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Sleep quality is an important indicator of quality of life. It is of importance to investigate the risk factors and potential consequences of poor sleep quality, such as perceived stress and suicidal ideation. We therefore investigated the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships among perceived stress, suicidal ideation, and sleep quality.A three-wave longitudinal survey was conducted from June 2019 to June 2020 at six-month intervals in undergraduate students (N = 197, 58.9% female) in China. The participants completed self-report questionnaires in classroom settings.While the levels of perceived stress were stable, levels of suicidal ideation and sleep quality fluctuated significantly over time. There were significant reciprocal relationships between perceived stress and suicidal ideation from T1 to T3. In addition, the reciprocal relationships between suicidal ideation and sleep quality from T1 to T2 were also significant. Suicidal ideation at T2 partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress at T1 and sleep quality at T3 (indirect effect: β=0.06, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.10, p0.001), and suicidal ideation at T2 fully mediated the relationship between sleep quality at T1 and perceived stress at T3 (indirect effect: β=0.48, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.70, p0.001).The subjects' educational background is single, and the measurement method is self-report measures.Suicidal ideation may play a significant role in explaining the longitudinal relationships between perceived stress and sleep quality. And suggest the importance of early identification and treatment of suicidal ideation among Chinese undergraduates.

Background: Classrooms are the central front for education. In China's fight against COVID-19, doctors have saved lives with their exquisite medical skills and humane professional spirit and won widespread praise from the people. This is related to China's long-standing insistence on strengthening ideological and political education in the classroom and integrating medical humanistic elements into the medical curriculum. To consolidate the education’s effect, the Chinese government calls for integrating the content of ideological and political education into professional courses and puts forward the concept of ‘curriculum ideology and politics’, which coincides with the idea of strengthening medical humanistic education in medical courses. Therefore, curriculum ideology and politics have effectively integrated medical humanities into medical curriculum education. This study aimed to create an ‘Ideological and Political Teaching Evaluation Index System for Medical Courses’ to evaluate the effect of ideological and political education in medical courses. Methods: This study organically combined ideological and political education, medical humanities, and medical professional curriculum education to construct an ‘Ideological and Political Teaching Evaluation System for Medical Courses’. This study used the Delphi method and recruited 13 Chinese medical education experts with senior professional titles to revise and assess the teaching evaluation index system and use the analytic hierarchy process to analyse the index system. The constructed ‘Ideological and Political Teaching Evaluation System for Medical Courses’ contained three first-level, nine second-level, and 27 third-level indicators. Results: The index evaluation matrix satisfied the consistency test at all levels, with a consistency ratio of less than 0.1. Among them, the weight coefficients of the three first-level indicators such as value leading, knowledge teaching and quality training, are 36.782%, 30.460% and 32.759%, respectively. The weight distribution of each indicator is relatively balanced, and the second-level and third-level indicators’ setting is relatively reasonable. Conclusions: This index system can guide medical courses’ ideological and political construction. At the end of the course, the teaching quality can be evaluated from the perspectives of teachers and students, which can effectively evaluate the ideological and political education and medical humanities improvement effect of this course and ensure the teaching quality.

Sleep quality is closely related to aggressive behavior. Previous studies rarely focused on the relationship between proactive/reactive aggression and sleep quality through a person-centered approach.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale and the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire were used to assess 553 elementary and middle school students twice at 6-month intervals to better understand the relationship between proactive/reactive aggression and sleep quality in early adolescence.Findings revealed that (1) Sleep quality was positive longitudinally related to both proactive aggression and reactive aggression; Proactive aggression negatively influenced sleep quality, and reactive aggression did not influence sleep quality longitudinally. (2) The sleep quality of persistent non-aggressors and stopped aggressors was significantly better than that of persistent aggressors and new aggressors.In early adolescence, proactive aggression was mutually related to sleep quality. Therefore, future research should focus on the bidirectional association between aggression and sleep quality. In addition, we should improve the sleep quality for different types of aggressors and transformers, especially for new aggressors.

