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Cloud radiative kernels (CRK) built with radiative transfer models have been widely used to analyze the cloud radiative effect on top of atmosphere (TOA) fluxes, and it is expected that the CRKs would also be useful in the analyses of surface radiative fluxes, which determines the regional surface temperature change and variability. In this study, CRKs at the surface and TOA were built using the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM). Longwave cloud radiative effect (CRE) at the surface is primarily driven by cloud base properties, while TOA CRE is primarily decided by cloud top properties. For this reason, the standard version of surface CRK is a function of latitude, longitude, month, cloud optical thickness (τ) and cloud base pressure (CBP), and the TOA CRK is a function of latitude, longitude, month, τ and cloud top pressure (CTP). Considering that the cloud property histograms provided by climate models are functions of CTP instead of CBP at present, the surface CRKs on CBP-τ histograms were converted to CTP-τ fields using the statistical relationship between CTP, CBP and τ obtained from collocated CloudSat and MODIS observations. For both climate model outputs and satellites observations, the climatology of surface CRE and cloud-induced surface radiative anomalies calculated with the surface CRKs and cloud property histograms are well correlated with those calculated from surface radiative fluxes. The cloud-induced surface radiative anomalies reproduced by surface CRKs and MODIS cloud property histograms are not affected by spurious trends that appear in Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) surface irradiances products.

Background With increased survival in breast cancer, resulting from advances in treatment, patients incur the possibility of subsequent primary malignancies, especially lung cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of CT-detected pulmonary ground-glass nodules and lung cancer following breast cancer diagnosis, the associations between breast cancer and lung cancer, the pathological features of double primary cancer, and the status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in second primary lung cancer. Methods Clinical data from more than 8000 individuals who were diagnosed with primary breast cancer at Jiangsu Province Hospital (Jiangsu, China) between January 2008 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of the 8048 patients, 55 (0.7%) were diagnosed with a second primary lung cancer, which accounted for approximately 14.8% of the pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) detected. The incidence was higher than in the general female population (standardized incidence ratio 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–1.55]). Patients who experienced a second primary lung cancer exhibited a significantly higher rate of EGFR mutation (78.5%) than those with lung adenocarcinoma alone, with most exhibiting low-grade malignancy, older age, estrogen receptor negativity, low Ki67, and no lymph node metastasis. Conclusions Breast cancer patients, especially those with low-grade malignancy, were at high risk for developing primary lung cancer. For isolated GGO in patients with high-risk factors, clinicians should insist on close follow-up. Furthermore, EGFR may play an important role in primary lung adenocarcinomas and breast cancer.

Recent interest in developing fast spintronic devices and laser-controllable magnetic solids has sparked tremendous experimental and theoretical efforts to understand and manipulate ultrafast dynamics in materials. Studies of spin dynamics in the terahertz (THz) frequency range are particularly important for elucidating microscopic pathways toward novel device functionalities. Here, we review THz phenomena related to spin dynamics in rare-earth orthoferrites, a class of materials promising for antiferromagnetic spintronics. We expand this topic into a description of four key elements. (1) We start by describing THz spectroscopy of spin excitations for probing magnetic phase transitions in thermal equilibrium. While acoustic magnons are useful indicators of spin reorientation transitions, electromagnons that arise from dynamic magnetoelectric couplings serve as a signature of inversion-symmetry-breaking phases at low temperatures. (2) We then review the strong laser driving scenario, where the system is excited far from equilibrium and thereby subject to modifications to the free energy landscape. Microscopic pathways for ultrafast laser manipulation of magnetic order are discussed. (3) Furthermore, we review a variety of protocols to manipulate coherent THz magnons in time and space, which are useful capabilities for antiferromagnetic spintronic applications. (4) Finally, new insights on the connection between dynamic magnetic coupling in condensed matter and the Dicke superradiant phase transition in quantum optics are provided. By presenting a review on an array of THz spin phenomena occurring in a single class of materials, we hope to trigger interdisciplinary efforts that actively seek connections between subfields of spintronics, which will facilitate the invention of new protocols of active spin control and quantum phase engineering.

In this paper, we used the 8-band k$\cdot$p model with valence force field considerations to investigate the effect of size and shape on electronic and optical properties of cadmium selenide quantum dots. Major factors related to their properties including band mixing probabilities, spatial charge distributions, transition matrix elements and Fermi factors were studied. Volumetrically larger CdSe dots were found to have smaller band-gaps but higher transition matrix elements and Fermi factors. The maximum optical gain for dots was observed to have an initially positive and then negative correlation with their real-space size as a result of combined effects of various factors. For the shape effects, cubic dots were found to have smaller band-gaps, Fermi factors and transition matrix elements than spherical dots due to higher level of asymmetry and different surface effects. Consequently, cubic dots have lower emission energy, smaller amplification. The occurrence of near E1-H1 transition broadens the gain spectrum of cubic dots. Cubic and spherical dots are both proven to be promising candidates for optical devices under visible range. We have demonstrated that size and shape change could both effectively alter the properties of quantum dots and therefore recommend consideration of both when optimizing the performance for any desired application., Comment: Published in Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics (8 pages, 10 figures), 2017

Since the 1970s, mobile communication has evolved from analog voice communication to a technology that can provide high-quality mobile broadband services today. The data rate of end users has reached several megabits per second, and the user experience has been continuously improved. In addition, with the increase of new mobile devices, the continuous growth of communication services and the continuous increase of network traffic, the existing wireless technology can no longer meet the needs of future communications. The 5th generation mobile communication system (5G) came into being, and its technological development is still in the exploratory stage. This article discusses the key technologies of 5G, massive MIMO (Multiple input multiple output) and NOMA (Non-orthogonal multiple access), briefly introduces their principles, and analyzes the advantages and potential research directions. Finally, this article looks forward to the development trend of 5G technology.

Background: We performed this meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the role of MicroRNA-210 (miR-210) expression on the overall survival (OS) rate of cancers. Methods: We searched for relevant available literatures on miR-210 and cancer until November 1st, 2016 on the databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct database. We calculated the pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for OS, which compared the high and low expression levels of miR-210 in patients of the available studies. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the specific role of miR-210 in ethnicity and the type of cancers. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg funnel plots and Egger regression test. Results: Overall, 19 studies were involved in this meta-analysis. The result indicated that upregulated miR-210 might be associated with poor OS outcome in various carcinomas, with the pooled HR of 1.80 (95% CI: 1.29–2.51). When stratified by disease, significant results were detected in breast cancer (HR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.24–5.76) and glioma (HR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.32–4.43). Besides, in the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significant results were detected only in Asian populations (HR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.37–3.34). Conclusion: The present meta-analysis suggests that high expressed miR-210 is significantly associated with OS in cancer patients, which has the potential to be a prognostic marker in cancers.