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In order to grasp the overall status of sulfur autotrophic denitrification related patents, and better carry out sulfur autotrophic denitrification related research and intellectual property protection, based on the SooPAT Chinese patent search engine and Baiteng.com platform, from the first patent application year to the search deadline was to analyze the number, legal status, technical field distribution, and patent value of the sulfur autotrophic denitrification patents filed in China. The results showed that the number of patents filed each year had increased rapidly since 2012. The number of patents filed in 2019 was 10 times the number of patent applications from 2001 to 2011, and the patents granted were mainly concentrated in the field of sewage (waste) water treatment, accounting for 83.64% of the total number of patents. The overall patent value was in the middle and lower level, and there were no high-value patents.

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the next generation video coding standard. In HEVC, 35 intra prediction modes are defined to improve coding efficiency, which result in huge computational complexity, as a large number of prediction modes and a flexible coding unit (CU) structure is adopted in CU coding. To reduce this computational burden, this paper presents a gradient-based candidate list clipping algorithm for Intra mode prediction. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce 29.16% total encoding time with just 1.34% BD-rate increase and –0.07 dB decrease of BD-PSNR.

Server workload in the form of cloud-end clusters is a key factor in server maintenance and task scheduling. How to balance and optimize hardware resources and computation resources should thus receive more attention. However, we have observed that the disordered execution of running application and batching seriously cuts down the efficiency of the server. To improve the workload prediction accuracy, this paper proposes an approach using the long short-term memory (LSTM) encoder-decoder network with attention mechanism. First, the approach extracts the sequential and contextual features of the historical workload data through the encoder network. Second, the model integrates the attention mechanism into the decoder network, through which the prediction for batch workloads can be carried out. Third, experiments carried out on Alibaba and Dinda workload traces dataset demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance in mixed workload prediction in cloud computing environment. Furthermore, we also propose a scroll prediction method, which splits a long prediction sequence into several small sequences to monitor and control prediction accuracy. This work helps to dynamically guide the configuration for workload balancing.

Underwater imaging is a challenging topic in the field of photography due to the absorption and scattering of light by water, which reduces the imaging distance and visibility. In this paper, the effects of seawater on the quality of ghost imaging (GI) are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. Our results indicate that GI technique, to a certain extent, can achieve better imaging quality than conventional imaging, especially under weak light condition in seawater environments. The compressed sensing ghost imaging (CSGI) can further enhance the visibility of ghost images with fewer measurements. Therefore, ghost imaging has the potential of realizing longer-distance underwater imaging, owing to its robustness against seawater environmental disturbance.

Submerged plants play an important role in restoring the ecological environment of waters, and researchers have conducted extensive research on them. On the basis of summarizing the literature, stress factors such as nutrients, light, algae, and sediment were mainly introduced, and the possible future development direction of submerged plants was proposed, in order to provide reference for the research and application of submerged plant community construction.

With the increasing complexity of Web applications, ensuring the reliability of Web applications becomes an enormous challenge. Statistical Web testing, proposed by researchers in recent years, is an appropriate approach to testing Web applications and to estimating their reliability. However, most of the researchers only focus on estimating the overall reliability of Web applications. They only discuss the failures which are recorded in error log files. In fact, the overall reliability cannot reflect the quality of Web applications under different usage patterns. In this paper, we propose an approach to estimating the particular reliability of Web applications under a particular usage pattern. Moreover, our approach can automatically identify the difference between output and expected pages.

I feel honored in inviting you, the learned participants, to take part in the 17th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD 2016) sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society and the International Association for Computer and Information Science (ACIS). The conference is organized by Shanghai University and co-organized by Shanghai Key Laboratory of Computer Software Testing & Evaluating. SNPD is a forum that brings together researchers, scientists, engineers, industry practitioners, and students to present their original work, discuss and exchange new ideas, research results, and experiences on all aspects of Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing.

Tabular expressions, also called tables, are formal notations using tables to organize mathematical functions and relations. They have been widely used in documenting and analyzing software specification. Different tools are developed to support tabular expressions. To further enhance tables’ usage, a convention on storing and parsing tables is required. This paper presents a canonical interchange format for tabular expressions based on XML. This format captures four aspects of tables: the constituent, dynamic, representation and additional information. Our proposal builds on syntax definition of tables and is tailored to provide flexibility in manipulation of table content. It is suitable for existing and emerging kinds of tables. This study facilitates the interchange between different tools for tabular expressions, which would prevent developer’s repetitive work.

Model checking techniques have been widely used in verifying web service compositions to ensure the trustworthiness. However, little research has focused on testing web services. Based on the research of model checking techniques, we propose a model checking based approach for testing web service composition which is described by using the web services choreography description language (WS-CDL). According to worldwide web consortium (W3C) candidate recommendation, the WS-CDL specification provides a language for characterizing interactions between distinct web services using XML. Since the behaviors of web service composition are asynchronous, distributed, low-coupled and platform independent, we employ the guarded automata (GA) model for specifying the composition described in WS-CDL and using the simple promela interpreter (SPIN) model checker for detecting the collaborations of web services. Test cases can be transformed from counterexamples generated by SPIN using adequacy criteria. In this paper we apply the transition coverage criterion for generating counterexamples. To illustrate our approach, we set “E-commerce service system” as an example for demonstrating how test cases can be generated using SPIN for compositions specified in WS-CDL.

Web services are a very appropriate communication mechanism to perform distributed business processes among several organizations. These processes should be reliable, because a failure in them can cause high economic losses. To provide a framework to compose lots of specialized services flexibly, BPEL4WS is proposed to describe Web services composition. But the language is lack of the support for checking the correctness of composition. It has to depend on formal verification method which helps to check the correctness of services composition. In order to solve above shortages of BPEL4WS, This paper presents a formal approach which verifies BPEL4WS using the interface automata. In this approach, BPEL4WS is mapped into interface automata, which is then transformed into Promela (It is the input language of SPIN model checker.), and the correctness properties of Web services composition can be verified by SPIN. Finally, paper gives a case study to illustrate the proposed approach.

