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BACKGROUND: The rate of hospital infections are 5 – 10 times higher in he intensive care unit compared to inpatient clinics.MATERIALS & METHOD: The bacterial cultural analysis have been conducted to all patients and 70 subjects that were positive for acinetobacter baumanniicolonisation have been included in the analysis. The data on age, gender, smoking, comorbidities, steroid usage and antibiotic treatment within the first 24 hours has been recorded in the analysis. Septic shock patients who did not respond to intense fluid replacement and needed dopamine infusion for the treatment of hypotension were also interpreted. The results of antibiogram culture, duration of non-invasive and invazive mechanical ventilation, hospital stay and mortality information have all been investigated for the analyis. The APACHE and SOFA scores of the first admission day have been calculated. RESULTS: Invasive mechanical ventilation has been conducted to 66 patients and the median duration of administration was 19.5±23.94 (1-138, range: 138) days. The APACHE II score was 24.69±8.37 and SOFA score was 10.43±3.42. The mean hospital stay was 26.03±24.23 (1-139, range 138) days. The mean time of observing positive culture from hospital admission was 15.55±1.19 days. The distribution of 84 samples were as follows: n=40 (47.6) from blood, n=26 (31%) deep tracheal aspiration material, n=7 (8.3%) from urine, n=7 (8.3%) from wound, n=4 (4.8%) from catheter. CONCLUSION: The antimicrobial regimen must be reassigned according to bacterial culture results. Increased carbapenem resistance is currently trending and this causes longer duration of hospital stay and increased mortality.

The most common side effect of antituberculous treatment is hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of toxic hepatitis and some risk factors for the development of toxic hepatitis during antituberculosis treatment. Records of 212 patients diagnosed as smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis were analysed retrospectively. In 30 of 212 cases (14.1%) hepatotoxicity was developed. In 16 of 30 patients it was toxic hepatitis (7.5%) and the treatment was interrupted. In our study, in 6 of 151 male patients (4%) and in 10 of 61 female patients (16.4%) toxic hepatitis was seen, and it was significantly higher in females than males (p:0.002). Hepatotoxicity was seen during the first two weeks of the treatment in all of the patients. Although serum transaminase levels was reached above five times of the normal levels, we didn\'t interrupt the therapy in two asymptomatic cases and by the follow up the enzyme levels returned to normal. Regarding the age, radiologic appearence and cavitary lesions on chest x-ray, there was not significant differences between patients who did or did not have toxic hepatitis. In conclusion, hepatotoxicity usually develops in the first two weeks of the treatment. We think that in the diagnosis of toxic hepatitis, symptoms of patients and progressive increasing tendency of serum transaminase levels during the follow up are more important than the only one high serum transaminase level., Tüberküloz tedavisi sırasında en sık görülen yan etki hepatotoksisitedir. Bu çalışma ile antitüberküloz tedavi alan olgularda toksik hepatit gelişme oranını ve toksik hepatit gelişiminde rol alan bazı risk faktörlerini irdelemeyi amaçladık. Toplam 212 yayma pozitif akciğer tüberkülozlu hastanın kayıtları retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Bu 212 hastanın 30\'unda (%14.1) hepatotoksisite gelişti. Hepatotoksisite gelişen 30 hastanın 16\'sında toksik hepatit (%7.5) nedeniyle tedaviye ara verildiği saptandı. Çalışmamızda toksik hepatit 151 erkek hastanın 6\'sında (%4), 61 kadın hastanın 10\'unda (%16.4) görülmüş olup, kadınlarda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha fazla toksik hepatit gözlenmiştir(p:0.002). Hepatotoksisite, olguların tamamında tedavinin ilk 2 haftasında görüldü. Asemptomatik olan 2 olgunun transaminaz değerleri normalin 5 katını geçtiği halde ilaçları kesilmeden izlenmiş ve enzimler normale dönmüştü. Toksik hepatit gelişen ve gelişmeyen hastalar arasında yaş, radyolojik olarak yaygınlık, kavite varlığı bakımından istatistiksel bir fark gözlenmedi. Sonuçta, hepatotoksisite en sıklıkla tedavinin ilk 2 haftasında görülür. Toksik hepatit tanısında tek bir transaminaz değerinden ziyade, hastaların semptomatik olmasının ve transaminaz değerlerindeki progresif artışın daha önemli olduğunu düşünüyoruz.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonism is an important treatment strategy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, vasculitis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Adalimumab is one of the well-known tumor necrosis factor-alpha blocking agents. There are several side effects reported in patients with adalimumab therapy. Cardiac side effects of adalimumab are rare. Only a few cardiac side effects were reported. A 61-year-old man treated with adalimumab for the last 6 months due to psoriatic arthritis presented with typically acute pleuropericarditis. Chest X-ray and echocardiography demonstrated marked pericardial effusion. Patient was successfully evaluated for the etiology of acute pleuro-pericarditis. Every etiology was excluded except the usage of adalimumab. Adalimumab was discontinued, and patient was treated with 1200 mg of ibuprofen daily. Control chest X-ray and echocardiography after three weeks demonstrated complete resolution of both pleural and pericardial effusions. This case clearly demonstrated the acute onset of pericarditis with adalimumab usage. Acute pericarditis and pericardial effusion should be kept in mind in patients with adalimumab treatment.