Potassium (K) promoter and its loading contents were shown to have remarkable effects on the Fe–O–Si interaction of precipitated Fe/Cu/K/SiO2 catalysts for low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS). With the increase in K content from 2.3% (100 g Fe based) up to 7% in the calcined precursors, Fe–O–Si interaction was weakened, as reflected by ATR/FTIR, H2-TPR and XPS investigations. XRD results confirmed that the diffraction peak intensity from (510) facet of χ-Fe5C2 phase strengthened with increasing K loading, which indicates the crystallite size of χ-Fe5C2 increased with the increase in K contents either during the syngas reduction/carburization procedure or after FTS reaction. H2-TPH results indicated that more reactive surface carbon (alpha-carbon) was obtained over the higher K samples pre-carburized by syngas. Raman spectra illustrated that a greater proportion of graphitic carbon was accumulated over the surface of spent samples with higher K loading. At the same time, ATR-FTIR, XRD and Mössbauer spectra (MES) characterization results showed that a relatively higher level of bulk phase Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) species was observed discernibly in the lowest K loading sample (2.3 K%) in this work. The catalytic evaluation results showed that the CO conversion, CO2 selectivity and O/P (C2–C4) ratio increased progressively with the increasing K loading, whereas a monotonic decline in both CO conversion and O/P (C2–C4) ratio was observed on the highest K loading sample during c.a. 280 h of TOS.

Chengjia Zhao, 1 Huihui Xu, 1 Xinyi Lai, 1 Xue Yang, 2 Xiaolian Tu, 3 Nani Ding, 4Yijun Lv, 5Guohua Zhang 1, 6 1Department of Psychology, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China; 2Center for HealthBehaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’sRepublic of China; 3School of Renji, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; 4School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China; 5Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People’s Republic of China; 6The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325007, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence:Guohua Zhang; Yijun LvTel +86 0577- 8668 9925; +86 0577- 86699111Emailzghcnu@wmu.edu.cn; lyj@wmu.edu.cnPurpose: Recent research has identified a relationship between perceived stress and problematic smartphone usage. However, little is known about the underlying mediating and moderating mechanisms. The present study aimed to test the relationship between perceived stress and problematic smartphone usage as well as the mediating role of online social support and the moderating role of perceived social support among Chinese undergraduates.Patients and Methods: A sample of 1123 college students participated in the study. The Perceived Stress Scale, Mobile Phone Addiction Index Scale, Online Social Support Questionnaire, and Perceived Social Support Scale were used.Results: Perceived stress was significantly and positively associated with problematic smartphone usage, and online social support partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and problematic smartphone usage. Moderated mediation analysis suggested that perceived social support moderated the association between perceived stress and online social support. This relationship became stronger for college students with lower levels of perceived social support.Conclusion: The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of how perceived stress increases the risk of problematic smartphone usage. The importance of reducing online social support and enhancing perceived social support in preventing undergraduates’ problematic smartphone usage is highlighted. The findings should be taken with caution given the convenience sampling and cross-sectional study design.Keywords: problematic smartphone usage, perceived stress, online social support, perceived social support, Chinese undergraduates

Background: This study aims to explore public hospital managers’ perceptions of permitting Physician dual practice (PDP) with restrictions in China.Methods: A cross-sectional study among 1,513 public hospital managers in 31 provinces of mainland China was carried out from January to October, 2019. Presidents in charge of medical affairs, and directors of medical affairs departments in Chinese public hospitals were recruited for this study. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to determine the factorial validity of perceptions of permitting physician dual practice with restrictions (institution-oriented restriction, IR; physician-oriented restriction, PR). Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to explore and analyze perceptions of permitting PDP with restrictions of public hospital managers with demographic and working-related characteristics.Results: Public hospital managers’ decision of prohibiting PDP, allowing PDP, and implementing PDP with restrictions was 5.7%, 8.9%, 85.4%, respectively. Mean scores of IR and PR were 16.49 ± 3.03 and 10.84 ± 2.55 respectively. General hospital managers (coefficient of -0.52; P P P P P P Conclusions: From the perspectives of the public hospital managers in China, permitting PDP with restrictions would be feasible compared to completely prohibiting or allowing PDP, which could be further enforced in terms of IR and PR. Moreover, public hospital managers hold a slightly more positive view about IR than PR.

Entrepreneurship education plays a mediating moderating role in independent entrepreneurship, especially for the fresh graduates where entrepreneurial knowledge charms. Based on the mediating effect model, this study explores the correlation between three factors and independent entrepreneurship. A set of hypotheses was established by investigating the theoretical background within the field of interest. Such hypotheses were later assessed by an online-offline mix study conducted among graduates. The result found that entrepreneurship theory-based courses can promote independent entrepreneurship, but entrepreneurship practice training surprisingly failed to promote. Entrepreneurial opportunity identification mediated only between theory-based courses and independent entrepreneurship. The findings found could be highly beneficial in organizing entrepreneurship syllabus, scientifically arranging a theory-based course, and practicing a training course. Moreover, it could be further developed into a pedagogical model.

