed mask by coding into the digital micro-mirror device (DMD), and DMD is controlled real-timely by computer, so the mask patterns can be controlled real-timely as well. Then the mask imaging on the substrate spreading with photoresist by final minification and projection, then through the process of development, fixation and photoetching, BOE can be fabricated. Coding is achieved by computer-generated hologram coding and its improved methods. The digital coding-mask technique can give full advantage of DMD's real-time, flexible and easy for alignment to mask fabrication which needs photoetching for more times. In addition, the flexibility of improved algorithm, the digital coding mask technique is helpful to solve mask aberration problem, which is caused by no-linear effect in the process of projection and exposal system, and the technique can also make use of optimization algorithm to noise reduction processing, thus the photoetching quality can be improved.

The theory of Gaussian beam expansion and collimation has been investigated. Based on Collins diffraction integral and matrix decomposition method, the propagation characteristics of Gaussian beam passing through beam expansion and collimation system is analyzed. The corresponding mathematical model is established. Simulations results indicate that the optical field distribution behind beam expansion and collimation system is still with Gaussian attribute. Then we demonstrate the optical field of beam with Gaussian attribute passing through 2-D sinusoidal grating. Finally, the step depth error of binary element is evaluated under illumination of Gaussian beam. The theoretical analysis and simulation results have reference for the establishment of digital lithography model and the optimization of beam expansion and collimation system.

As the critical dimension of chip shrinking the semiconductor industry has developed fully from deep sub-micron to the nano-dimension. In particular, entering the nano-dimension, lithography mask technology, among a variety of lithography method, has become a key technology which can be applied to determine their prospect. However, the proportions which mask cost accounted for in the costs of the entire lithography are rising. The increasing price of mask cost caused intense competition among global mask manufacturers. How to reduce mask cost and utilizing maskless lithography technology, the hot topic in lithography industry, have become an important subject for a lithography engineer to study. Based on ultraviolet light source and the digital gray-scale mask exposure technology, a new method of photolithography is proposed. First of all, we determine the overall program of DMD digital photolithography system, analyse and design each part of the system. On the whole, DMD digital photolithography system consists of upper-computer system, control system and optical system. Upper-computer system is the centre of control and administration. The whole system is supervised by host computer and subsystem is controlled by MCU respectively. Each MCU exchanges information and data through computer interface. Control system is composed of several subsystems such as master-slave computer interface, step motor drive, limit switch, DMD drive, solenoid valve drive subsystem. Illumination system, digital micro-mirror device (DMD) and projection objective made up optical system. Emitted from light source, light beam goes through illumination system and then illuminate mask (DMD). At the same time, DMD drive is performed and mask image is shaped. Then, the image is copied to light-sensitive photoresist by projection objective, which is coated on the substrate. Secondly, investigating key technologies such as the software design of upper-computer and control system, we set up experimental platform to carry out the relevant tests and experiments analysis. Moreover, we complement integration of the system and summarize system characteristics and difference. Finally, exposure experiments using light-sensitive photoresist are carried out. The results showed that the line width of submicron, steep sidewall can be realized by the designed system.

Based on DMD-lithography system, the mapping relation between gray scale and photoresist relief has been investigated. We obtain DMD reflectivity of different gray scale by experiment. Testing curve shows the light modulation of DMD is nonlinear from 0 to 255. However, the testing curve shows local linearization as well. The modulation of DMD is approximately linear from 40 to 130 and from 160 to 230. When designing the gray-scale mask, we should choose the gray scales in the same linear region to satisfy the requirement of multi-step relief. After being modulated by DMD, the reflection with mask information passes through the reduction projection system and images on the photoresist. After development, the photoresist relief can be formed. By comprehensively considering the influence of all parts on lithography, the exposure model is set up. We calculate the gray tones of 4-step and 8-step elements respectively according to the model. Experimental results show that the exposure model is reasonable and correct. The establishment of exposure model has reference value for the precise control on relief depth.

