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Background Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of various fractures. However, the specific mechanisms of DR's active ingredients have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to explore the synergistic mechanisms of DR for treating fracture. Methods A network pharmacology approach integrating ingredient screening, target exploration, active ingredients-gene target network construction, protein-protein interaction network construction, molecular docking, gene-protein classification, gene ontology (GO) functional analysis, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and signaling pathway integration was used. Results This approach identified 17 active ingredients of DR, interacting with 144 common gene targets and 143 protein targets of DR and fracture. NCOA1, GSK3B, TTPA, and MAPK1 were identified as important gene targets. Five most important protein targets were also identified, including MAPK1, SRC, HRAS, RXRA, and NCOA1. Molecular docking found that DR has a good binding potential with common protein targets. GO functional analysis indicated that common genes involve multiple processes, parts and functions in biological process, cellular component, and molecular function, including positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, signal transduction, cytosol, extracellular exosome, cytoplasm, and protein binding. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that common gene targets play a role in repairing fractures in multiple signaling pathways, including MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Ras, and VEGF signaling pathways. MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways were involved in osteoblast formation, Ras signaling pathway was involved in enhancing mesenchymal stromal cell migration, and VEGF signaling pathway was involved in angiogenesis. Conclusion The study revealed the correlation between DR and fracture and the potential synergistic mechanism of different targets of DR in the treatment of fractures, which provides a reference for the development of new drugs.

Many clinical trials and meta-analyses related to acupuncture for osteoporosis (OP) have been published. However, identifying the evidence from these studies still remains a challenge for acupuncturists. We conducted a systematic search of the Chinese Biomedical Medicine (CBM), VIP Database, Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Springer, Cochrane Library, and Embase to identify relevant trials, systematic reviews, and/or meta-analyses up to October 31, 2018. Data were extracted to assess the methodological quality using Veritas plots and to explore potential acupuncture prescriptions using the Traditional Chinese Medicine inheritance support system (TCMISS). In addition, potential mechanisms of core acupoints identified by data mining were summarized based on published studies. A total of 218 clinical trials and ten meta-analyses were included, involving 212 acupuncture prescriptions, 102 acupoints, 13 meridians, three extra meridians, and one Ashi point. The mean Veritas score of publication year, type of study, Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, heterogeneity, and publication bias were 5.5, 7.2, 6, 5.6, 5.8, and 7.5, respectively. The study of Pan et al. received the highest Veritas score of 8.67 points. The most frequently used meridian was BL. Acupoint combinations BL23 and BL20, BL23 and GV4, and BL23 and ST36 were used frequently. The core acupoints association networks were acupoints BL23, BL20, ST36, GV4, SP6, CV4, and KI3. The potential mechanisms of core acupoints involved upregulated expression of members in OPG/RANKL, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK pathways, such as LRP5, β-catenin, Runx2, and OPG. In conclusion, our Veritas plots enable acupuncturists to evaluate key attributes of meta-analysis quality related to acupuncture for primary OP and to improve the quality of evidence-based medicine relating to acupuncture. Data mining analysis revealed an association network of meridians, acupoint combinations, core acupoints, and the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture for primary OP.

Alliinase is a homodimeric glycoprotein found most often in genus Allium plants. In this study, alliinase was purified from fresh garlic by using ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration on a Sephacryl S-200 column. Homogeneity of the purified protein with a molecular weight of 54,000 Da was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. The effect of ultrasound on the alliinase activity was further studied. The optimal parameters for stimulating the alliinase activity were as follows: ultrasonic intensity, 0.5 W/cm(2) and ultrasonic frequency, 40 kHz. Under the optimal conditions, ultrasonic irradiation did not affect the enzyme's optimal temperature and pH, and improved its thermal stability. The low frequency and mild intensity ultrasound could increase the alliinase activity about 47.1%. Under ultrasound, the alliinase activity was inhibited by exogenous pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and K(+), and obviously enhanced by Fe(2+). However, PLP and both of the metal ions showed opposite effects in the absence of ultrasound. Ultrasound could retard or slow down the inhibitory effect of l-cysteine on the alliinase activity. These results indicated that the activity of alliinase from fresh garlic might be enhanced by the low frequency and mild intensity ultrasound.