In order to develop an iron-based catalyst with high attrition resistance and stability for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of SiO2 and its hydroxyl content and a boron promoter on the attrition resistance and catalytic behavior of spray-dried precipitated Fe/Cu/K/SiO2 catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by means of N2 physisorption, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), H2-thermogravimetric analysis (H2-TGA), temperature-programmed reduction and hydrogenation (TPR and TPH), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The FTS performance of the catalysts was tested in a slurry-phase continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), while the attrition resistance study included a physical test with the standard method and a chemical attrition test under simulated reaction conditions. The results indicated that the increase in SiO2 content enhances catalysts’ attrition resistance and FTS stability, but decreases activity due to the suppression of further reduction of the catalysts. Moreover, the attrition resistance of the catalysts with the same silica content was greatly improved with an increase in hydroxyl number within silica sources, as well as the FTS activity and stability to some degree. Furthermore, the boron element was found to show remarkable promotion of FTS stability, and the promotion mechanism was discussed with regard to probable interactions between Fe and B, K and B, and SiO2 and B, etc. An optimized catalyst based on the results of this study was finalized, scaled up, and successfully applied in a megaton industrial slurry bubble FTS unit, exhibiting excellent FTS performance.

The fact that depression and anxiety are highly prevalent and often co-occur has been well documented. The present study hypothesized that loneliness and interpersonal trust mediate the relationship between depression and social anxiety, with self-esteem playing a moderating role.1021 college students completed the interpersonal trust scale (ITS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), UCLA loneliness scale, self-esteem scale (SES), and social avoidance and distress (SAD) scale. And descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis, structural equation model analysis were conducted.1) The correlations between depression, loneliness, interpersonal trust, self-esteem and social avoidance were all statistically significant. 2) Loneliness and interpersonal trust mediated the relationship between depression and social avoidance. 3) Self-esteem moderated the relationship between interpersonal trust and social avoidance. Specifically, compared with individuals who had high self-esteem, social avoidance in those with low self-esteem individuals was more susceptible to the effects of interpersonal trust.First, the questionnaire data may be influenced by social approval. Second, most of the participants were college students. Finally, the causal relationship between the variables could not be inferred.The results indicated that loneliness and interpersonal trust played mediating roles between depression and social avoidance, and the relationship between interpersonal trust and social avoidance was moderated by self-esteem. It provides a new way to explain the mechanism of depression, and a new perspective for the clinical intervention of depression, that is, from the perspective of their self-experience and self-esteem.

Research shows that entrepreneurial activities significantly promote economic development, which enhances the importance of the innovative entrepreneurial potential of college students. This study analyzes the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention from the perspective of planned behavior theory. By examining the significant role of entrepreneurship education at colleges and universities on economic and social development, we established a conceptual model. To understand the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention, the hypotheses propose the intermediary role of entrepreneurial ability, and the study provides evidence from China the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. Improving entrepreneurial intention and encouraging college students to establish businesses through entrepreneurship education in universities is crucial. This study proposes a hypothetical model of the relationship between entrepreneurial competence and entrepreneurial intention in entrepreneurship education at universities. Using a questionnaire survey of college students with practical experience in the Yangtze River Delta of China, the bootstrap method in the SPSS macro program process software verifies the hypotheses. The results show that entrepreneurial teaching, business plan competition, and entrepreneurial practice support positively affect entrepreneurial competence. In addition, entrepreneurial competence plays an intermediary role in the relationship between entrepreneurial teaching, business plan competition, entrepreneurship practice support, and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship education improves the ability to establish a business in the present and in entrepreneurial activities in the future. Entrepreneurial competence obtained through entrepreneurship education continuously affects entrepreneurial intention.

Precipitated iron Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalysts impregnated with chlorine were prepared and their Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performances were tested in a 1 L stirred tank reactor. The results showed that the chlorine modification had a significant influence on the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performance of the precipitated iron catalyst. Compared with the catalyst without the chlorine modification, the catalyst containing about 0.1 wt% chlorine was deactivated by about 40% and the catalyst containing about 1 wt% chlorine was deactivated by about 65%. The textural properties, phase, reduction properties, and chlorine adsorption state of the catalysts before and after the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis were characterized. The strong interaction between chlorine and iron in the catalyst hindered the reduction and carbonization of the catalyst, which was the reason for the deactivation of the catalyst caused by the chlorine modification.