The techniques of hologram for encryption and decryption have been widely researched and applied. Almost all the information of encryption is 2-D image. Parameters (wave length, recording distance, incidence angle, etc.) are regarded as the encoded keys for encryption and decryption. In the paper a novel way to encrypt 3-D information is proposed, which is based on technique of virtual optics. A new encoded key is introduced into security hologram, the size of 3-D object, which may play an important role for better protection against counterfeiting. Furthermore, a new image quality assessment is proposed to estimate the reconstruction 3-D object of CGH called modified PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio). Simulation experiments show that CGH is an effective encryption technique, and modified PSNR is a proper definite quantity analysis method for 3-D imaging.

In the course of selective laser sintering (SLS), transient temperature has directly effect on protyping mechanism and quality. According to the analysis of transient temperature, infrared thermograph test method is proposed in this paper. Point and line temperature is measured immediately, and the test result is compared with numerical simulation. The result indicates that the test agrees with theory, and the proposed method provides steady base for selecting sintering parameter reasonable.

In order to improve the quality and solve the problem of low speed of image reconstruction in the traditional optical computerized tomography (OCT) when the data acquired is incomplete projection, the multiple constrained of genetic algorithm based on algebraic iterative was proposed. Generally speaking, under the condition of multiple-objective optimization, the common extreme point for all the objective functions doesn't exist. So we can achieve the preferable compromise in the contradictions of multiple objectives. In this article, there are three constrained conditions. The first one is the maximum entropy criterion which is used mostly to solve the problem of OCT image reconstruction when the data acquired is incomplete projection recently. The second one is the minimum criteria of peak value which is introduced to suppress noise effectively and ensure the gliding property of the image reconstruction, because of the first one leading to noise amplification during the iterative process. The last constrained condition is the minimum criteria of the difference between the projection again of image reconstruction and the original projection. The concept of penalize-function is introduced into the genetic algorithm, which would transform the constrained optimization problem to unconstrained. It is clearly demonstrated from the experiment results that the algorithm reconstruction technique can efficiently improve the quality of images reconstruction of the incomplete projection data.

With the development of optical micro-machining technology, micro optical elements, especially diffractive micro lens are widely applied more and more in the fields of fiber communication, airborne, optical storage, optic information processing, micro optical sensor and so on. In the ways of fabricating micro optical elements, gray-scale mask method is much studied and promising. On the basis of digital gray-scale mask technique, a new method, namely digital rotating mask method used to fabricate diffractive optical elements, is presented in this paper. Applying reduction projecting system based on digital micro-mirror device (DMD), digital gray-scale mask technique and filter system, using the output image of DMD to be equivalent to the gray-scale mask, and through the system the equivalent gray-scale will be projected and imaged on the substrate coated with photo-resist. Finally, the DOEs such as Fresnel zone plate and large-numerical-aperture diffractive micro lens can be obtained after reduction exposure, development, fixation, and etc. In the paper, the design theory and method of Fresnel diffractive micro is simply introduced. The main party is the construction and the function of low-pass filter in the projecting system. Through comparing the relevant micro optical elements, the importance of the filter is tested.

An approach, which is used to fabricate diffractive optical elements (MOEs), is presented by applying reduction projecting system based on digital micro-mirror device (DMD). In this paper, coding-mask is combined with DMD which is real-time, flexible and easy for alignment. Pre-distortion according to the non-linear effect in the aerial image and resist course can be implemented. The accumulation of exposure energy can be obtained through modulating rotating velocity of mask graphics, and finally distribution of exposure, which is required, can be achieved. It shows that the method is practical and feasible on the grounds of the results of MATLAB simulation and experiments.