The aim of this study was to estimate the quality of life, depression and anxiety in patients with silicosis due to denim sandblasting. This study was conducted on 50 young male patients with silicosis and 30 controls. A socio-demographic data form, Short Form-36 (SF-36), the Beck depression inventory (BDI) and the Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) were used to determine quality of life, depression and anxiety. The mean scores of SF-36, BDI and BAI were higher in the patients than in the controls. Correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between all scales of SF-36 and BDI scores. Additionally, there was strong negative correlation between five scales of SF-36 and BAI scores. We suggest that silicosis might be detrimental to the quality of life and increase depression and anxiety in patients with silicosis due to denim sandblasting.

ÖZET Anahtar Kelimeler: Ulusal, Bankacılık, Devletçilik, Politika Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ilan edildikten sonra, ülkenin kalkınması ve insanların refahının arttırılması yönetici kadronun başlıca amacıdır. Fakat yeni devletin önündeki en büyük engel sermaye birikimi ve birikim sahibi girişimci eksikliğidir. Cumhuriyet Türkiye'sinin ulusal nitelikli bir bankacılık sistemi devraldığım söylemek mümkün değildir. Cumhuriyet' in devraldığı 18 ulusal bankanın mali gücü ve örgüt yapısı o günler için çok yetersizdir. Böyle bir ortamda ; sadece ticari faaliyetlerle değil toplumsal ve ekonomik gelişmenin getirdiği her türlü işle ilgilenecek sermaye ve örgüt açısından güçlü bankalara ihtiyaç vardır. Ülke kalkınmasının gerçekleştirilebilmesi için birikimin gerekliliğinin bilen yönetici kadro Cumhuriyet'in ilk yıllarından itibaren bankacılık sektörü ile ilgilenmiştir. Ancak ilk yıllarda bu ilgi yerli sermaye tarafindan kurulan bankalara girişilen her türlü yatırım ve girişimin tercihli olarak desteklenmesi şeklinde olacaktır. 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Krizi sonrası şartlar, yöneticileri izlenecek politika konusunda karar vermeye zorlamıştır. Sonucunda devlet eliyle sanayileşme siyasi bir karar olarak benimsenmiştir. Devletçilik ilkesini uygulamaya koymuştur. Devlet arzu ettiği hizmetlerin finansmanı için yeni bankalar kurdu. Bu dönemde, özel sermaye tarafindan önceki dönemde başlayan yöresel bankacılık hareketi durmuştur. II. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında ise bankacılık faaliyetleri durgunlaşmıştır. Savaş yıllarının bankacılık sistemine asıl önemli etkisi sonraki dönemde yansımıştır. Türk bankacılık sistemi olarak ortada var olan kurumsal yapı devlet sermayesine dayanmaktadır. Devlet, bankacılık sektörüne önemli derecede paralar ayırıp sektörde ağırlık sahibi olmasına rağmen özel girişimi engelleyici olmamıştır. Devlet, özel girişime dayalı bankacılıkla rekabeti değil ülke çıkarı için onu tamamlamayı ve böylece ülke kalkınmasına yardımcı olmayı amaçlamıştır. vı SUMMARY EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC POLICIES PRACTISED IN REPUBLIC ERA ON BANKING SYSTEM KEYWORDS: Natioanl, Banking, Statisim, Politics After the establishment of the Turkey Republic the main goals of the executive team are improvement of the nation and increasing the prosperity of people.But the greatest hindrance of the new state is lack of capital accumulation and entrepreneur who is an accumulation owner.It is not possible to say that Republic of Turkey took over banking system with national character.The financial strength and organization structure of the 18 national banks taken over by the Republic were too inadequate.In such a situation not only commercial activities but also strong banks in terms of capital and organizations are need todeal with all sort of economic and social matters yielded by the economicdevelopment.To actualize the state's improvement executive team knowing the necessity of the accumulation has paid attention to banking sector from early years of Republic onwards.But at first this interest was seen as asupporting by preference of the all sort of embarked investments and enterprise to such banks founded by domestic capital.Post-1929 World Economic Crisis 's circumstances forced the executive class to make decision as to policy whish was to carry out. At the end state paid industrialization was adopted as a political decision.Statisim principle put into practise.The state founded new banks for financing the services wishedJn this period local banking activity carried out before that time by the private capital halted. On the other hand in the World War II years banking activities turned upon weaLThe most important effects of the war time on the banking system reflected in/at the later period. Current institutional structure as a Turkish banking system rely on state capitaLAlthough the state has a seriousness in the bankşng sector by allocating consderable capital to the sector it is not a hindrance for the private enterprise.The state doesnt compete with the private banking but rather on behalf of national interests it intends to integrate the private banking,and thus help to lprovement of the state. vu 126