In this study, three micro/mesoporous composites with MCM-41 materials overgrowing on external surfaces of Y zeolite crystals were prepared. For the three composites, average crystal particle sizes of their zeolite components differed from each other, resulting from the different levels of alkali-treatments to the original Y zeolite before the composite synthesis. Hydroisomerization of n-dodecane (n-C12) was used to evaluate the catalytic performances of bi-porous Pt-loaded composite catalysts with similar metal-acid balances but different average zeolite crystal particle sizes, which leaded to the distinction of alkene intermediates’ journey distances inside the acid-rich micropores between two accessible Pt metal sites on three catalysts. The number of protonic sites encountered by alkene intermediates along their diffusion paths, determining the skeletal transformation frequencies, was considered to be proportional to the above-mentioned intermediates’ journey distances. Results showed that bifunctional catalysts with smaller average zeolite crystal particle sizes outperformed the catalyst containing the original Y zeolite in the regard of isomerization selectivity. This implied the significant effect of intermediates’ journey distances within the microporous arrays between two Pt sites on bifunctional behaviors of catalysts. It can be confirmed that shortening this distance within certain limits indeed contributed to inhibiting secondary reactions, including the skeletal multiple branching and cracking.

Background This study aims to explore the effect of public hospital managers’ risk and gain perception on their attitude towards physician dual practice (PDP). Methods A cross-sectional study enrolling 1513 managers from public hospitals in the East, Middle and West of China was conducted. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to identify the determinants of managers’ support for PDP. Results The rate of managers’ support for allowing PDP or implementing PDP with restriction, was 94.3% (95% CI: 0.93, 0.95). The mean score of managers’ risk perception was 67.7 ± 14.46, and the mean score of managers’ gain perception was 24.0 ± 5.56. After controlling for individual and institutional characteristics, the GLMM presented the score for risk perception increased 1 score and the rate of managers’ support for PDP decreased by 5% (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.97); while the score for gain perception increased 1 score and the rate of managers’ support increased by 18% (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.24). Conclusions Our data demonstrate that the majority of Chinese public hospital managers are in favor of allowing or implementing PDP with restrictions. Although gain perception is comparatively weaker than risk perception, a stronger influence in determining public hospital managers’ support for PDP is demonstrated.

Tremendous attention has been paid to removal of N-/S-containing compounds from liquid fuel due to the necessity of reducing NOx and SOx emissions. In this work, the compatibility index (CI or PCI) was developed as a new criterion to evaluate the removal efficiency (Re) of quinoline, carbazole and dibenzothiophene (DBT) in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). For alkaline quinoline, acid–base extraction was pronounced, and ChCl/mandelic acid was the optimal extractant to achieve a removal efficiency of 99.2 wt% (CI = 0.37). For near-neutral carbazole and DBT, polarity compatible extraction was the predominant mechanism. The highest Re value of 94.9 wt% for carbazole removal was obtained in the ChCl/mandelic acid extractant (PCI = −0.044). DBT was difficult to remove directly because of its low molecular polarity. After adding H2O2, the desulfurization efficiency was found to increase to 99.1 wt% in the ChCl/p-toluenesulfonic acid extractant (PCI = 0.014). Furthermore, experiments with real diesel confirmed that the highest desulfurization and denitrification efficiency was 67.7 wt% and 63.7 wt%, respectively, in ChCl/p-toluenesulfonic acid. The compatibility index developed in this study has the potential to simplify the filtration operation of extractants and to intensify the removal efficiency of N-/S-containing compounds in the category of “green extraction”.

Developing advanced Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) technology to acquire fuel and valuable chemicals from non-petroleum sources more efficiently is one of the important tasks in heterogeneous catalysis and chemical engineering research. With the purpose of improving iron-based FTS catalyst, we explored the modification effect of boron on the χ-Fe5C2 catalyst by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Boron atom adsorption on χ-Fe5C2 surfaces is considered to modulate the stability as well as the activity of CO activation on FTS process. Anti-coking can be observed when boron atom adsorbs on χ-Fe5C2 catalyst due to the competitive adsorption and repulsive interactions between carbon and boron atoms. More open and active planes, such as (311), (021), and (31 2 ) facets, can expose in the morphology of χ-Fe5C2 when boron atom adsorbs on χ-Fe5C2. It is found that co-adsorbed boron atoms have little effect on the barrier of CO direct dissociation in most cases, while there is also particular situation that CO is adsorbed and activated on boron with carbon termination. Our work shed light on the promoting effects of boron adsorption on CO activation, which can provide useful guide for the design of novel iron-based FTS catalysts.