In this paper, a method, using the spectrum tomography combining with the principle of numerical calculation to rebuild two-temperature of plasma flow, is proposed. Heavy particle temperature of plasma flow is reconstructed based on numerical calculation and the electron temperature measured in experiment using the method. It is not the same as traditional one that reconstructs electron temperature and heavy particle temperature of plasma flow by calculating iteratively electron and heavy particle energy transfer equations with pure numerical simulation. The spatial distribution characteristics about electron temperature and heavy particle temperature of plasma flow and the factors that influence local-temperature equilibrium(LTE) are completely analyzed .In the diagnostic process, as is shown that the method omits multifarious boundary conditions and it is more feasible than that of pure numerical simulation for those plasma flows of which boundary conditions are difficult to confirm.

On the basis of close analysis of the drawback in conventional fabrication techniques of binary optical element, this paper presents a new method for fabricating optical element. This method can be called transverse-adding fabrication technique(TAFT), and it is developed from the rapid prototyping technique used in microelectronic processing and micro-machining. The principal objective developing this technique is to realize the compatibility of micro-optics with microelectronics and micro-machining technique to provide technical support for the integrated single-chip micro photo-electromechanical system. An explanation for the technological principle and process of this technique is stated. By analyzing experimental data, the selection of materials and corresponding process parameters for implementing this technique were determined. The main process error of this technique, alignment error, was analyzed and calculated. In addition, a computerized simulation was carried out. Analysis shows that this technique can not only fabricate continuous phase component, its diffraction efficiency is insensitive to the alignment error as well. It is therefore clear that the transverse-adding fabrication technique is a feasible technique for fabricating binary optical elements and has an advantage over conventional techniques in fabricating precision.

A novel device and corresponding techniques are proposed, which are the transverse element of binary optics and transverse-adding technique. The transverse-adding technique of binary optics can be used to fabricate microelectronic elements and micro-mechanical elements very well. By using this technique, the micro-photoelectric-mechanical systems can be integrated on a single chip. The fabrication model and method of Fresnel diffractive lens with Transverse-adding technique are presented. It is demonstrated that the diffractive efficiency of Fresnel diffractive lens fabricated with this technique can reach 100% by theoretic analysis. In addition, the diffractive efficiency of this kind of Fresnel diffractive lens is independent of technique error. Key words : binary optical; Fresnel diffractive lens; fabricate model. 1. INTRODUCTION Based on optical diffractive theory, the binary optics has developed rapidly in recent years. It has been applied to improving the characteristics of conventional optical components, light-bean rectifying, optical communication, optical information handling and other fields

The formula of bi-wavelength-thermometry is given, which is used for characteristic signal process of arc plasma thermometry and its distribution. The principle of spectrometer is introduced simply. Through experiment research of the three kinds of current measuring ways, a method of spectrum measurement using multi-wavelength scan is presented, which is in favor of studying the spatial distribution of the thermal plasma field thoroughly.

The accuracy of the micro-displacement feed detection and control is decided by the calibration of the system. On the basis of laser interference principle, a new scaling method is introduced. Combining hardware subdivision and software subdivision, the scaling system can calibrate the micro-displacement effectively. The scaling system is composed of optical interferometer, signal processing circuits and microprocessor. Experiments proved that it is feasible to rectify the micro-displacement system with laser interference. The resolution of the micro-displacement is better than 0.1 micron after it was revised.

A convenient, efficient and real-time experiment setup has been applied to measure the light intensity of Argon plasma.The effects of airflow rate and discharge current on the light intensity and on the electronic Temperature (Te) areinvestigated. The profiles of Te and the number density of electron (fle) are obtained.Keywords: temperature field, emission spectrum, reconstruction, plasma 1. INTRODUCTION Low-temperature plasma is widely applied in a large range fields such as environmental and industrial processing. Considerable interest exits in plasma diagnoses. Two ways are popular, that are spectral interferometer and spectroscopic measurement [1112j Spectroscopic interferometer require complicated optical system and strict surroudings,moreover, the whole system is difficult to adjust. In this paper, we employ the latter technique to diagnose arc plasma at atmospheric pressure. The main advantages ofthis way are that the optical system is easier to adjust and the image is faster to processing.