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Agricultural eco-efficiency which combines both economic and environmental performance is an effective tool for agricultural sustainability analysis.Taking China′s 30 provinces as case regions,We applied a SBM model of DEA to measure the agricultural eco-efficiency from 1998 to 2009.The SBM model of DEA is non-radical,non-oriented and considers the agricultural non-point source pollution as an undesirable output in the calculating process which is different from the other existing models.Fertilizer,animal,labor,machine,sown area and water consumption were considered as input indicators,provincial agricultural output value and agricultural non-point source pollution were considered as desirable output indicaor and undesirable output indicaor respectively.The main results are summarized as follows:(1)Agricultural eco-efficiency in China during 1998—2009 is 0.499 which is very low,this implies China′s agricultural economic rapid growth is at the expense of natural resources destruction and agriculture environmental pollution,the coordination task of agricultural economic growth and environmental protection and resource saving is very difficult in China;(2)Agricultural eco-efficiency of Beijing,Shanghai,Chongqing,Hainan is equal to one,this demonstrates that these four provinces have efficiency of resources utilization and environment protection for their agricultural economy,but the agricultural eco-efficiency of the other 26 provinces are below one showing that most provinces in China have inefficiency of resources utilization and environment protection for their agricultural economy;(3)Moreover,in order to promote agricultural eco-efficiency in these 26 provinces,the inputs optimization and outputs optimization were designed based on optimization principles.The optimization results show that agricultural output value(agricultural desirable output) has no congestion in all provinces,so the agricultural eco-inefficiency is mostly attributed to inputs and undesirable output.China has enormous potential on the reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution and on the decrease of resource inputs to improve the agricultural eco-efficiency.The eco-efficiency optimization provides deeper insights into the causes of eco-inefficiency and gives further implications on resource and environment protection strategies in China.Our results also showed that the SBM model could be used as a useful tool to reflect the eco-efficiency in a defined region and help governments at various levels to find the most optimized solutions in improving their eco-efficiencies.

In order to study the relationship between economic globalization and industrial pollution, this paper developed the theoretical framework and used simultaneous equations. The result shows that economic globalization has influences on the industrial pollution mainly by the direct effect of scale, structure and technology as well as the indirect effect of income and policy. Considering all the factors, economic globalization, especially foreign direct investment (FDI), will reduce industrial pollution, in which technology spillover effect plays an important role.

This article quantifies the impact of H7N9 bird flu on chicken demand and consumer willingness to pay (WTP) in China. The surveys were administered to the same group of respondents in April 2012 and 2013. In 2012 we asked generic questions regarding food safety in chilled chicken without any mentioning of bird flu and in 2013 in the midst of the outbreak we resurveyed the group again. Since these respondents were surveyed both times (before and after the bird flu outbreak), the data formed a “natural experiment”. We measure risk perception, fear and trust against actual reduction in consumption and stated change in WTP for safe chicken between 2012 and 2013. Through a survey conducted in each year on the same Chinese urban consumers, we are able to construct a Marshallian-Hicksian elasticity measure signifying the relative welfare loss from a food risk. Furthermore, we found that: (1) like fear, the impact of distrust (especially the distrust in government) was negative for consumption; (2) macro fear of H7N9’s spreading, and distrust in government enhanced the deviation of consumption and WTP; (3) stronger consumer heterogeneity in consumption existed in cities with higher number of incidences; (4) the sheer mentioning of H7N9 is more important and negative than whether it was associated with a risk-perception reducing or risk-perception elevating message given to consumers; and (5) unlike what the conventional theory would predict that upon the rising of a specific risk factor, demand will drop and WTP for safter products will increase, while consumption of chicken never increased after the emergence of H7N9 in 2013, WTP for safer chicken did not increase either relative to generic risks associated with consuming chicken in 2012.