Family enterprises are the main body of Wenzhou private economy.The number of Wenzhou family enterprises is large and the scale is small.The property rights of family enterprises are highly concentrated and closed,the important positions depend on family members,and the owners of family enterprise lack trust in professional managers.This paper analyzes the problems existing in the process of family enterprise management,and puts forward countermeasures to strengthen the professional management consciousness of family enterprises,improve the incentive mechanism of professional managers,strengthen the behavior constraints of professional managers and cultivate the market of professional managers.

The evaluation of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education has become a key issue in improving the quality of entrepreneurship education. The quality of entrepreneurship education was empirically analyzed through a questionnaire survey conducted within 70 medical colleges and universities in China and 16,660 valid questionnaires were obtained. The datasets were processed with a classic analysis tool, SPSS. Several findings were revealed by the research. The popularity of entrepreneurship courses in China’s medical schools was low, due to reasons such as: the obvious characteristics of fragmentation in curriculum design the entrepreneurship practice for medical students being far from open and not effectively integrated with the market trend; the current policies in China not providing additional support for medical entrepreneurship and the lack of funds, which is the main obstacle for medical students who owned start-ups; and the teacher-student collaboration not being an important enough vessel to improve the quality of entrepreneurship education. It is recognized in this paper that, in the future, medical schools in China should build an individualized and diversified medical entrepreneurship education curriculum system, strengthen the openness of medical students’ entrepreneurship practice, build a multi-channel financial support platform, and create a major-innovation integration mechanism.

Additional file 1.

A gas-solid fluidized bed process was developed to activate the iron-based F-T synthesis catalyst. The experiment system was built and the influence of activation parameters (H2/CO of activating gas, activation temperature and duration) on synthesis performance of the catalyst was investigated and the crystal phase composition of activated catalyst was characterized by Mossbauer spectrum. The synthesis performance of activated catalyst was evaluated in the stirred tank under the condition of H2/CO = 2.0, pressure = 2.3 MPa, space velocity (sv) = 6000 Nml·g−1·h−1 with temperature = 250 °C and 260 °C. The results indicated that the activity increases and selectivity decreases with increasing H2/CO of activating gas, and the activity and selectivity increase with increasing activation temperature. Activation duration had a complex effect. Under the activation condition of 260 °C and H2/CO = 20, the catalyst was activated completely in 6 h and little effect was found for increasing activation time further. Under the activation condition of 280 °C and H2/CO = 12.5, the activity and CH4 selectivity increase with increasing the activation time. The optimized activation condition are 260 °C, H2/CO = 12.5 and duration = 6.0 h. The synthesis performance of the catalyst activated by this innovative process is much better than that activated by traditional gas-liquid-solid slurry bed process. The yield of C3+ and C5+ increases 4.5% and 8.6% respectively under the evaluating condition of 260 °C, H2/CO = 2.0, pressure = 2.3 MPa and sv = 6000 Nml·g−1·h−1. The main crystal phase components of the activated catalyst are Fe5C2, Fe2.2C, Fe3+(spm), Fe2+(spm) and α-Fe. The activated catalyst with 20%–50% active phase (Fe5C2, Fe2.2C and α-Fe) will give better performance with high CO conversion, low selectivity of CO2 and CH4.

To precisely calculate the temperature field of the first wall (FW) in blanket modules, the important thermo-hydraulic parameter, turbulent heat transfer coefficient (HTC), is needed firstly. In this paper, the HTC of turbulent flow in a fully developed rectangular channel in which only one side wall was uniformly heated to model the high heat flux from plasma discharge in a fusion reactor was detailedly studied using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The effects of three turbulent models (standard k − ɛ, SST, and SSG) and the aspect ratios on HTC were primarily analyzed. The accuracy of the empirical correlations for HTCs which are used commonly in fusion engineering applications was also investigated. The results show that the predict HTCs using the CFD method agree well with those of the experiments. The averaged HTCs in the whole heated wall calculated by all three kinds of turbulent models have very small differences. But the SSG turbulent model can reasonably predict the secondary flow motion and has superior performance to the two others for modeling the details of the turbulent flow and heat transfer. The averaged HTCs slightly decrease with the increase of aspect ratios at the same Reynolds number. The averaged HTCs calculated with empirical correlations have little differences with those calculated with the CFD method and so the empirical correlations should be carefully used, especially the Dittus–Boelter correlation. These results are helpful to the precise simulation of the designed FW with rectangular flow channels.