Model driven architecture (MDA) is an evolutionary step in software development. Model transformation forms a key part of MDA. The transformation from computation independent model (CIM) to platform independent model (PIM) is the first step of the transformation. This paper proposes an approach for this transformation with pattern. In this approach, we take advantage of “reuse” from various standpoints. Feature model is used to describe the requirement of the application. This can help us bring “reuse” into effect at requirement level. Moreover we use pattern to transform CIM to PIM. This can help us bring “reuse” into effect at development level. Meanwhile, pattern was divided into four hierarchies. Different hierarchies of pattern are used to help us utilize reuse at different phase of development. From another standpoint, feature model describes the problem of a domain while pattern describe the problem across domains. This can help us reuse the element in and across domains. Finally, the detailed process of the transformation is given.

In many health jurisdictions, software is considered to be medical device software (MDS), when it is used to analyze patient data in order to render a diagnosis or monitor the patient’s health; when it is to be used by a patient to diagnose an ailment; or when it is used to deliver functionality for a medical device. Flaws in MDS can result in patient harm, including death. Legislators and regulatory agencies publish guidelines and regulatory standards that are aimed at ensuring the safety, security and dependability of MDS. These guidelines and standards universally agree that a complete and consistent requirement specification is vital to the success of medical device software. Moreover, we observe that regulators are shifting from being process focused to being product focused in their approval guidance. In this paper, we review challenges associated with requirements used in the development of MDS, current standards and guidelines relevant to MDS, and existing templates for requirement specifications. We then propose a set of design objectives for a ‘good’ MDS requirements template and propose a template structure for MDS requirement specification fulfilling all the design objectives. Our template is, by design, tailored to facilitate the gathering and documenting of high quality requirements for MDS.

The insulin pump is a safety-critical embedded medical device used for treatment of type 1 and insulin treated type 2 diabetes. Malfunction of the insulin pump will endanger the user's life. All countries impose some regulation on the sale and use of medical devices. The purpose of such regulation is to protect the public by imposing standards of safety for medical devices, including insulin pumps. The regulator in the USA, the USA Food and Drug Administration FDA, actually goes further, and includes efficacy in the regulatory requirement. Until recently, regulatory approval was dependent on process based guidance. However, this has proven to be inadequate in some most cases where the device depends on software for its safe and effective operation, and the FDA recently changed its approval process for infusion pumps including insulin pumps, so that the production of an assurance case that demonstrates that the device is safe and effective is now a strongly suggested regulatory requirement. However the current regulatory guidance does not recommend any particular software development methodology, and does not include definitive guidance on the evaluation component of the certification process. In this paper, we briefly review the related USA regulatory standards for insulin pumps, highlight development and certification challenges, briefly discuss attributes of a safe, secure and dependable insulin pump, and propose an effective certification process for insulin pumps.

In recent years, the increased complexity of Web applications gives researchers an enormous challenge in ensuring their reliability. A statistical testing approach has been proved to be appropriate to test Web applications and to estimate their reliability. Based on a Markov usage model built from user sessions, testers can generate abstract test cases randomly. In order to execute the test cases, researchers proposed an approach to building a data model from user sessions to provide test data for abstract test cases. However, just building a data model from all the user sessions may cause unauthorized access to restricted pages by testers. In this paper, we propose a concept analysis based approach to statistical Web testing and present a tool to support our approach. We have designed three algorithms to implement our concept analysis based approach that can provide the concrete test data for abstract test cases. In addition, a case study is introduced to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach to statistical Web testing.

With the rapid development of China's software outsourcing industry, it is essential for IT industry to recruit IT professionals with adequate English proficiency, which undoubtedly brings English for computer a booming era. But the current computer English teaching method is teacher-centered and is criticized as deaf and dump English. In view of the problems of traditional English teaching and the advantages of E-learning, the new published College English Curriculum Requirements proposes suggestions on using the Web as a medium to improve English teaching and learning in higher education. Moodle is one of the fastest growing free, open-source virtual learning environments. This paper mainly focuses on how Moodle can be effectively used in a college computer English teaching classroom. First of all, the current computer English teaching situation will be introduced. Next the reasons for choosing Moodle at our school are presented. Then the design and implementation of Moodle based computer English teaching environment will be introduced. Finally, the author concludes the paper and proposes future work.

As Web applications evolve, their structures become more and more complex. Web browsers may influence on the correctness of the Web applications, and Web browser’s interactions can cause further complications of Web application. Existing navigation models are static ones on the whole. Users’ navigation paths are all determined on stage of model design. Web browser interactions have not been taken into account make them different from practical navigation in Web applications. Moreover, as Web applications evolve and new technologies emerge, adaptive navigation was wildly incorporated in current Web applications. It aggravates the complexity of Web navigations. In this paper, a practical approach to modeling of Web applications and generating tests was pro-posed. And special care is taken on Web browser’s interactions and adaptive navigation during the user’s traversal within hypermedia space. At last, test generation is given out which satisfy the corresponding coverage.

In this paper, we review and compare strengths and weakness of the structure methods, object-oriented methods and formal methods. In order to overcome the disadvantages of each kind of methods and combine the advantages of these three kinds of methods, we propose a new software development methodology named SOFM that attempts to integrate structure method, object-oriented method and formal method. SOZRSL(Structured Object-Z Software Specification Language) is a language to support SOFM. The core of this language is Predicate Data Flow Diagram. We combine PDFD with Object-Z notation to define SOZRSL syntax and the related structures.